Smoking during pregnancy can have negative effects on both the mother and baby. It is associated with complications like miscarriage, preterm birth, low birth weight, and fetal growth restriction. The babies of mothers who smoke are also at higher risk for health issues later in life such as intellectual and behavioral problems. Nicotine and other chemicals in cigarette smoke can negatively impact the placenta and fetal development by disrupting nutrient transfer, oxygen delivery, and cell growth and differentiation. Maternal smoking is also linked to potential epigenetic changes that may influence fetal brain development and long-term health outcomes. Quitting smoking before or during pregnancy can help mitigate many of these risks.
Negative effects of smoking on babies like Low birth weight, Premature delivery, Stillbirth, Increased risk of Asthma or SIDS, Elevated risk of congenital heart defects and Lifelong effects on baby's brain are discussed in this presentation.
Negative effects of smoking on mothers such as difficulty getting pregnant, Placental abruption, Placenta previa, Premature rupture of membranes and Ectopic pregnancy are also dealt in this presentation.
Maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of major malformations in newborns. A study of over 2000 pregnancies found the risk of major malformations was 3.3 times higher for babies exposed to maternal smoking compared to non-exposed babies. Paternal smoking was also high among the smoking mothers, occurring in over 60% of smoking mothers compared to 38% of non-smoking mothers. Exposure to alcohol and lower education levels were also associated with increased risk of maternal smoking during pregnancy.
Smoking during pregnancy can have serious negative health effects on both mother and baby. It is linked to lower birth weights, premature birth, stillbirths, and respiratory problems in infants. Babies born to smoking mothers are more likely to suffer from brain damage, premature birth, low birth weight, asthma, SIDS, and stillbirth. To protect the baby's health, mothers are advised to quit smoking before or during pregnancy and to avoid secondhand smoke. Motivation tips include thinking about the health of the baby and using alternatives to smoking like drinking water or exercise to help manage cravings.
This document discusses drug abuse and dependence. It defines drugs, drug abuse, and drug dependence according to WHO. It notes that an estimated 12-20 million people in the US smoke marijuana and 30-50% of high school students have used marijuana. Dependence-producing drugs have the capacity to cause dependence. Prevention approaches include legislation, education, and providing alternative community activities for youth. Treatment involves identification, detoxification, counseling, rehabilitation, and vocational training to prevent relapse.
Smoking involves burning a substance, usually tobacco, and inhaling the smoke. Tobacco smoking is the most common form of smoking, practiced by over one billion people worldwide. Smoking has a long history dating back 5000 BC and was used in religious rituals before becoming popular for recreational use due to substances like nicotine. While tobacco and cannabis are most commonly smoked, other drugs like opium were also smoked, though smoking rates have declined in recent decades due to health concerns. Smoking carries significant health risks like cancer, heart disease, and lung damage.
Teenage pregnancy is defined as pregnancy in females aged 13 to 19. It is associated with social, economic, cultural, educational, and political issues. When a teenage girl becomes a parent, it can negatively impact her education and employment opportunities while increasing dependence on family or the community. Prevention of unplanned teenage pregnancy has become an international priority, and the UK introduced the Teenage Pregnancy Strategy in 1999 to halve pregnancies in under-18s by 2010, achieving a 13.3% reduction in the rate. The strategy has two strands and aims to reduce unplanned pregnancies and abortions while supporting teenage mothers.
This document summarizes the history of cigarettes and their harmful effects. It notes that cigarettes were first mass produced in the late 1800s and contained over 4000 chemicals, including 60 carcinogens. The summary describes some of the major health risks of smoking such as heart disease, cancer, and reduced lung function. It also mentions that smoking can harm fetal development and increase risks during pregnancy. The document aims to inform people about the long history of cigarette use and their significant health consequences.
- Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, which includes facial abnormalities, intellectual disabilities, and behavioral issues in the child. The early stages of pregnancy are most vulnerable to the effects of alcohol.
- Guidelines from health organizations recommend abstaining from alcohol during pregnancy, especially in the first 3 months, due to risks of harm. The early sensitive period means alcohol should also be avoided before realizing one is pregnant.
- For women with problematic drinking, reducing alcohol intake or abstaining is advised, as they will need support to do so given fears of judgment over the health of their baby.
Negative effects of smoking on babies like Low birth weight, Premature delivery, Stillbirth, Increased risk of Asthma or SIDS, Elevated risk of congenital heart defects and Lifelong effects on baby's brain are discussed in this presentation.
Negative effects of smoking on mothers such as difficulty getting pregnant, Placental abruption, Placenta previa, Premature rupture of membranes and Ectopic pregnancy are also dealt in this presentation.
Maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of major malformations in newborns. A study of over 2000 pregnancies found the risk of major malformations was 3.3 times higher for babies exposed to maternal smoking compared to non-exposed babies. Paternal smoking was also high among the smoking mothers, occurring in over 60% of smoking mothers compared to 38% of non-smoking mothers. Exposure to alcohol and lower education levels were also associated with increased risk of maternal smoking during pregnancy.
Smoking during pregnancy can have serious negative health effects on both mother and baby. It is linked to lower birth weights, premature birth, stillbirths, and respiratory problems in infants. Babies born to smoking mothers are more likely to suffer from brain damage, premature birth, low birth weight, asthma, SIDS, and stillbirth. To protect the baby's health, mothers are advised to quit smoking before or during pregnancy and to avoid secondhand smoke. Motivation tips include thinking about the health of the baby and using alternatives to smoking like drinking water or exercise to help manage cravings.
This document discusses drug abuse and dependence. It defines drugs, drug abuse, and drug dependence according to WHO. It notes that an estimated 12-20 million people in the US smoke marijuana and 30-50% of high school students have used marijuana. Dependence-producing drugs have the capacity to cause dependence. Prevention approaches include legislation, education, and providing alternative community activities for youth. Treatment involves identification, detoxification, counseling, rehabilitation, and vocational training to prevent relapse.
