임신 중 흡연 Smoking in pregnancy
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This document summarizes the adverse effects of smoking during pregnancy. It notes that 8-10% of pregnant women in Korea smoke, and smoking during pregnancy causes about 910 infant deaths annually in the US. The document outlines that cigarette smoke contains over 4,000 chemicals including carbon monoxide, nicotine, cyanide, and arsenic. These chemicals reduce oxygen delivery to the fetus and impair cellular processes. Prenatal smoking exposure can affect brain development through stimulation of nicotinic receptors. Adverse outcomes for the baby include low birth weight, intrauterine growth retardation, physical and mental development problems, and an increased risk of SIDS. Smoking during pregnancy also increases risks of placental problems, premature delivery, and some birth
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Smoking5Cigarette smoking in pregnancy
Smoking during pregnancy can have negative effects on both the mother and baby. It is associated with complications like miscarriage, preterm birth, low birth weight, and fetal growth restriction. The babies of mothers who smoke are also at higher risk for health issues later in life such as intellectual and behavioral problems. Nicotine and other chemicals in cigarette smoke can negatively impact the placenta and fetal development by disrupting nutrient transfer, oxygen delivery, and cell growth and differentiation. Maternal smoking is also linked to potential epigenetic changes that may influence fetal brain development and long-term health outcomes. Quitting smoking before or during pregnancy can help mitigate many of these risks.
Smoking in pregnancy
Maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of major malformations in newborns. A study of over 2000 pregnancies found the risk of major malformations was 3.3 times higher for babies exposed to maternal smoking compared to non-exposed babies. Paternal smoking was also high among the smoking mothers, occurring in over 60% of smoking mothers compared to 38% of non-smoking mothers. Exposure to alcohol and lower education levels were also associated with increased risk of maternal smoking during pregnancy.
The effects of smoking during pregnancy
Smoking during pregnancy can have serious negative health effects on both mother and baby. It is linked to lower birth weights, premature birth, stillbirths, and respiratory problems in infants. Babies born to smoking mothers are more likely to suffer from brain damage, premature birth, low birth weight, asthma, SIDS, and stillbirth. To protect the baby's health, mothers are advised to quit smoking before or during pregnancy and to avoid secondhand smoke. Motivation tips include thinking about the health of the baby and using alternatives to smoking like drinking water or exercise to help manage cravings.
Treatment options for pregnant who smoke
Pregnant women who smoke face health risks for both mother and baby. While 12-20% of women smoke during pregnancy, quitting can significantly reduce risks even late in pregnancy. Treatment options include counseling, cognitive behavioral therapy, and motivational interviewing, which have shown success in helping pregnant smokers quit. However, nicotine replacement therapy is not considered safe or effective for pregnant women trying to quit. Quitting as early as possible yields the best outcomes for mother and baby's health.
SMOKING & FEMALE & MALE FERTILITY DR SHARDA JAIN
Smoking can harm both male and female fertility. The document discusses how smoking affects sperm and egg quality, decreasing the chances of conception. It notes that smoking exposes people to chemicals like benzopyrene and metals like cadmium and lead that can damage DNA in sperm and eggs. It also discusses how smoking decreases hormone production and the ability of a fertilized egg to implant in the uterus. For both men and women, smoking is linked to issues like lower sperm counts and motility, impaired ovulation, and an increased risk of miscarriage. It recommends not smoking if trying to conceive.
Chemicals and Neonates
Drug and substance abuse during pregnancy can harm fetal development in several ways. Chemicals from drugs can cross the placental barrier and expose the fetus. This prenatal exposure is linked to lower birth weight, developmental delays, birth defects, and neonatal abstinence syndrome. The developing fetus is particularly vulnerable due to an immature liver and excretory system. Prenatal drug exposure has lifelong consequences for physical and mental health.
