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Goldberg Chapter 1 Fall 2015 Hybrid
This document provides an overview of key concepts and definitions related to psychoactive drugs and substances. It begins with definitions of terms like drug, psychoactive drug, misuse, abuse, addiction, dependency, and substance use disorder. It then covers historical perspectives and categories of drugs, including depressants, stimulants, narcotics, hallucinogens, and sedative-hypnotic drugs. For each drug category, brief histories are provided on substances like alcohol, marijuana, opium, morphine, heroin, cocaine, amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and inhalants. Medical uses are discussed along with notes on popularization and criminalization of certain drugs over time.
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Goldberg Chapter 1 Fall 2015 Hybrid
- 1. Drugs & Society SOC204 Chapter 1 Drugs in Perspective
- 2. Introductions Fill outyour answers to the questions. Partner up with someone. Discuss the first three questions. Find someone new and discuss the next three questions. Find someone new and discuss the last four questions. In your last partnership, prepare to: Introduce yourselves to the group. Share one insight you had from discussing the questions.
- 3. Happy second day!How are you? 0% 0% 0% 100% A. I feel great! I’m ready! B. I feel nervous. C. I feel overwhelmed. D. I feel blah.
- 4. Why are youtaking this class? A. Going into criminal justice. B. Going into social service (psychology, social work, counseling) C. I have personal experience with addiction D. My advisor told me to. Going into crim inaljustice. Going into socialservice... Ihave personalexperien.. M yadvisortold m eto. 50% 50% 0%0%
- 5. What do youhope to learn in this class?
- 6. Expectations Syllabus WritingAssignments Discussion Assignments Attendance Group Project Extra Credit Quizzes Confidentiality Canvas Clickers
- 7. In this class,late homework: 0% 0% 0% A. Is penalized 10% B. Gets a zero C. Is turned in via Canvas
- 8. Michelle’s office hoursare: 0% 0% 0% 0% A. 12:30-1:30 pm B. 8:30-9:30 am C. 10:30-11:30 am D. Whenever she’s in
- 9. For class discussions: A.I participate on Canvas B. I must do written prep work and participate C. I participate during class Iparticipate on Canvas Im ustdo w ritten prep w o.. Iparticipate duringclass 0% 0%0%
- 10. If 80% ofthe class gets a clicker question right, each person earns an extra credit point. A. True B. False True False 0%0%
- 11. Definitions We definea drug as any substance that alters one’s ability to function emotionally, physically, intellectually, financially, or socially A psychoactive drug is a substance that has the capability of altering mood, perception, or behavior
- 12. Definitions Misuse Unintentionalor inappropriate use of prescribed or over-the-counter drugs
- 13. Which of theseis not an example of drug misuse? A. Mixing drugs B. Taking medication with food C. Taking double the prescribed dose D. Saving or using old medications M ixingdrugs Takingm edication w ith ... Takingdouble the prescr... Savingorusingold m edic... 0% 33% 0% 67%
- 14. Definitions Abuse Intentionaland inappropriate use of a drug resulting in physical, emotional, financial, social or intellectual consequences. Socially Acceptable vs Deviant
- 15. Which of theseis NOT an example of drug abuse? A. Taking medication in the morning B. Crushing pills to smoke them C. Buying someone else’s prescription medication D. Taking a drink in the morning to cure a hangover Takingm edication in th... Crushingpillsto sm oke ... Buyingsom eone else’spr... Takinga drink in the m o... 100% 0%0%0%
- 16. Definitions Addiction/Dependency PhysicalDependence Tolerance Withdrawal Psychological Dependence Cravings Preoccupation OLD LANGUAGE New: Substance Use Disorder (mild, moderate, severe)
- 17. Which of theseis NOT a sign of dependency? 67% 0% 33% 0% A. Tolerance B. Withdrawal C. Cravings D. Drunkenness
- 18. Definitions Diagnostic &Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders V Substance Use Disorder Mild Moderate Severe
- 19. A psychiatrist candiagnose someone with addiction according to the DSM-5. 0% 0% A. True B. False
- 20. Definitions Any definitionis limited and is influenced by one’s experiences and background – and is arbitrary
- 21. Drugs Around theWorld in 80 Minutes
- 22. Historical Perspective Ahistorical perspective on drugs provides insight into the role that drugs have played over time
- 23. The problem withdrugs/alcohol….