Smoking involves burning a substance, usually tobacco, and inhaling the smoke. Tobacco smoking is the most common form of smoking, practiced by over one billion people worldwide. Smoking has a long history dating back 5000 BC and was used in religious rituals before becoming popular for recreational use due to substances like nicotine. While tobacco and cannabis are most commonly smoked, other drugs like opium were also smoked, though smoking rates have declined in recent decades due to health concerns. Smoking carries significant health risks like cancer, heart disease, and lung damage.
Teenage pregnancy is defined as pregnancy in females aged 13 to 19. It is associated with social, economic, cultural, educational, and political issues. When a teenage girl becomes a parent, it can negatively impact her education and employment opportunities while increasing dependence on family or the community. Prevention of unplanned teenage pregnancy has become an international priority, and the UK introduced the Teenage Pregnancy Strategy in 1999 to halve pregnancies in under-18s by 2010, achieving a 13.3% reduction in the rate. The strategy has two strands and aims to reduce unplanned pregnancies and abortions while supporting teenage mothers.
This document summarizes the history of cigarettes and their harmful effects. It notes that cigarettes were first mass produced in the late 1800s and contained over 4000 chemicals, including 60 carcinogens. The summary describes some of the major health risks of smoking such as heart disease, cancer, and reduced lung function. It also mentions that smoking can harm fetal development and increase risks during pregnancy. The document aims to inform people about the long history of cigarette use and their significant health consequences.
- Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, which includes facial abnormalities, intellectual disabilities, and behavioral issues in the child. The early stages of pregnancy are most vulnerable to the effects of alcohol.
- Guidelines from health organizations recommend abstaining from alcohol during pregnancy, especially in the first 3 months, due to risks of harm. The early sensitive period means alcohol should also be avoided before realizing one is pregnant.
- For women with problematic drinking, reducing alcohol intake or abstaining is advised, as they will need support to do so given fears of judgment over the health of their baby.
Discover the effects of smoking on your finances,society,health,environment and unborn baby.These slides will open your eyes to the harmful effects of tobacco,so,much so that you won't want to touch it again.
The document discusses smoking cessation and approaches for quitting smoking. It covers the following key points:
- Part I provides an introduction and discusses the health effects of smoking.
- Part II outlines evidence that smoking increases risks of cancer and cardiovascular disease.
- Part III discusses the benefits of quitting smoking.
- Part IV describes two approaches - the 5A's model and 5R's model - that healthcare providers can use to help patients quit smoking through counseling and support. It details the steps in each model including asking about tobacco use, advising patients to quit, assessing willingness and barriers, assisting with treatment options, and arranging follow-up support.
This document discusses asphyxia of the newborn, including definitions, causes, signs and symptoms, complications, and treatment. Asphyxia is defined as ineffective respiration in a newborn due to oxygen deprivation during labor or delivery. Causes include issues with the placenta, umbilical cord, maternal health conditions, and difficult delivery. Signs range from mild transient symptoms to more severe outcomes like coma or multi-organ failure. Treatment focuses on resuscitation of the airway, breathing, and circulation (ABC approach). Asphyxia can lead to complications such as hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and birth trauma.
Alcoholism is caused by genetic, environmental, biological, and psychological factors. Excessive alcohol use can lead to immediate health risks like injuries and long term risks like neurological and cardiovascular problems. Alcoholism affects people differently based on factors like age, gender, and amount/speed consumed. Alcohol abuse is a pattern of drinking that harms health or relationships, while alcoholism is a chronic disease characterized by craving and continued use despite problems.
Tobacco is a plant whose leaves are dried and used in products that are smoked, chewed, or sniffed, such as cigarettes, cigars, chewing tobacco, and snuff. Nicotine is the addictive chemical in tobacco. Smoking tobacco causes numerous health issues, including cancer, lung disease, heart disease, and stroke. Secondhand smoke can also significantly impact health, resulting in diseases and increased infant death. Quitting tobacco is difficult due to nicotine addiction and withdrawal symptoms. Various nicotine replacement therapies and medications can help in quitting. While tobacco use among youth has declined in the US in recent decades, it remains a serious public health issue.
The document discusses the health effects of tobacco use and provides advice for quitting smoking. It notes that tobacco use is a leading cause of death globally and is linked to various cancers and respiratory and heart diseases. It then gives tips for creating a quit plan, dealing with withdrawal symptoms, using cessation products, and seeking professional help if needed. The overall document provides information on the dangers of tobacco and guidance for developing a strategy to quit smoking successfully.
SMOKING & FEMALE & MALE FERTILITY DR SHARDA JAIN Lifecare Centre
Smoking can harm both male and female fertility. The document discusses how smoking affects sperm and egg quality, decreasing the chances of conception. It notes that smoking exposes people to chemicals like benzopyrene and metals like cadmium and lead that can damage DNA in sperm and eggs. It also discusses how smoking decreases hormone production and the ability of a fertilized egg to implant in the uterus. For both men and women, smoking is linked to issues like lower sperm counts and motility, impaired ovulation, and an increased risk of miscarriage. It recommends not smoking if trying to conceive.
This document discusses the history and health effects of smoking. It begins by outlining the origins of tobacco use among Native Americans and its spread to Europe. It then details the addictive properties of nicotine and how cigarettes effectively deliver nicotine to the brain. The document covers the social and cultural role of smoking as well as initiatives to reduce it. Finally, it outlines strategies for smoking cessation and the health benefits of quitting, including reduced risk of lung cancer, heart disease and improved lung function.