Uses of nicotine
Nicotine is a highly addictive psychoactive drug that reaches the brain within seconds of entering the bloodstream. It is one of the most physically addictive substances. While many smokers want to quit, relapse rates are high, around 75%, similar to rates for alcoholics and heroin addicts, due to the rapid development of tolerance and withdrawal symptoms upon cessation. Younger people, especially teenagers, make up the majority of new smokers, influenced by peer pressure and extensive tobacco advertising spending. Tobacco use is associated with numerous health risks, from ulcers and impotence to cancer and respiratory diseases. Secondhand smoke also negatively impacts infants and children.
Senior citizen 1, Dr. Sharda jain , Life care centre
1) The document provides mantras and tips for aging gracefully, including maintaining good health habits like exercise, a healthy diet, stress reduction, and spending time with family and friends.
2) It emphasizes the importance of financial security and independence in retirement by keeping finances and property in one's own name and not relying on children for money.
3) Living with a positive attitude, optimism, and finding purpose through hobbies or spiritual growth are also recommended for enjoying life after retirement.
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Smoking5Cigarette smoking in pregnancy
Smoking during pregnancy can have negative effects on both the mother and baby. It is associated with complications like miscarriage, preterm birth, low birth weight, and fetal growth restriction. The babies of mothers who smoke are also at higher risk for health issues later in life such as intellectual and behavioral problems. Nicotine and other chemicals in cigarette smoke can negatively impact the placenta and fetal development by disrupting nutrient transfer, oxygen delivery, and cell growth and differentiation. Maternal smoking is also linked to potential epigenetic changes that may influence fetal brain development and long-term health outcomes. Quitting smoking before or during pregnancy can help mitigate many of these risks.
Smoking in pregnancy
Maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of major malformations in newborns. A study of over 2000 pregnancies found the risk of major malformations was 3.3 times higher for babies exposed to maternal smoking compared to non-exposed babies. Paternal smoking was also high among the smoking mothers, occurring in over 60% of smoking mothers compared to 38% of non-smoking mothers. Exposure to alcohol and lower education levels were also associated with increased risk of maternal smoking during pregnancy.
The effects of smoking during pregnancy
Smoking during pregnancy can have serious negative health effects on both mother and baby. It is linked to lower birth weights, premature birth, stillbirths, and respiratory problems in infants. Babies born to smoking mothers are more likely to suffer from brain damage, premature birth, low birth weight, asthma, SIDS, and stillbirth. To protect the baby's health, mothers are advised to quit smoking before or during pregnancy and to avoid secondhand smoke. Motivation tips include thinking about the health of the baby and using alternatives to smoking like drinking water or exercise to help manage cravings.
Treatment options for pregnant who smoke
Pregnant women who smoke face health risks for both mother and baby. While 12-20% of women smoke during pregnancy, quitting can significantly reduce risks even late in pregnancy. Treatment options include counseling, cognitive behavioral therapy, and motivational interviewing, which have shown success in helping pregnant smokers quit. However, nicotine replacement therapy is not considered safe or effective for pregnant women trying to quit. Quitting as early as possible yields the best outcomes for mother and baby's health.
SMOKING & FEMALE & MALE FERTILITY DR SHARDA JAIN
Smoking can harm both male and female fertility. The document discusses how smoking affects sperm and egg quality, decreasing the chances of conception. It notes that smoking exposes people to chemicals like benzopyrene and metals like cadmium and lead that can damage DNA in sperm and eggs. It also discusses how smoking decreases hormone production and the ability of a fertilized egg to implant in the uterus. For both men and women, smoking is linked to issues like lower sperm counts and motility, impaired ovulation, and an increased risk of miscarriage. It recommends not smoking if trying to conceive.
Chemicals and Neonates
Drug and substance abuse during pregnancy can harm fetal development in several ways. Chemicals from drugs can cross the placental barrier and expose the fetus. This prenatal exposure is linked to lower birth weight, developmental delays, birth defects, and neonatal abstinence syndrome. The developing fetus is particularly vulnerable due to an immature liver and excretory system. Prenatal drug exposure has lifelong consequences for physical and mental health.
