This document discusses how drug use impacts individuals and society. It notes that drug use can result in deaths, emergency room visits, lost productivity, broken homes, and higher medical costs. Surveys, reports, and questionnaires are used to track drug use trends over time. The document outlines various patterns of drug use and how perceptions of dependence have changed over time. It discusses how drug use can negatively impact families, social behavior, education attainment, employment, and fetal development. Testing methods and their limitations are also reviewed.

1. Chapter 2 Drugs in Contemporary Society

2. How does drug use cost
society?
 Your thoughts:

3. Consequences for Society
 Deaths
 Emergency room visits
 Drugs in the workplace and lost productivity
 Broken homes, illnesses, shorter lives, etc.
 Cost of maintaining habit
 Cost of criminal behavior
 Cost of treating patients
 Fetal alcohol syndrome
 Blood borne illnesses

4. Getting Information on Drug
Use
 Surveys
 Hospital reports
 Police reports
 Can show trends over
time
 What’s missing?

5. Extent of Drug Use
 National Survey on Drug Use and Health
 Door-to-door survey of randomly selected
households
 Measures drug use in adults and adolescents
 Monitoring the Future
 Questionnaires given to 8th, 10th and 12th grade
students

6. Have you used marijuana in
the last 30 days?
ANONYMOUS
A. Yes
B. No
Yes
No
100%
0%

8. Have you had 5 or more drinks in one sitting
in the last 30 days? ANONYMOUS
A. Yes
B. No
Yes
No
83%
17%

10. Have you used non-prescribed
narcotics in the last 30 days?
ANONYMOUS
A. Yes
B. No
Yes
No
100%
0%

12. Drug Abuse Warning
Network
 DAWN is a reporting system
that collects information on the
number of times drugs are
implicated in both non-lethal
and lethal visits to emergency
rooms
 Illicit drugs were responsible
for the most emergency room
visits, followed by
pharmaceutical drugs
 Data reflect acute drug
problems, not chronic drug
use

13. DAWN gives information
on:
A. The number of people
jailed for drug offenses
B. The number of times
drugs are implicated in
emergency room visits
C. The number of people
who admit drug use to
their doctors Thenum
berofpeople
jail..
Thenum
beroftim
esdru..
Thenum
berofpeople
w
..
0%
33%
67%

14. Changing Attitudes
 What made the
government change
from the laissez-faire
attitude of the 1800s to
one of control?
 Toxicity
 Dependence
 Crime

15. Society’s perception of drugs:
 Influenced by social and psychological
factors
 Illegal drugs are condemned more than
legal drugs

16. What do you think about government
regulation of drug use?
A. The government
should be more
involved
B. The government
should be less
involved
C. Our government is
doing a good job
currently
Thegovernm
entshould
..
Thegovernm
entshould
b...
Ourgovernm
entisdoing..
60%
20%20%

17. Toxicity
 Physical toxicity:
 Danger to the body as a result of taking the
drug
 Behavioral toxicity:
 Drug interferes with one’s ability to function
 Acute toxicity:
 Danger from a single experience with a drug
 Chronic toxicity:
 Danger posed by repeated exposure to the
drug

18. Driving while drunk is an
example of:
A. Acute physical
toxicity
B. Chronic physical
toxicity
C. Acute behavioral
toxicity
D. Chronic
behavioral toxicity Acutephysicaltoxicity
Chronicphysicaltoxicity
Acutebehavioraltoxicity
Chronicbehavioraltoxicity
33%
0%
50%
17%

19. Cirrhosis of the liver is an
example of:
A. Acute physical
toxicity
B. Chronic physical
toxicity
C. Acute behavioral
toxicity
D. Chronic behavioral
toxicity
Acutephysicaltoxicity
Chronicphysicaltoxicity
Acutebehavioraltoxicity
Chronicbehavioraltoxicity
0%
17%
0%
83%

20. Patterns of Use
 Experimental Use
 Infrequent use motivated by curiosity
 Social-Recreational Use
 Taking drugs to share pleasurable experiences
among friends
 Circumstantial-Situational Use
 Short-term use to contend with immediate distress
or pressure