This document discusses the health effects of smoking. It notes that cigarettes contain over 4,000 chemicals, including 50 known carcinogens. Smoking hurts the lungs, causes coughing and fatigue, and affects taste and smell. It is linked to higher risks of heart attack, stroke, and lung cancer. Smoking impacts every part of the body, including hair, brain, eyes, mouth, skin and ability to breathe. The document provides statistics on smoking rates in Bangladesh and lists reasons to quit like health, cost, and influence of family and friends. It outlines plans and tools available to help quit smoking, such as nicotine patches, gum, or phone support programs. The overall message is that quitting smoking is important for health
This document summarizes the negative health effects of smoking cigarettes. It discusses how cigarettes contain over 4,000 chemicals, including 60 carcinogens like nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide, and formaldehyde. Smoking temporarily increases heart rate and blood pressure and damages heart and blood vessels over time. Long-term effects include increased risk of lung cancer, COPD, premature aging, wrinkles, low sperm count, emphysema, heart disease, and strokes. The document also notes that smoking during pregnancy can negatively impact the baby's health and development.
The document discusses the negative health effects of smoking and reasons for banning smoking in public places. It provides smoking statistics that highlight smoking causes over 400,000 deaths per year in the US and is a major cause of illness and early death. The document also lists over 4000 chemicals found in cigarettes, many of which are carcinogenic, and discusses how smoking reduces oxygen in the blood and damages lungs. It argues for banning smoking in public to protect non-smokers from secondhand smoke.
Uploader's Note:
The following Text, information and materials used in this presentation do not own by the uploader.
This presentation is all about Alcoholism-sign, effects, symptoms and treatment..
Special thanks to Mayo clinic organization for providing information for this presentation...
thank you.. and enjoy...
"keep moving forward"
Smoking is the action of inhaling and exhaling tobacco smoke and is highly addictive. Cigarettes contain over 4000 chemicals, including 60 that are carcinogenic. People smoke for various reasons such as cultural influences, stress, and to look cool. However, smoking has significant negative health impacts as it causes many forms of cancer, heart disease, strokes, and respiratory illnesses. Statistics show that smoking causes over 600,000 deaths per year in the United States and reduces the average lifespan by 10 years. To quit smoking, it is important to find motivation, consider nicotine replacement therapy, remain active, eat healthy foods, and reward quitting.
Diabetes in pregnancy poses risks to both mother and baby. Good glycemic control through nutrition, lifestyle changes, and possibly medication can help reduce risks. Babies of diabetic mothers may be large with potential birth injuries, and face risks of low blood sugar, breathing issues, and heart and metabolic problems. Close monitoring and management throughout pregnancy aims to deliver healthy babies.
Smoking involves inhaling smoke from burned tobacco in cigarettes, cigars, or pipes. Cigarette smoke contains over 4,000 chemicals including 60 known carcinogens such as nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide, benzene, and formaldehyde. Smoking is highly addictive and can cause serious health issues like lung cancer, emphysema, heart disease, and premature death. While people may smoke for relaxation or social reasons, quitting can improve health, save money, and prevent disease.
Alcoholism is an addiction to alcohol that is chronic and sometimes fatal. It affects around 208 million people worldwide. Alcohol can lead to dependence, tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms. Problems that alcoholism can cause include not doing well in school or work, family problems, financial issues from spending too much money on alcohol, neglecting or abusing children or spouses, and becoming homeless or living in poverty. The body is also negatively impacted, with headaches, sleep issues, low blood sugar, dehydration, and gastrointestinal effects being problems associated with alcoholism.
This document discusses the effects of drugs and alcohol on teenagers. It outlines some negative effects of drug use such as emotional, physical and social problems as well as lack of interest in school. It also lists some warning signs that a teenager may be using drugs or alcohol like changes in behavior, mood and friends. The document notes some reasons why teenagers may be tempted to use drugs, including peer pressure and low self-esteem. While some drugs and alcohol have medical uses and benefits in moderation, the document emphasizes their many health risks, especially for teenagers.
Smoking has been widespread in Britain since the 16th century, though its health risks were not firmly established until the 1950s. Currently, about 12 million British adults smoke, with rates highest among younger people and those from manual socioeconomic groups. Smoking causes over 100,000 deaths per year in the UK due to increased risks of cancer, heart disease, and respiratory illness. While some believe there are benefits to smoking like stress relief, evidence shows smokers have higher stress levels and that smoking provides only temporary relief through addiction, not actual stress reduction.
Smoking tobacco can be addictive due to the nicotine it contains. Nicotine acts on the brain to temporarily boost energy and mood, but long term smoking can lead to serious health issues. Some of the major health risks of smoking include lung cancer, emphysema, and heart disease. Quitting smoking is difficult but important to avoid these negative health consequences.
This document summarizes the adverse effects of smoking during pregnancy. It notes that 8-10% of pregnant women in Korea smoke, and smoking during pregnancy causes about 910 infant deaths annually in the US. The document outlines that cigarette smoke contains over 4,000 chemicals including carbon monoxide, nicotine, cyanide, and arsenic. These chemicals reduce oxygen delivery to the fetus and impair cellular processes. Prenatal smoking exposure can affect brain development through stimulation of nicotinic receptors. Adverse outcomes for the baby include low birth weight, intrauterine growth retardation, physical and mental development problems, and an increased risk of SIDS. Smoking during pregnancy also increases risks of placental problems, premature delivery, and some birth
Transvaginal ultrasound is the main imaging approach in the first trimester. The double decidual sac sign appears by 4-5 weeks and confirms an intrauterine pregnancy. By 5-6 weeks, a yolk sac and embryonic heartbeat can be seen when the crown-rump length reaches 5mm. Anomalies like anencephaly can be detected. Nuchal translucency measurement and assessment of ductus venosus flow are used for first trimester aneuploidy screening. An empty uterus with hCG over 2000 suggests ectopic pregnancy or miscarriage.
Discover the effects of smoking on your finances,society,health,environment and unborn baby.These slides will open your eyes to the harmful effects of tobacco,so,much so that you won't want to touch it again.
The document discusses smoking cessation and approaches for quitting smoking. It covers the following key points:
- Part I provides an introduction and discusses the health effects of smoking.
- Part II outlines evidence that smoking increases risks of cancer and cardiovascular disease.
- Part III discusses the benefits of quitting smoking.