Uses of nicotine
Nicotine is a highly addictive psychoactive drug that reaches the brain within seconds of entering the bloodstream. It is one of the most physically addictive substances. While many smokers want to quit, relapse rates are high, around 75%, similar to rates for alcoholics and heroin addicts, due to the rapid development of tolerance and withdrawal symptoms upon cessation. Younger people, especially teenagers, make up the majority of new smokers, influenced by peer pressure and extensive tobacco advertising spending. Tobacco use is associated with numerous health risks, from ulcers and impotence to cancer and respiratory diseases. Secondhand smoke also negatively impacts infants and children.
Senior citizen 1, Dr. Sharda jain , Life care centre
1) The document provides mantras and tips for aging gracefully, including maintaining good health habits like exercise, a healthy diet, stress reduction, and spending time with family and friends.
2) It emphasizes the importance of financial security and independence in retirement by keeping finances and property in one's own name and not relying on children for money.
3) Living with a positive attitude, optimism, and finding purpose through hobbies or spiritual growth are also recommended for enjoying life after retirement.
Reproductive Health Program Planning in Public Health: What's the Evidence?
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This document discusses how to prepare for pregnancy through detoxification, diet, lifestyle changes, and supplementation. It recommends doing a 6-12 month detoxification prior to pregnancy by changing diet, exercise, household products, and supplements. Key lifestyle changes include achieving a healthy weight, reducing stress, exercising moderately, and quitting smoking. The document provides dietary guidelines, listing foods to avoid like caffeine, alcohol, trans fats and artificial sweeteners and foods to enjoy like slow carbs, plants foods, healthy fats and limited dairy. Supplements like prenatals, folic acid, vitamins B6, D, calcium, melatonin and CoQ10 are suggested. Laboratory testing and medication assessment are
財務計量經濟學 期中報告 第七組
1. The report examines the effects of maternal smoking on birth weight using statistical analysis. It investigates whether birth weight is affected by factors like the mother's age, education, amount of cigarettes smoked, race, and birth order of the child.
2. Younger mothers aged 18-25 have higher smoking rates during pregnancy, which can cause low birth weight in 20% of infants. Quitting smoking in the first 3-4 months reduces the risk of low birth weight.
3. The analysis found that infants of smoking mothers had lower birth weights than non-smoking mothers. Black infants also tended to have lower birth weights than white infants.
Enhancing Fertility Naturally
It seems like making babies should be the most natural thing in the world. But whether you are just starting to consider pregnancy or having been trying to conceive for some time, it can be a challenge to know what to do to enhance your chances of a healthy pregnancy.
Join Dr. Watson as she explores the current research on natural ways to enhance your fertility - from which foods to eat and which to avoid, the impact of your mood, stress and exercise, which supplements are useful and whether acupuncture can improve your chances of conception. This seminar is for anyone who wants to take charge of their fertility and improve their chances of achieving a healthy pregnancy, naturally.
Motivation of Couple For Planned parenthood- Preconception Care,Preparing fo...
1. The document discusses motivation of couples for planned parenthood through preconception counseling and care. It describes identifying risk factors, providing immunizations and supplements, addressing medical conditions, lifestyle factors, nutrition, and genetic counseling.
2. It also discusses preparing for parenthood by becoming educated about child development and the emotional/lifestyle changes of becoming a parent. The roles and responsibilities of parenthood are explored.
3. The nurse's role in preconception counseling includes conducting assessments, providing education and counseling to address risk factors, and ensuring patients are well-informed and supported in their decision to conceive.
財務計量經濟學 期中報告 第七組
This report examines the effects of maternal behaviors and characteristics on birth weight. It investigates whether smoking, age, education, cigarette consumption amount, birth order, and parental race affect infant weight. Specifically, it looks at how smoking during pregnancy can cause low birth weight in 20% of infants, and quitting in the first 3-4 months reduces this risk compared to continuing smoking.