21. Patterns of Use
 Intensified Use
 Taking drugs on a steady basis to relieve a
problem
 Chronic Use
 Indicates some extent of physical or
psychological dependence
 Compulsive Use
 Acquiring and consuming drugs is the main
focus of life

22. Changing View on
Dependence
 Early medical model
 True addiction involves physical dependence; key
is treatment of withdrawal symptoms
 Positive reinforcement model
 Drugs can reinforce behavior without physical
dependence
 Psychological dependence is
increasingly viewed as the driving force
behind repeated drug use
 This refutes the sometimes common belief that
drugs that aren’t as strongly physically
addicting are less dangerous

23. What do you think? Is
addiction
A. Biological
B. Genetic
C. Environmental
D. Psychological
E. Personality
Weakness
F. A combination of
above Biological
Genetic
Environm
ental
Psychological
PersonalityW
eakness
A
com
bination
ofabove
0% 0%
100%
0%0%0%

24. Substance Use Disorder DSM-
5
 Substance use disorders span a
wide variety of problems arising
from substance use, and cover 11
different criteria:
1. Taking the substance in larger amounts
or for longer than you meant to
2. Wanting to cut down or stop using the
substance but not managing to
3. Spending a lot of time getting, using, or
recovering from use of the substance

25. 4. Cravings and urges to use the substance
(psychological dependence)
5. Not managing to do what you should at
work, home or school, because of
substance use
6. Continuing to use, even when it causes
problems in relationships
7. Giving up important social, occupational
or recreational activities because of
substance use

26. 8. Using substances again and again,
even when it puts you in danger
9. Continuing to use, even when the you
know you have a physical or
psychological problem that could have
been caused or made worse by the
substance
10. Needing more of the substance to get
the effect you want (tolerance)
11. Development of withdrawal symptoms,
which can be relieved by taking more of
the substance. (physical dependence)

27. Impacts of Drug Use
Family stability
Social behavior
Education and career
aspirations
Personal and social
maturation

28. REMEMBER:

29. A correlate is:
A. A variable that
causes something
B. A thing you keep
horses in
C. A variable that is
associated with
something
A
variablethatcausess...
A
thingyou
keep
horsesin
A
variablethatisassocia...
25%
75%
0%

30. Family
 Association between drug use and the likelihood that
a couple will separate or divorce
 Women subjected to violence have higher rates of
alcohol dependence and other drug abuse problems
 Family interventions into adolescent alcohol use
reduce the initiation and frequency of alcohol use
 Marijuana use by young Black males is significantly
reduced when both parents are present

31. Family
 Parental substance abuse is a factor for
1/3 to 2/3 of all children involved with the
child welfare system
 Substance abuse is a factor in many cases
of child abuse and domestic abuse
 Alcohol use is associated with the
perpetration of sexual aggression,
especially toward boys **

32. Effects of drug use by pregnant
women
 Women whose babies test
positive for drugs such as
cocaine are subject to losing
custody of their children
 Risks to the baby:
 Low birth weight
 Premature birth
 Miscarriage
 Birth defects
 Difficulty bonding
 Learning disabilities

33. Which of the following is NOT
associated with drug use in the family?
A. Increased
violence
B. Higher divorce
rates
C. Low IQ
D. They are all
associated
Increased
violence
Higherdivorcerates
Low
IQ
Theyare
allassociated
0% 0%0%0%

34. Social Behavior
 Drug users display more independence,
rebelliousness, acceptance of deviant behavior,
and rejection of moral and social norms than
nonusers
 Children of parents who use
drugs are more likely to engage
in delinquent behaviors
 Stimulants such as methamphetamines and
cocaine are associated with violence, while
marijuana and heroin are more likely to produce
a passive response

35. Social Behavior
 Alcohol is the drug involved with the most
violent incidents
 The level of aggression associated with
alcohol is dose related
 Binge drinking is associated with unsafe
sex and violence, and with nonconsensual
sex