- Part IV describes two approaches - the 5A's model and 5R's model - that healthcare providers can use to help patients quit smoking through counseling and support. It details the steps in each model including asking about tobacco use, advising patients to quit, assessing willingness and barriers, assisting with treatment options, and arranging follow-up support.
This document discusses asphyxia of the newborn, including definitions, causes, signs and symptoms, complications, and treatment. Asphyxia is defined as ineffective respiration in a newborn due to oxygen deprivation during labor or delivery. Causes include issues with the placenta, umbilical cord, maternal health conditions, and difficult delivery. Signs range from mild transient symptoms to more severe outcomes like coma or multi-organ failure. Treatment focuses on resuscitation of the airway, breathing, and circulation (ABC approach). Asphyxia can lead to complications such as hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and birth trauma.
Alcoholism is caused by genetic, environmental, biological, and psychological factors. Excessive alcohol use can lead to immediate health risks like injuries and long term risks like neurological and cardiovascular problems. Alcoholism affects people differently based on factors like age, gender, and amount/speed consumed. Alcohol abuse is a pattern of drinking that harms health or relationships, while alcoholism is a chronic disease characterized by craving and continued use despite problems.
Tobacco is a plant whose leaves are dried and used in products that are smoked, chewed, or sniffed, such as cigarettes, cigars, chewing tobacco, and snuff. Nicotine is the addictive chemical in tobacco. Smoking tobacco causes numerous health issues, including cancer, lung disease, heart disease, and stroke. Secondhand smoke can also significantly impact health, resulting in diseases and increased infant death. Quitting tobacco is difficult due to nicotine addiction and withdrawal symptoms. Various nicotine replacement therapies and medications can help in quitting. While tobacco use among youth has declined in the US in recent decades, it remains a serious public health issue.
The document discusses the health effects of tobacco use and provides advice for quitting smoking. It notes that tobacco use is a leading cause of death globally and is linked to various cancers and respiratory and heart diseases. It then gives tips for creating a quit plan, dealing with withdrawal symptoms, using cessation products, and seeking professional help if needed. The overall document provides information on the dangers of tobacco and guidance for developing a strategy to quit smoking successfully.
SMOKING & FEMALE & MALE FERTILITY DR SHARDA JAIN Lifecare Centre
Smoking can harm both male and female fertility. The document discusses how smoking affects sperm and egg quality, decreasing the chances of conception. It notes that smoking exposes people to chemicals like benzopyrene and metals like cadmium and lead that can damage DNA in sperm and eggs. It also discusses how smoking decreases hormone production and the ability of a fertilized egg to implant in the uterus. For both men and women, smoking is linked to issues like lower sperm counts and motility, impaired ovulation, and an increased risk of miscarriage. It recommends not smoking if trying to conceive.
This document discusses the history and health effects of smoking. It begins by outlining the origins of tobacco use among Native Americans and its spread to Europe. It then details the addictive properties of nicotine and how cigarettes effectively deliver nicotine to the brain. The document covers the social and cultural role of smoking as well as initiatives to reduce it. Finally, it outlines strategies for smoking cessation and the health benefits of quitting, including reduced risk of lung cancer, heart disease and improved lung function.
This document discusses the health effects of smoking. It notes that cigarettes contain over 4,000 chemicals, including 50 known carcinogens. Smoking hurts the lungs, causes coughing and fatigue, and affects taste and smell. It is linked to higher risks of heart attack, stroke, and lung cancer. Smoking impacts every part of the body, including hair, brain, eyes, mouth, skin and ability to breathe. The document provides statistics on smoking rates in Bangladesh and lists reasons to quit like health, cost, and influence of family and friends. It outlines plans and tools available to help quit smoking, such as nicotine patches, gum, or phone support programs. The overall message is that quitting smoking is important for health
This document summarizes the negative health effects of smoking cigarettes. It discusses how cigarettes contain over 4,000 chemicals, including 60 carcinogens like nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide, and formaldehyde. Smoking temporarily increases heart rate and blood pressure and damages heart and blood vessels over time. Long-term effects include increased risk of lung cancer, COPD, premature aging, wrinkles, low sperm count, emphysema, heart disease, and strokes. The document also notes that smoking during pregnancy can negatively impact the baby's health and development.
The document discusses the negative health effects of smoking and reasons for banning smoking in public places. It provides smoking statistics that highlight smoking causes over 400,000 deaths per year in the US and is a major cause of illness and early death. The document also lists over 4000 chemicals found in cigarettes, many of which are carcinogenic, and discusses how smoking reduces oxygen in the blood and damages lungs. It argues for banning smoking in public to protect non-smokers from secondhand smoke.
Uploader's Note:
The following Text, information and materials used in this presentation do not own by the uploader.
This presentation is all about Alcoholism-sign, effects, symptoms and treatment..
Special thanks to Mayo clinic organization for providing information for this presentation...
thank you.. and enjoy...
"keep moving forward"
Smoking is the action of inhaling and exhaling tobacco smoke and is highly addictive. Cigarettes contain over 4000 chemicals, including 60 that are carcinogenic. People smoke for various reasons such as cultural influences, stress, and to look cool. However, smoking has significant negative health impacts as it causes many forms of cancer, heart disease, strokes, and respiratory illnesses. Statistics show that smoking causes over 600,000 deaths per year in the United States and reduces the average lifespan by 10 years. To quit smoking, it is important to find motivation, consider nicotine replacement therapy, remain active, eat healthy foods, and reward quitting.
Diabetes in pregnancy poses risks to both mother and baby. Good glycemic control through nutrition, lifestyle changes, and possibly medication can help reduce risks. Babies of diabetic mothers may be large with potential birth injuries, and face risks of low blood sugar, breathing issues, and heart and metabolic problems. Close monitoring and management throughout pregnancy aims to deliver healthy babies.