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In this multimedia presentation Dr. Melissa Stoffel, D.O. provides valuable insight on preconception counseling, the practice of getting a woman as healthy as they can be prior to pregnancy, and describes what women should expect during pregnancy.
Stoffel describes what to expect from preconception counseling, how to prepare for counseling sessions and how she manages special conditions like asthma management, diabetes management, smoking cessation and heart conditions before a pregnancy.
Activism Powerpoint
This document discusses an activism project aimed at making young pregnant women aware of the harmful effects of smoking, drinking, and drug use during pregnancy. The project goals are to encourage responsibility and accountability for their actions and their unborn child. Key facts provided include that over 40,000 babies born in the US have fetal alcohol syndrome and smoking just two cigarettes per day increases the risks of stillbirth or preterm birth. References for the information are cited.
Planned parenthood
The document discusses preconception care, which aims to identify and modify health risks in women before pregnancy to improve pregnancy outcomes. It covers components of preconception care like screening for medical conditions and infections, ensuring proper nutrition, vaccinations, genetic screening, and modifying risk factors like smoking, alcohol and environmental exposures. The objectives are to maximize parent and baby health, reduce mortality and morbidity, provide information to help make informed choices, and evaluate any need for genetic counseling. Screening tests, nutrition requirements, vaccination needs, risk factors for various medical conditions, and lifestyle modifications are outlined to help prepare for a healthy pregnancy.
Fertility Awareness
The document provides information on maintaining a healthy lifestyle before and during pregnancy. It discusses the importance of taking folic acid, checking medications for safety, managing stress, exercising moderately, maintaining a healthy weight with a BMI between 18.5-24.9, quitting smoking, limiting alcohol, and calculating BMI to determine if your weight is underweight, healthy, overweight or obese. Tips are provided on nutrition, vaccinations and general health guidelines to care for your baby prior to and during pregnancy.
KEEP CALM AND BELLY ON: HOW TO DEAL WITH A HIGH-RISK PREGNANCY
This document discusses factors that can lead to a high-risk pregnancy and ways to minimize risks. It identifies several factors that can increase pregnancy risks such as age under 17 or over 35, multiple births, previous pregnancy complications, existing medical conditions, smoking, and premature labor. It recommends preconception evaluation, regular prenatal care, healthy lifestyle habits, addressing any medical conditions, and having social support to help reduce risks.
Dealing with infertility in working women
This document discusses infertility issues faced by working women. It notes that about 7.3 million people are affected by infertility, with delayed childbearing being a major contributing factor. Treatment procedures for infertility are difficult both physically and financially, requiring women to undergo expensive and stressful medical procedures that often require taking time off work. A key reason for rising infertility among women is increased age of first pregnancy to around 35 years old on average, as women prioritize their careers and further education and delay starting families as a result.
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Negative effects of smoking on babies like Low birth weight, Premature delivery, Stillbirth, Increased risk of Asthma or SIDS, Elevated risk of congenital heart defects and Lifelong effects on baby's brain are discussed in this presentation.
Negative effects of smoking on mothers such as difficulty getting pregnant, Placental abruption, Placenta previa, Premature rupture of membranes and Ectopic pregnancy are also dealt in this presentation.
Normal early pregnancy imaging
Transvaginal ultrasound is the main imaging approach in the first trimester. The double decidual sac sign appears by 4-5 weeks and confirms an intrauterine pregnancy. By 5-6 weeks, a yolk sac and embryonic heartbeat can be seen when the crown-rump length reaches 5mm. Anomalies like anencephaly can be detected. Nuchal translucency measurement and assessment of ductus venosus flow are used for first trimester aneuploidy screening. An empty uterus with hCG over 2000 suggests ectopic pregnancy or miscarriage.