- 24. The problem withthe previous slide is: A. There are no statistics B. It doesn’t say where the info came from C. Correlation does not equal causation D. All of the above There areno statistics Itdoesn’tsayw herethe ... Correlation doesnotequ..Alloftheabove 0% 0%0%0%
- 25. Categories of PsychoactiveDrugs Depressants Suppress CNS Alcohol, benzodiazepine s, inhalants Stimulants Accelerate CNS Cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine Narcotics Relieve pain, induce euphoria Heroin, OxyContin Hallucinogens Distort the senses LSD, peyote, psilocybin Marijuana Crosses several categories Often classified as hallucinogen or depressant Psychotherapeuti c drugs Control symptoms of mental disorders Antidepressants, antipsychotics
- 26. Alcohol Beverages mayhave been fermented intentionally as early as about 10,000 BC Early Egyptians, Hebrews, Chinese, Greek, and Romans were fond of alcohol Egyptians developed distillation, which produces a higher alcohol content than fermentation The Irish, Scots, Dutch, Russians, and French all developed characteristic alcoholic beverages
- 27. Alcohol Alcohol playeda significant role in early US history: Alcohol was used as a preservative Yeast in beer and wine supplied important nutrients Rum was a central commodity in the slave trade Farmers made more money from whiskey than from grain Excise tax on whiskey sparked the Whiskey Rebellion Temperance Movement developed in the 1830s 1919: national prohibition legislation went into effect; repealed in 1933
- 28.
- 29. Marijuana Marijuana hasbeen cultivated for its fiber since 8000 BC Chinese Emperor Shen Nung prescribed marijuana for many aliments 4,700 years ago Marijuana was used in India for festive and religious purposes by the 2nd century BC Greeks, Romans, Persians and Assyrians all used marijuana for medical purposes
- 30. Marijuana In the13th century, Marco Polo recounted how hashishiyya terrorized people while under the influence of hashish Marijuana seeds and leaves dating back to 500 BC were found near Berlin, Germany Napoleon’s troops returned to France with hashish, and soon after other Europeans began using marijuana
- 31. Marijuana Use ofmarijuana was noted in the Americas in 1545 English settlers grew marijuana (hemp) to make clothing, rope, linens, and blankets By the late 1800s numerous reports detailed cannabis use for many medical reasons In the early 1900s, marijuana was used primarily by Hispanics in the Southwest and by Blacks in ghettos https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sbjHO BJzhb0
- 32. Marijuana has beenused in all of the following ways except: 0% 0% 0% 0% A. Medical use B. Religious use C. To treat depression D. For its fibers
- 33. Narcotics The term narcoticsis used interchangeably with the terms opiates or opioids Opiate refers to opium and the derivatives of opium 1500 BC: Egyptians used opium for medical purposes
- 34. Narcotics The PoppyPapavar somniferum A 6,000 year old Sumerian tablet referred to the opium poppy as the “joy plant” https://www.youtube .com/watch?v=r1md n-5E-Ao
- 35. Narcotics - Opium Opium was a staple in ancient Greece and Rome In the Arab world, opium was widely used because the Koran forbids alcohol use Opium was the central factor in a war between the Chinese and the British governments Medical uses of opium became widespread in Europe in the 16th century, when laudanum was developed
- 36. Narcotics – Morphine& Heroin In 1805, the active ingredient in opium was identified and called morphine During the Civil War, morphine dependency was so common that it was called soldier’s disease An estimated 1 million Americans were dependent on morphine and other narcotics by the end of the 19th century In 1874 a “wonder drug” was developed to relieve pain and treat morphine dependency – it was called heroin
- 37. Opium was oncelegal and readily available over-the-counter. A. True B. False True False 0% 100%
- 38. Which of theseis a naturally occurring part of the opium plant? 0% 0% 33% 67% A. Morphine B. Codeine C. Heroin D. OxyContin
- 39. Cocaine People werechewing coca leaves prior to the rise of the Incan Empire, as early as 3000 BC The first verified use of coca has been traced to a gravesite in Peru from around 500 AD When Spaniards conquered the Incas, they realized the importance of the coca leaves to the natives In the 19th century, a French chemist developed a popular red wine which included active ingredients from coca leaves