Smoking involves inhaling smoke from burned tobacco in cigarettes, cigars, or pipes. Cigarette smoke contains over 4,000 chemicals including 60 known carcinogens such as nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide, benzene, and formaldehyde. Smoking is highly addictive and can cause serious health issues like lung cancer, emphysema, heart disease, and premature death. While people may smoke for relaxation or social reasons, quitting can improve health, save money, and prevent disease.
Alcoholism is an addiction to alcohol that is chronic and sometimes fatal. It affects around 208 million people worldwide. Alcohol can lead to dependence, tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms. Problems that alcoholism can cause include not doing well in school or work, family problems, financial issues from spending too much money on alcohol, neglecting or abusing children or spouses, and becoming homeless or living in poverty. The body is also negatively impacted, with headaches, sleep issues, low blood sugar, dehydration, and gastrointestinal effects being problems associated with alcoholism.
This document discusses the effects of drugs and alcohol on teenagers. It outlines some negative effects of drug use such as emotional, physical and social problems as well as lack of interest in school. It also lists some warning signs that a teenager may be using drugs or alcohol like changes in behavior, mood and friends. The document notes some reasons why teenagers may be tempted to use drugs, including peer pressure and low self-esteem. While some drugs and alcohol have medical uses and benefits in moderation, the document emphasizes their many health risks, especially for teenagers.
Smoking has been widespread in Britain since the 16th century, though its health risks were not firmly established until the 1950s. Currently, about 12 million British adults smoke, with rates highest among younger people and those from manual socioeconomic groups. Smoking causes over 100,000 deaths per year in the UK due to increased risks of cancer, heart disease, and respiratory illness. While some believe there are benefits to smoking like stress relief, evidence shows smokers have higher stress levels and that smoking provides only temporary relief through addiction, not actual stress reduction.
Smoking tobacco can be addictive due to the nicotine it contains. Nicotine acts on the brain to temporarily boost energy and mood, but long term smoking can lead to serious health issues. Some of the major health risks of smoking include lung cancer, emphysema, and heart disease. Quitting smoking is difficult but important to avoid these negative health consequences.
This document summarizes the adverse effects of smoking during pregnancy. It notes that 8-10% of pregnant women in Korea smoke, and smoking during pregnancy causes about 910 infant deaths annually in the US. The document outlines that cigarette smoke contains over 4,000 chemicals including carbon monoxide, nicotine, cyanide, and arsenic. These chemicals reduce oxygen delivery to the fetus and impair cellular processes. Prenatal smoking exposure can affect brain development through stimulation of nicotinic receptors. Adverse outcomes for the baby include low birth weight, intrauterine growth retardation, physical and mental development problems, and an increased risk of SIDS. Smoking during pregnancy also increases risks of placental problems, premature delivery, and some birth
Transvaginal ultrasound is the main imaging approach in the first trimester. The double decidual sac sign appears by 4-5 weeks and confirms an intrauterine pregnancy. By 5-6 weeks, a yolk sac and embryonic heartbeat can be seen when the crown-rump length reaches 5mm. Anomalies like anencephaly can be detected. Nuchal translucency measurement and assessment of ductus venosus flow are used for first trimester aneuploidy screening. An empty uterus with hCG over 2000 suggests ectopic pregnancy or miscarriage.
The document discusses the key aspects of a 2nd trimester fetal anatomy scan, including using biometric measurements like BPD, HC, FL to determine gestational age and assess growth. It describes evaluating the placenta's location, amniotic fluid volume, fetal anatomy of the brain, heart, abdomen, and sex. Specific abnormalities that can be detected on the scan are outlined. The purpose is to confirm dating, check for fetal abnormalities, and locate the placenta.
This document discusses ureteric injury as a complication of gynecologic surgery. It covers the incidence, risk factors, applied anatomy of the pelvic ureter, common sites of injury, prevention strategies, and management approaches. Ureteric injury can occur in 0.03-6% of hysterectomies, with laparoscopic hysterectomy having the highest risk. The pelvic ureter has variable anatomy and is susceptible to injury at sites like the pelvic brim. Prevention focuses on proper identification and dissection of the ureter during surgery. Management depends on the severity and timing of injury but may involve stenting, urinary diversion, or ureteral reimplantation
This document discusses the history and risks/benefits of vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) versus elective repeat cesarean section. It notes that while VBAC was originally encouraged due to risks of multiple c-sections, safety concerns led to declining VBAC rates. VBAC carries risks of uterine rupture but reduces risks of respiratory issues compared to repeat c-section. Proper patient selection and access to emergency c-section are important to support a planned VBAC attempt. The risks and benefits should be discussed thoroughly to help each woman make an informed decision.
This document discusses the risks of vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) to patients, providers, and the public. It provides a history of VBAC rates in the US from the 1970s-2000s as standards of care shifted. While VBAC can have benefits like lower morbidity rates, it also carries risks like uterine rupture. The document examines evidence on risks and benefits but notes limitations. It concludes that VBAC decisions require balancing risks while supporting informed patient choice when possible.
Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) represents the average plasma glucose over the previous 2-3 months and is measured to monitor long-term glycemic control in patients with diabetes. The document discusses the relationship between HbA1c levels and diabetes complications, factors that affect HbA1c, and recommendations for using HbA1c to diagnose diabetes. International expert committees now recommend using HbA1c ≥6.5% to diagnose diabetes due to standardization of assays and its correlation with complications.
Basic ultrasound in O&G can be used to confirm and date pregnancies, screen for abnormalities, and evaluate problems in early pregnancy. Key applications include using scans from 4-5 weeks to detect a gestational sac and fetal pole, measuring the crown-rump length from 6-12 weeks to date the pregnancy, screening for issues like ectopic pregnancy or miscarriage, and assessing fetal growth and anatomy later in pregnancy. Ultrasound is also used for gynecological conditions like fibroids, cysts and infertility workups.
Some important questions in obstetrics and gynecologyAboubakr Elnashar
1. A retrospective study of 1,242 women found that performing myomectomy during cesarean section was as safe as cesarean section alone and did not result in increased complications. Smaller studies also found caesarean myomectomy to be safe and that it did not affect future fertility or pregnancy outcomes.