2nd trimester scan
The document discusses the key aspects of a 2nd trimester fetal anatomy scan, including using biometric measurements like BPD, HC, FL to determine gestational age and assess growth. It describes evaluating the placenta's location, amniotic fluid volume, fetal anatomy of the brain, heart, abdomen, and sex. Specific abnormalities that can be detected on the scan are outlined. The purpose is to confirm dating, check for fetal abnormalities, and locate the placenta.
Ureteric injury in Gyenec Surgery
This document discusses ureteric injury as a complication of gynecologic surgery. It covers the incidence, risk factors, applied anatomy of the pelvic ureter, common sites of injury, prevention strategies, and management approaches. Ureteric injury can occur in 0.03-6% of hysterectomies, with laparoscopic hysterectomy having the highest risk. The pelvic ureter has variable anatomy and is susceptible to injury at sites like the pelvic brim. Prevention focuses on proper identification and dissection of the ureter during surgery. Management depends on the severity and timing of injury but may involve stenting, urinary diversion, or ureteral reimplantation
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Vaginal Birth After Cesarean
This document discusses the risks of vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) to patients, providers, and the public. It provides a history of VBAC rates in the US from the 1970s-2000s as standards of care shifted. While VBAC can have benefits like lower morbidity rates, it also carries risks like uterine rupture. The document examines evidence on risks and benefits but notes limitations. It concludes that VBAC decisions require balancing risks while supporting informed patient choice when possible.
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Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) represents the average plasma glucose over the previous 2-3 months and is measured to monitor long-term glycemic control in patients with diabetes. The document discusses the relationship between HbA1c levels and diabetes complications, factors that affect HbA1c, and recommendations for using HbA1c to diagnose diabetes. International expert committees now recommend using HbA1c ≥6.5% to diagnose diabetes due to standardization of assays and its correlation with complications.
1st trimester scan
Basic ultrasound in O&G can be used to confirm and date pregnancies, screen for abnormalities, and evaluate problems in early pregnancy. Key applications include using scans from 4-5 weeks to detect a gestational sac and fetal pole, measuring the crown-rump length from 6-12 weeks to date the pregnancy, screening for issues like ectopic pregnancy or miscarriage, and assessing fetal growth and anatomy later in pregnancy. Ultrasound is also used for gynecological conditions like fibroids, cysts and infertility workups.
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Reproductive Health Program Planning in Public Health: What's the Evidence?
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Get Pregnant Fast - Holistic and Ancient Chinese Strategies to get pregnant. Discover How To Get Pregnant Naturally...Even If Everything Else You Tried had Failed...Without Drugs, Without Surgery, and Without Nasty Side Effects – Guaranteed!
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This document provides an introduction and agenda for a presentation on evolving guidelines and standards in neonatal care and how to apply them to clinical cases. It includes disclosures from the presenter stating they will discuss off-label use of medications and therapies. It also provides instructions for attendees, noting the slides can be shared and used with attribution to the original source. Preparing for pregnancy
This document discusses how to prepare for pregnancy through detoxification, diet, lifestyle changes, and supplementation. It recommends doing a 6-12 month detoxification prior to pregnancy by changing diet, exercise, household products, and supplements. Key lifestyle changes include achieving a healthy weight, reducing stress, exercising moderately, and quitting smoking. The document provides dietary guidelines, listing foods to avoid like caffeine, alcohol, trans fats and artificial sweeteners and foods to enjoy like slow carbs, plants foods, healthy fats and limited dairy. Supplements like prenatals, folic acid, vitamins B6, D, calcium, melatonin and CoQ10 are suggested. Laboratory testing and medication assessment are
財務計量經濟學 期中報告 第七組
1. The report examines the effects of maternal smoking on birth weight using statistical analysis. It investigates whether birth weight is affected by factors like the mother's age, education, amount of cigarettes smoked, race, and birth order of the child.
2. Younger mothers aged 18-25 have higher smoking rates during pregnancy, which can cause low birth weight in 20% of infants. Quitting smoking in the first 3-4 months reduces the risk of low birth weight.