- 40. Cocaine Early proponentsof cocaine included Sigmund Freud, Robert Louis Stevenson, and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Originally, Coca-Cola contained cocaine, and was promoted as a “Nerve Stimulant” Cocaine became a popular recreational drug in the 1970s Variations that were smoked emerged: first freebase, then inexpensive crack cocaine
- 41. The earliest knownuse of cocaine was: A. In Coca-Cola as a “nerve stimulant” B. In ancient Greece in red wine C. By smoking it D. Chewing coca leaves by the Incas In Coca-Colaasa “nerve... In ancientGreece in red ... Bysm oking it Chew ingcocaleavesbyt.. 0% 100% 0%0%
- 42. Amphetamines Amphetamines, firstsynthesized in 1887, enlarge nasal passages, raise blood pressure, and stimulate the CNS During World War II, troops used amphetamines to overcome fatigue and increase their endurance Benzedrine was available over-the-counter in 1932 for treating asthma and nasal congestion Methamphetamines appeared in the 1960s
- 43. Amphetamines are: A. Depressants B.Pain killers C. Stimulants D. Hallucinogens Depressants Pain killers Stim ulants Hallucinogens 0% 0% 100% 0%
- 44. Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs Barbiturates Barbituric acid, a class of drugs that have depressant effects Barbital, a sedative-hypnotic drug used to treat anxiety and nervousness; the original barbiturate Nonbarbiturate Sedatives Bromides, sedatives used to treat epileptic convulsions Chloral hydrate, induces sleep Paraldehyde, used with severely disturbed mental patients
- 45. Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs Minortranquilizers, or antianxiety agents Meprobamate, also used for treating psychosomatic conditions Benzodiazepines such as Librium and Valium Inhalants Solvents, gases, and aerosols Nitrous oxide (lauhing gas) Ether, developed for medical purposes
- 46. Medical uses ofdepressants include all of the following EXCEPT: A. Relieving anxiety B. Inducing sleep C. Increasing attention D. Controlling seizures Relievinganxiety InducingsleepIncreasingattentionControllingseizures 0% 0% 33% 67%
- 47. Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs -Inhalants Inhalants are among the first drugs used by young children Huffing Sudden death syndrome https://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=Avcz9Z1 ekcM
- 48. Hallucinogens Hallucinogens area class of drugs that induce perceived distortions in time and space LSD, derived from a fungus Psilocybin, found in certain mushrooms Peyote, contains mescaline isolated from cactus Over 6000 plants can alter consciousness LSD originated from ergot fungus, which grows on grain, and causes the condition ergotism
- 49. Hallucinogens: A. Distort thesenses B. Are usually derived from plants C. Have been used to access the unconscious in therapy D. Are thought to enhance creativity Distortthesenses Are usually derived from ... Havebeen used to access... Are thoughtto enhance ... 0% 0%0%0%
Editor's Notes
- #3 1. Ten years ago, I thought drugs were . . . 2. Today, I think drugs are . . . 3. My perceptions of drugs are influenced by . . . 4. My parents’ view of drugs is . . . 5. A drug is harmful when . . . 6. My peers’ view of drugs is . . . 7. A drug is . . . 8. Drug misuse is . . . 9. Drug abuse is . . . 10. Drug use is considered socially deviant when . . .
- #7 Small group brainstorm
- #13 Drug Any substance, natural or artificial, other than food, that by its chemical nature alters structure or function in a living organism Psychoactive drug A drug that specifically affects thoughts, emotions, or behavior Illicit drug A drug that is unlawful to possess or use Deviant drug use Drug use that is not common within a social group and is disapproved of by the majority Drug misuse Use of drugs or chemicals in greater amounts than prescribed by a doctor, or for purposes other than, those intended by the manufacturer Drug abuse Substance use in a manner, an amount, or in situations such that it causes social, occupational, psychological, or physical problems Drug dependence A more precise term than addiction A state in which an individual uses a drug so frequently or consistently that it would be difficult for the person to stop May be physiological and/or psychological
- #14 The elderly use more prescription and over-the-counter drugs than people in other age groups.