2. For infertile women over 35 years old, an initial evaluation including tests like TSH should be done. If no cause is found, ovulation induction with letrozole may be considered.
3. For infertile women whose husband is only present 2-3 months per year, timing intercourse with the fertility cycle and options like IUI or storing semen for future IUI
Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy can negatively impact the fetus and increase risks of birth defects like congenital heart disease (CHD). Studies have found interactions between genetic factors in the fetus and maternal smoking that influence CHD risk. For example, fetuses with certain genotypes in genes related to nicotine metabolism and detoxification had a higher risk of CHD if their mother smoked during pregnancy compared to fetuses without those genotypes. Overall, maternal smoking poses risks to the developing fetus, and some children may be especially susceptible to effects of the toxins in tobacco smoke due to their genetic makeup.
Drug and substance abuse during pregnancy can harm fetal development in several ways. Chemicals from drugs can cross the placental barrier and expose the fetus. This prenatal exposure is linked to lower birth weight, developmental delays, birth defects, and neonatal abstinence syndrome. The developing fetus is particularly vulnerable due to an immature liver and excretory system. Prenatal drug exposure has lifelong consequences for physical and mental health.
Substance misuse in pregnancy by dr alka mukherjee nagpur m.s. indiaalka mukherjee
This document discusses substance misuse during pregnancy and provides information on various substances including alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, cocaine, methamphetamines, opioids, and others. It outlines the risks these substances pose to both the mother and developing fetus, including low birthweight, preterm birth, birth defects, neonatal abstinence syndrome, and long term developmental effects. The document recommends screening all pregnant women for substance use and providing treatment and support through behavioral interventions.
Smoking during pregnancy exposes the developing fetus to toxins like nicotine, lead, and cyanide through the mother's bloodstream. This can increase the risks of fetal mortality, low birthweight, premature birth, respiratory and cognitive issues. Quitting smoking during pregnancy can significantly improve health outcomes for both mother and baby.
Austin Journal of Drug Abuse and Addiction is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles in all areas of drug abuse and addiction treatment.
The renowned team of guest editors ensures a balanced, expert assessment of the articles published, with an aim to provide a forum for physicians, researchers and other healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in the areas of addiction treatment.
Austin Journal of Drug Abuse and Addiction accepts original research articles, review articles and short communication on all the aspects of drug abuse and addiction treatment for review and possible publication.
Epigenetics and its effects in pregnancy by Dr. Mohamed SalemMohamed Anwer
Discover the fascinating world of epigenetics and its profound impact on pregnancy. Delve into the intricate molecular mechanisms that shape gene expression during gestation and explore how environmental factors can influence fetal development. Join us as we unravel the mysteries of epigenetics and uncover its implications for maternal and infant health. Don't miss out on this enlightening presentation!
this presentation provide introduction to epigenetics and its relation with fetal development. it also mentioning some of the fetal disorders related to epigenetical changes and neurodevelopmental disorders
Effects of maternal behavior on featus RubinaShakil
Maternal behavior, nutrition, stress levels, smoking, drinking, and drug use during pregnancy can affect fetal development in several ways. The fetus is physically connected to the mother through the placenta, so anything the mother ingests or experiences passes to the developing fetus. Studies show that malnutrition, excessive or inadequate nutrition, smoking, drinking alcohol, drug use, high stress levels, anxiety, and depression during pregnancy are linked to poorer fetal growth and development, birth defects, premature birth, low birth weight, respiratory problems, intellectual disabilities and behavioral issues after birth. Optimal prenatal nutrition and minimizing harmful exposures are important for ensuring healthy fetal development.
Substance abuse during pregnancy can harm the developing fetus in several ways. Drugs taken by the mother pass through the placenta and can directly damage the fetus, restrict nutrient/oxygen flow, or induce early labor. This can result in low birth weight, birth defects, or stillbirth. Babies exposed to drugs in the womb may suffer from neonatal abstinence syndrome after birth, experiencing withdrawal symptoms like excessive crying and seizures. Long term, these children are more likely to struggle with learning disabilities and addiction. Treatment programs are needed to help drug-addicted mothers for the health of their babies.
This document discusses drug therapy in children and outlines several key points. It notes that pediatric pharmacokinetics differ from adults due to immature organ systems. Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs is often slower or less developed in children. The document also discusses different pediatric dosage forms and challenges in drug administration for children due to palatability, dosing accuracy and safety concerns. Alternative treatment options are sometimes used but can compromise drug efficacy and safety.
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3. introduction
• Smoking : a practice in which a substance, most commonly tobacco, is burned and the
smoke tasted or inhaled(cigarettes, hand-rolled from loose tobacco and rolling paper, pipes,
cigars, hookahs, bongs)
• 4000 chemicals identified in tobacco smoke
• The Center for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)
– 34% West Virginia(reproductive age)
– 22.4% smoking rates of reproductive age women in US(2006)
• Active smoking ; overall rate of smoking during pregnancy 11.8%(12-31%)
• Heavy smoking ; 11-20 cigarettes/day
• Very heavy smoking ; >20 cigarettes/day
• Passive smoking ; inhalation of smoke, called secondhand smoke or environmental
tobacco smoke(ETS), from tobacco products used by others. exposure to smoking on
average at least once per week and at least 1 cigarette each time, from other people at
home or in public places, from 1 month before to 2 months after pregnancy
4.
5. introduction
• In adults, nicotine directly affects CNS by stimulating sympathetic nervous
system to release epinephrine from the adrenal cortex(accomplished through its
agonist action on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor(nAChR)), resulting in an
increase in both BP and heart rate(HR)
• Small, frequent doses of nicotine : alertness, arousal
• Sustained exposure : sedative action, reduces anxiety, induces euphoria
• At commonly used doses, nicotine enhances intellectual performance, decreases
depression and anxiety, and activates the dopamine reward system
: nicotine addiction
6.