3. The analysis found that infants of smoking mothers had lower birth weights than non-smoking mothers. Black infants also tended to have lower birth weights than white infants.
Enhancing Fertility Naturally
It seems like making babies should be the most natural thing in the world. But whether you are just starting to consider pregnancy or having been trying to conceive for some time, it can be a challenge to know what to do to enhance your chances of a healthy pregnancy.
Join Dr. Watson as she explores the current research on natural ways to enhance your fertility - from which foods to eat and which to avoid, the impact of your mood, stress and exercise, which supplements are useful and whether acupuncture can improve your chances of conception. This seminar is for anyone who wants to take charge of their fertility and improve their chances of achieving a healthy pregnancy, naturally.
Motivation of Couple For Planned parenthood- Preconception Care,Preparing fo...
1. The document discusses motivation of couples for planned parenthood through preconception counseling and care. It describes identifying risk factors, providing immunizations and supplements, addressing medical conditions, lifestyle factors, nutrition, and genetic counseling.
2. It also discusses preparing for parenthood by becoming educated about child development and the emotional/lifestyle changes of becoming a parent. The roles and responsibilities of parenthood are explored.
3. The nurse's role in preconception counseling includes conducting assessments, providing education and counseling to address risk factors, and ensuring patients are well-informed and supported in their decision to conceive.
財務計量經濟學 期中報告 第七組
This report examines the effects of maternal behaviors and characteristics on birth weight. It investigates whether smoking, age, education, cigarette consumption amount, birth order, and parental race affect infant weight. Specifically, it looks at how smoking during pregnancy can cause low birth weight in 20% of infants, and quitting in the first 3-4 months reduces this risk compared to continuing smoking.
Pre Pregnancy-101
In this multimedia presentation Dr. Melissa Stoffel, D.O. provides valuable insight on preconception counseling, the practice of getting a woman as healthy as they can be prior to pregnancy, and describes what women should expect during pregnancy.
Stoffel describes what to expect from preconception counseling, how to prepare for counseling sessions and how she manages special conditions like asthma management, diabetes management, smoking cessation and heart conditions before a pregnancy.
Activism Powerpoint
This document discusses an activism project aimed at making young pregnant women aware of the harmful effects of smoking, drinking, and drug use during pregnancy. The project goals are to encourage responsibility and accountability for their actions and their unborn child. Key facts provided include that over 40,000 babies born in the US have fetal alcohol syndrome and smoking just two cigarettes per day increases the risks of stillbirth or preterm birth. References for the information are cited.
Planned parenthood
The document discusses preconception care, which aims to identify and modify health risks in women before pregnancy to improve pregnancy outcomes. It covers components of preconception care like screening for medical conditions and infections, ensuring proper nutrition, vaccinations, genetic screening, and modifying risk factors like smoking, alcohol and environmental exposures. The objectives are to maximize parent and baby health, reduce mortality and morbidity, provide information to help make informed choices, and evaluate any need for genetic counseling. Screening tests, nutrition requirements, vaccination needs, risk factors for various medical conditions, and lifestyle modifications are outlined to help prepare for a healthy pregnancy.
Fertility Awareness
The document provides information on maintaining a healthy lifestyle before and during pregnancy. It discusses the importance of taking folic acid, checking medications for safety, managing stress, exercising moderately, maintaining a healthy weight with a BMI between 18.5-24.9, quitting smoking, limiting alcohol, and calculating BMI to determine if your weight is underweight, healthy, overweight or obese. Tips are provided on nutrition, vaccinations and general health guidelines to care for your baby prior to and during pregnancy.
KEEP CALM AND BELLY ON: HOW TO DEAL WITH A HIGH-RISK PREGNANCY
This document discusses factors that can lead to a high-risk pregnancy and ways to minimize risks. It identifies several factors that can increase pregnancy risks such as age under 17 or over 35, multiple births, previous pregnancy complications, existing medical conditions, smoking, and premature labor. It recommends preconception evaluation, regular prenatal care, healthy lifestyle habits, addressing any medical conditions, and having social support to help reduce risks.