- #18 http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/Substance%20Use%20Disorder%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/dsmfactsheet/dsmfact.pdf Alcohol Use Disorder: A Comparison Between DSM–IV and DSM–5 DSM-V - Major Changes to Addictive Disease Classifications 2010 - Marchby Bob CurleyThe first draft of the American Psychiatric Association’s (APA) latest Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) eliminates the disease categories for substance abuse and dependence and replaces it with a new “addictions and related disorders” -- just one of several major changes to the “Bible” used almost universally to diagnose (and get insurance reimbursement for) behavioral-health problems. “Eliminating the category of dependence will better differentiate between the compulsive drug-seeking behavior of addiction and normal responses of tolerance and withdrawal that some patients experience when using prescribed medications that affect the central nervous system,” the APA explained in a Feb. 10 press release. “The term dependence is misleading, because people confuse it with addiction, when in fact the tolerance and withdrawal patients experience are very normal responses to prescribed medications that affect the central nervous system,” said Charles O’Brien, M.D., Ph.D., chair of the APA’s DSM Substance-Related Disorders Work Group. “On the other hand, addiction is compulsive drug- seeking behavior which is quite different. We hope that this new classification will help end this wide-spread misunderstanding.” The new category for addictive diseases would include a variety of “substance-use disorders” broken down by drug type, such as “cannabis-use disorder” and “alcohol-use disorder.” Diagnostic criteria for these disorders in DSM-V would remain “very similar” to those found in the current DSM-IV, according to APA. However, the symptom of “drug craving” would be added to the criteria, while a symptom that referred to “problems with law enforcement” would be eliminated “because of cultural considerations that make the criteria difficult to apply internationally,” APA said. Also new to the DSM-V are diagnostic criteria for “cannabis withdrawal,” which the APA says is caused by “cessation of cannabis use that has been heavy and prolonged,” results in “clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning,” and is characterized by at least three of these symptoms: irritability, anger or aggression; nervousness or anxiety; sleep difficulties (insomnia); decreased appetite or weight loss; restlessness; depressed mood; and or physical symptoms such as stomach pain, shakiness or tremors, sweating, fever, chills, and headache. Battle Over ‘Addiction’ and ‘Dependence’ The APA has gone back and forth between use of the terms “addiction” and “dependence” to describe alcohol and other drug problems, noted researcher Stanton Peele, Ph.D. “Every book I’ve written has the word “addiction” in the title, so I’m glad the term will now be recognized,” wrote Peele in the Huffington Post on Feb. 11. “But the change back may make us wonder whether we will have to reconsider every twenty years or so whether it is more beneficial or harmful to use a word loaded with cultural meanings (“addiction”), or a more neutral term (“dependence”).” In fact, “dependence” made it into the DSM-IV by just a single vote, O’Brien noted in a May 2006 editorial in the American Journal of Psychiatry co-authored by Nora Volkow, M.D., director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse, and T-K Li, M.D., then-head of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. “Experience over the past two decades has demonstrated that this decision was a serious mistake,” the trio wrote. “The term ‘dependence’ has traditionally been used to describe ‘physical dependence,’ which refers to the adaptations that result in withdrawal symptoms when drugs, such as alcohol and heroin, are discontinued. Physical dependence is also observed with certain psychoactive medications, such as antidepressants and beta-blockers. However, the adaptations associated with drug withdrawal are distinct from the adaptations that result in addiction, which refers to the loss of control over the intense urges to take the drug even at the expense of adverse consequences.”
- #26 B. Trends in Drug Use 1. The perceived risk decreases as drug use increases; as drug use decreases the perceived risk increases. 2. The perceived availability of marijuana has changed little over time and, therefore, does not appear to explain differences in rates of use. 3. The National Survey on Drug Use and Health is a door-to-door survey estimating drug use in adolescents and adults in the United States. 4. Alcohol and cocaine use in 18- to 25-year-olds stays fairly consistent over time. 5. Drug use patterns seen in multiple surveys are most likely to be accurate. 6. Decreases or increases in drug use are not related to changes in government legislation, but are related to social trends. Have Things Really Changed? 1. Humans have used psychoactive drugs for thousands of years for therapeutic and recreational purposes. 2. Drug use has affected society in many areas: religion, law, government, economics, language, and education.
- #30 This pledge card displays powerful and contrasting symbolism about temperance.
- #35 Opioids are synthetic opiates.
- #36 The poppy Papavar somniferum is the main source of nonsynthetic narcotics.
- #42 Caffeine is the number one drug of choice for many Americans.
- #51 Americans’ attitude concerning nitrous oxide was nonchalant in the first half of the 19th century.
- #56 Cigarette smoking is the single largest preventable cause mania, of illness and premature death in the United States.