36. Drug users show higher levels of
acceptance of deviant behavior
A. True
B. False
True
False
17%
83%

37. Alcohol is associated
with
100%
0%
0%
0%
0% A. Higher level of violent incidents
B. Dating violence
C. Unsafe sex
D. Nonconsensual sex
E. All of the above

38. Education
 There is a higher dropout rate from school for those
who used alcohol, illicit drugs, and cigarettes
 There is a relationship between academic
performance and drug use
 Drug use is assumed to be a predictor
of welfare dependency
 Higher Education Act of 1965: College students who
are convicted of a drug offense are denied federal
financial aid

39. Do you feel that the regulations about
financial aid and drug convictions are
fair?
50%
17%
17%
17% A. Yes
B. No
C. Sometimes
D. I’m undecided

40. Employment
 Employed drug users have less stable job
histories than nonusers
 Alcohol abusers earn significantly less money
than moderate drinkers and abstainers
 Drug use is associated with higher accident rates
on the job and lower productivity

41. Drugs in the
Workplace
 Substance abuse in the workplace results in:
 Lessened productivity
 Increased accidents, absenteeism, and health care costs
 Highest rates of drug use are food service workers
and construction workers – identifying drug
problems in top-level managers is more difficult
 Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs) help
workers deal with problems that affect job
performance, including alcohol or drug problems

42. Drug Testing
 In 2011, the federal government
earmarked $283.1 million for
drug-related activities in schools
 Random workplace drug testing has effectively
identified frequent users of illicit drugs
 In many jurisdictions, physicians are required
to report women who use drugs during
pregnancy or infants who test positive for drug
use by their mothers

43. Types of Drug
Testing
 Immunoassay is fast and less
expensive than other methods but may give false
positive readings
 Gas chromatography is more expensive and time-
consuming than other methods
 Thin-layer chromatography is simple and
inexpensive, but requires expert interpretation
 Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry is
highly sensitive, but is time-consuming and
expensive http://www.aa
fp.org/afp/201
0/0301/p635.
html

44. Problems with Drug
Testing
 False positive
 A person tests positive for a drug even
though no drug is present in the person’s
urine
 False negative
 A person tests negative
even though drugs are
present in the person’s
urine

46. Legality of Drug Testing
 Debated in two
cases before the
U.S. Supreme
Court:
 Skinner v. Railway
Labor Executive
Association
 National Treasury
Employees Union v.
von Raab
 In both cases, the
Supreme Court
ruled that the testing
program was
justified http://www.nolo.com/legal-
encyclopedia/free-books/employee-
rights-book/chapter5-3.html

47. How is drug use related to
crime?
 Intoxication causes behavior and personality
change
 Crimes may be committed while intoxicated
 Drug use/possession is a crime
 Crimes to fund cost of drug use
 Society tries to protect itself through regulation
 Current laws may not be part of a logical plan,
ineffective or unrealistic

48. Crime: Drug Business
 Drug trade is a big business with no signs
of slowing down
 Tactics for stopping drug flow into the US –
military force, reducing aid to drug-
producing countries, and promoting crop
substitution – are ineffective
 Results in thousands needing medical care
for drug overdoses, and has an economic
impact on the criminal justice system and
environment

50. Crime: Drug
Business
 Colombia is the leading
producer of cocaine
 In Laos, Burma, and Thailand,
opium production has largely been
replaced by methamphetamines
 In addition to domestic production,
marijuana is grown in Asia, the
Caribbean, and Mexico – Colombia
is the largest exporter

51. US National Drug Control
Budget

52. Crime: Drug Enforcement
• The narcotics trade is
tremendously profitable
• Even after billions of dollars
were spent on curbing drug
production, coca growth in
Colombia rose 27%
• Preventing drugs from
entering the United States or
reducing the amount of drugs
grown in the country is a
matter of demand, not supply

53. How should we deal with drug
problems?
50%
0%
17%
33%
0%
0% A. Legalize drugs
B. Stop drugs at borders
C. Reduce demand (treatment/education)
D. Prevent production in other countries
E. End the “War on Drugs”
F. I’m not sure

54. How should we deal with drug problems?