7. introduction
• Tobacco use in pregnancy
: human developmental toxicant and potential teratogen
• Gestational smoking associated
– Placental pathologies, preterm birth, low birth weight, structural
malformations
– Neurobehavioral abnormalities, abnormal somatic growth, increased blood
pressure in childhood
– Infant morbidity and mortality
• Dose dependent
• Use in pregnancy is quite prevalent especially in the younger, less educated and
economically disadvantaged women, a population that often receives limited
antenatal care and therefore insufficient prenatal detection of congenital anomalies
8.
9. introduction
• Fetal concentration of carboxyhemoglobin : generally higher than
maternal levels (higher affinity of fetal hemoglobin to carbon monoxide)
• Nicotine
– Lipid soluble : large distribution volume(2~3L/kg)
– Readilly permeates cell membrane
– T1/2: 1~3hrs
– Cotinine: major metabolite of nicotine
T1/2: 10~14hrs
• Maternal systemic exposure to nicotine and accumulation of nicotine,
cotinine in fetal hair : significant correlation
11. pathophysiology
• Cigarette smoke contains scores of toxin (cyanide, sulphides, cadmium,
carcinogenic hydrocarbons, nicotine) induce direct cellular damage
• Nicotine, cotinine, aldehydres, carbon monoxide studied more extensively due to
placental permeability to these substances ; increased concentrations(15%) in
the fetal circulation compared to those measured in the maternal compartment.
• Negative biological impact of maternal cigarette smoking on placental function,
nutrient and oxygen transfer, protein metabolism, enzymatic activity, fetal
development, pointed out that the exact cellular mechanism remains unknown
to date
• Nicotine considered neuroteratogenic
and related to neurodevelopmental and behavioral
abnormalities in childhood
(constricts uterine arteries-fetal hypoxia).
12. Cord blood concentration on chronic maternal smoking
lower higher
thyroxine Leptin
carbonyl group an lipid
HDL cholesterol
peroxides
osteocalcin
bone isoenzyme of alkaline
phosphatase
ascorbic acid
IGF-1
IGFBP-3
beta-carotene
13. Protein metabolism pathophysiology
• Nicotine
– Depress active amino-acid uptake by human placental villi, trophoblast invasion
• Carbon monoxide
– Increases fetal carboxyhemoglobin formation (impairing fetal oxygenation - fetal
hypoxia) which if severe enough may exert a teratogenic or embryotoxic effect
• Cadmium
– Decrease expression and activity of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
type 2 (linked to FGR ; endocrine disruptor)
14. Placental mitochondria pathophysiology
• Tobacco usage alter mitochondrial respiratory function
in cardiomyocytes and lung tissue.
• Reduction(30%) in the enzymatic activity of complex III (mitochondrial
membrane-bound cytochrome bc1 proton pump complex) ;
demonstrated in placental mitochondria from smokers compared with
nonsmokers.
• Enzymatic activity of complex III and mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA) content
are inversely related to the daily consumption of cigarettes indicating
that maternal smoking associated with placental mitochondrial
dysfunction(contribute to restricted fetal growth by limiting energy
availability in cells)
15. Placenta pathophysiology
• Placental morphological damage related to heavy chronic maternal smoking
identified as early as the first trimester of pregnancy ; established that the mean
placental weight in smokers is decreased, depending on the number of
cigarettes smoked by the mother per day throughout pregnancy.
• Placentas of smokers and of those who stopped smoking after conception
exhibit a reduced capillary volume, surface area and length compared with the
placentas of nonsmokers and of those who stopped before pregnancy
• Tobacco constituents exert direct effect on villous cytotrophoblast proliferation
and differentiation
– Placentation
– Formation of placental membrane
– Feto-placental growth and development
17. Chromosomal instability pathophysiology
• Maternal smoking before and during pregnancy associated with increased chromosomal instability in
amniocytes(DNA adducts, gene mutations, chromosomal aberrations, and micronuclei examined)
• Exposures during fetal development may influence cancer risks (diethylstilbesterol ; powerful
transplacental carcinogen, vaginal clear cell carcinoma, testicular cancer. Gestational exposure to
alcohol ; childhood leukemia)
• Chromosome aberrations in peripheral lymphocytes of healthy individuals are significantly associated
with increased cancer risks. Translocation frequencies shown to be elevated in smokers compared to
non-smokers
• Cancer influenced by interactions(gene-gene and gene-environmental interactions) among frequency
and timing of exposures and genetic susceptibility. Genetic polymorphisms that increase the risk for
cancer among smokers identified
• Both GSTM1 and OGG1 genes highly polymorphic in population and have important roles in
metabolizing and repairing of the compounds in cigarette smoke and repairing of DNA damage induced
by cigarette smoke
18. Neurotransmitters pathophysiology
• Nicotine accentuates neurotransmitter function in adults but
desensitizes these functions in prenatally exposed infants and children.
This desensitization causes an abnormal response throughout the
lifespan.
• Furthermore, nicotine use by adolescents and adults can alleviate some
of the symptoms caused by these neurotransmitter problems while they
increase the risk for nicotine addiction.
21. 산모에 대한 영향 Effect
• Maternal smoking impairs placental development and anatomy
• Affect placental nutrient function by reducing maternal uterine blood flow
(hypoxia)
• Further it can cause placenta previa, placental abruption, PPROM
22. maternal age <15y Effect
• Two groups of younger(<15 y) and older(15-19 y) adolescent mothers were
compared to mature mothers(20-24 y)
• Risk for intrapartum stillbirth among smoking adolescents <15 y of age was
twice risk for older adolescent and mature mothers.