Dealing with infertility in working women
This document discusses infertility issues faced by working women. It notes that about 7.3 million people are affected by infertility, with delayed childbearing being a major contributing factor. Treatment procedures for infertility are difficult both physically and financially, requiring women to undergo expensive and stressful medical procedures that often require taking time off work. A key reason for rising infertility among women is increased age of first pregnancy to around 35 years old on average, as women prioritize their careers and further education and delay starting families as a result.
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Negative effects of smoking on babies like Low birth weight, Premature delivery, Stillbirth, Increased risk of Asthma or SIDS, Elevated risk of congenital heart defects and Lifelong effects on baby's brain are discussed in this presentation.
Negative effects of smoking on mothers such as difficulty getting pregnant, Placental abruption, Placenta previa, Premature rupture of membranes and Ectopic pregnancy are also dealt in this presentation.
Normal early pregnancy imaging
Transvaginal ultrasound is the main imaging approach in the first trimester. The double decidual sac sign appears by 4-5 weeks and confirms an intrauterine pregnancy. By 5-6 weeks, a yolk sac and embryonic heartbeat can be seen when the crown-rump length reaches 5mm. Anomalies like anencephaly can be detected. Nuchal translucency measurement and assessment of ductus venosus flow are used for first trimester aneuploidy screening. An empty uterus with hCG over 2000 suggests ectopic pregnancy or miscarriage.
2nd trimester scan
The document discusses the key aspects of a 2nd trimester fetal anatomy scan, including using biometric measurements like BPD, HC, FL to determine gestational age and assess growth. It describes evaluating the placenta's location, amniotic fluid volume, fetal anatomy of the brain, heart, abdomen, and sex. Specific abnormalities that can be detected on the scan are outlined. The purpose is to confirm dating, check for fetal abnormalities, and locate the placenta.
Ureteric injury in Gyenec Surgery
This document discusses ureteric injury as a complication of gynecologic surgery. It covers the incidence, risk factors, applied anatomy of the pelvic ureter, common sites of injury, prevention strategies, and management approaches. Ureteric injury can occur in 0.03-6% of hysterectomies, with laparoscopic hysterectomy having the highest risk. The pelvic ureter has variable anatomy and is susceptible to injury at sites like the pelvic brim. Prevention focuses on proper identification and dissection of the ureter during surgery. Management depends on the severity and timing of injury but may involve stenting, urinary diversion, or ureteral reimplantation
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This document discusses the history and risks/benefits of vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) versus elective repeat cesarean section. It notes that while VBAC was originally encouraged due to risks of multiple c-sections, safety concerns led to declining VBAC rates. VBAC carries risks of uterine rupture but reduces risks of respiratory issues compared to repeat c-section. Proper patient selection and access to emergency c-section are important to support a planned VBAC attempt. The risks and benefits should be discussed thoroughly to help each woman make an informed decision.
Vaginal Birth After Cesarean
This document discusses the risks of vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) to patients, providers, and the public. It provides a history of VBAC rates in the US from the 1970s-2000s as standards of care shifted. While VBAC can have benefits like lower morbidity rates, it also carries risks like uterine rupture. The document examines evidence on risks and benefits but notes limitations. It concludes that VBAC decisions require balancing risks while supporting informed patient choice when possible.
HbA1c : glycosylated hemoglobin
Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) represents the average plasma glucose over the previous 2-3 months and is measured to monitor long-term glycemic control in patients with diabetes. The document discusses the relationship between HbA1c levels and diabetes complications, factors that affect HbA1c, and recommendations for using HbA1c to diagnose diabetes. International expert committees now recommend using HbA1c ≥6.5% to diagnose diabetes due to standardization of assays and its correlation with complications.