• Risk of intrapartum stillbirth among smokers decreased as maternal age
increased
23. Pregnancy Complications Effect
• Increased incidence of subfertility, ectopic pregnancy, spontaneous
abortion, placenta previa, placenta abruption, bleeding early or late in
pregnancy preterm delivery, fetal death, neonatal death (including
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome)
• Decreased levels of chorionic gonadotropin : mechanism for the
increased rates of miscarriage among smokers
• Decreased fecundability
• Dose-response relationship
• Reduced risk of preeclampsia
24. Effect
• Miscarriage, fetal growth restriction, stillbirth, preterm birth, SIDS
• In the fetal brain, nicotine activate nicotinic receptors, which play an important
role during development of the brain. Increase Childhood and adolescent
morbidity from cognitive difficulties, ADHD, conduct disorders, behavioral
problems, depression
• Smoking enhances the secretion of amylase (pancreas biological parameters) by
the exocrine pancreas and higher fetal plasma amylase activity in mothers who
smoked compared with nonsmokers, indicates that nicotine or its metabolites
affect fetal pancreas as early as 12 weeks gestation)
• Childhood cancer (induce chromosomal instability)
• Recent studies also investigated the interactions between genetic variants and
maternal smoking in the pathogenesis of birth defects including oral cleft and
congenital heart disease
25. Pregnancy Complications Effect
• Abruptio placentae, placenta previa and amniotic infections were
positively associated with the number of cigarettes smoked and the
duration of smoking.
– The cadmium content of placentas from smokers was nearly three
times that of non-smokers.
• Disturbance of ovarian cycles, inflammatory gynecological diseases,
spontaneous abortion, toxicosis of pregnancy, premature delivery,
chronic hypoxia of fetuses and hypotrophy of newborns.
• Placentas from smoking women and found an increase in the
metabolism of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) however DNA
adducts of PAH were not increased.
26. Low brth weight (LBW) Effect
• Smoking doubles the risk of low birth weight and
increases the risk of fetal-growth restriction 2~3 fold.
• Intrauterine growth restriction
– 200 g lighter
– Clear dose-response relationship for this effect
– Heavy smoking results in more severe weight
reduction
– "passive smoking”
– Disparity can be detected sonographically
between 10 and 20 weeks.
27. Low brth weight (LBW) Effect
• If smoking is stopped during the first half of
gestation, birth weights are virtually normal.
• Higher Perinatal mortality
– Reduced birth weight and/or gestational age.
– Increased risk of preterm birth
• The effects of smoking on fetal growth
– Various investigators to premature placental
maturation
– Chronic reduction in placental blood flow
– Increase in cadmium levels
– Carbon monoxide→ fetal hypoxia
28. Craniosynostosis Effect
• Significant association between maternal smoking during the first trimester
• Premature closure of the sagittal suture showed an association with maternal
smoking
• For coronal suture defects, no association with maternal smoking could be
detected.
• Dose-response relationship,
• The US National Birth Defects Study concluded :"moderately increased" risk
(odds ratio 1.5) associated with smoking, although the results were not
statistically significant .
29. Infant cleft palate Effect
• Infant cleft palate
– Significant dose-related association
– TGF alpha or B3 polymorphisms, suggesting a genetic-environmental
interaction in the production of this abnormality.
– Without evaluation of TGF alpha : The magnitude of the risk estimate
ranged from 1.21 to 2.73 (ref 57 and citations contained therein). A
273% risk increase would change the rate of facial clefts from 1/500
to 1/183.
– The absence of the GSTT1 gene during development .
:encode 20 different glutathione S-transferase enzymes,-critical role in
detoxification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cigarette smoke
during palate formation.
30. CHD Effect
• Periconceptional tobacco smoking was associated with increased risk of CHD in
the offspring(OR 2.75)
• The incidence of neonatal heart disease in women who were non-smokers or
smoked 1-10 and >= 11 cigarettes per day increased with the level of fetal
tobacco exposure(35.8% versus 55.3% versus 64.3%), suggesting a dose effect
31. Intellectual performance (IP) Effect
• Association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and the
risk of poor intellectual performance in young adult male offspring
– In a population-based Swedish cohort study on 205777 singleton males
born to Nordic mothers between 1983 and 1988
• 3~4 month delay in reading achievement
• No intellectual impairment
• Reduced neurological and intellectual maturation in six-year-olds
• Increase in the incidence of "minimal brain dysfunction"
• Increase in behavioral abnormalities
:hyperactivity, shortened attention span
32.
33. Intellectual performance (IP) Effect
• Long term growth and development - physical growth,
mental development, and behavior of offspring
– The identification of many long term effects is limited by
the large number postnatal environmental confounders
that are difficult to control.
• For example, a 2009 study reported finding a modest
increase in risk of psychotic symptoms in adolescent
children of women who smoked .
34. Brain Effect
• Effect of a neurotoxin such a nicotine depends on both dose and timing of exposure.
• Nicotine exposure changes the intensity and timing of brain cell development and
the programming of neurodevelopmental events on a cellular level.
• Found evidence of associations between prenatal exposure to smoking and
subsequent deficits in childhood, including cognitive development, school
achievement(learning) and behavioral adjustment.
• Later, in development, exposure to nicotine changes higher sensory, memory, and
motor functions through its effects on hippocampal, cerebellar, and sensory cortex
development
• Nicotine addiction ; also increased in people who were exposed to nicotine in utero
35. ADHD Effect
• Systemic analysis of 24 studies of children who were prenatally
exposed to substances of abuse found an increased risk for
ADHD-related disorders among children whose mothers
smoked during pregnancy.
• Children with a specific polymorphism(genetic variation) in the
dopamine transporter and exposure to maternal smoking have
a significantly higher incidence to hyperactivity impulsivity than
children without this combination of environmental and genetic
risk
36. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) Effect
• Human infants exposed prenatally to nicotine have lower epinephrine
and norepinephrine levels in cord blood at birth when compared to the
blood levels of these cathecholamines in unexposed infants
• Concerns about imbalance in autonomic tone are well documented in
the SIDS literature, because this imbalance may decrease the infant’s
ability to response to cardiovascular and respiratory challenges, resulting
in death.
• Infants of mothers who smoke have
a two- to four-fold increased vulnerability
compared to unexposed infants