1st trimester scan
Basic ultrasound in O&G can be used to confirm and date pregnancies, screen for abnormalities, and evaluate problems in early pregnancy. Key applications include using scans from 4-5 weeks to detect a gestational sac and fetal pole, measuring the crown-rump length from 6-12 weeks to date the pregnancy, screening for issues like ectopic pregnancy or miscarriage, and assessing fetal growth and anatomy later in pregnancy. Ultrasound is also used for gynecological conditions like fibroids, cysts and infertility workups.
Some important questions in obstetrics and gynecology
1. A retrospective study of 1,242 women found that performing myomectomy during cesarean section was as safe as cesarean section alone and did not result in increased complications. Smaller studies also found caesarean myomectomy to be safe and that it did not affect future fertility or pregnancy outcomes.
2. For infertile women over 35 years old, an initial evaluation including tests like TSH should be done. If no cause is found, ovulation induction with letrozole may be considered.
3. For infertile women whose husband is only present 2-3 months per year, timing intercourse with the fertility cycle and options like IUI or storing semen for future IUI
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This document discusses diseases of infancy and childhood. It covers a range of topics including congenital anomalies, prematurity, perinatal infections like respiratory distress syndrome, necrotizing enterocolitis, and sudden infant death syndrome. Mortality rates for different age groups are provided. Causes of congenital anomalies include genetic, environmental, and multifactorial factors. Specific conditions discussed in more depth include prematurity, fetal growth restriction, respiratory distress syndrome, and necrotizing enterocolitis.
Effects of maternal behavior on featus
Maternal behavior, nutrition, stress levels, smoking, drinking, and drug use during pregnancy can affect fetal development in several ways. The fetus is physically connected to the mother through the placenta, so anything the mother ingests or experiences passes to the developing fetus. Studies show that malnutrition, excessive or inadequate nutrition, smoking, drinking alcohol, drug use, high stress levels, anxiety, and depression during pregnancy are linked to poorer fetal growth and development, birth defects, premature birth, low birth weight, respiratory problems, intellectual disabilities and behavioral issues after birth. Optimal prenatal nutrition and minimizing harmful exposures are important for ensuring healthy fetal development.
Teratogens2 1 (1)
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The concept of prematurity.pdf
This document discusses prematurity and its complications. It defines prematurity as a live birth before 37 weeks gestation. The incidence in Pakistan is estimated at 11-13%. Appropriate birth weights are provided for different gestational ages. Causes of prematurity include maternal, uterine, fetal and other factors. Complications of prematurity can be immediate like hypothermia, hypoglycemia, respiratory issues, or long term like chronic lung disease, poor growth, and CNS dysfunctions. Management involves proper delivery room care, maintaining temperature and fluids, oxygen administration, feeding, supplementation and infection control.
prematurity
This document discusses prematurity and its complications. It defines prematurity as a live birth before 37 weeks gestation. The incidence in Pakistan is estimated at 11-13%. Causes of prematurity include maternal, uterine, fetal and other factors such as infections and socioeconomic status. Complications of prematurity can be immediate such as respiratory issues, intraventricular hemorrhage, and infections, or long term such as cerebral palsy and developmental delays. Management involves proper delivery room care, maintaining temperature and fluids, screening for complications, proper feeding and supplementation. Outcomes depend on gestational age and birth weight, with survival rates increasing with advances in neonatal intensive care.
Intrauterine growth restriction
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) refers to a fetus with an estimated weight less than 10th percentile for gestational age. IUGR can occur due to reduced fetal growth potential from genetic/structural issues or infections, or reduced fetal growth support from maternal/placental factors like malnutrition, hypoxia, or drugs. IUGR increases risks of complications during labor like meconium aspiration or fetal distress. Intrauterine death refers to fetal death after 20 weeks of gestation, which can have unknown causes or be due to maternal/fetal/placental conditions like preeclampsia, infections, or cord accidents. Diagnosis involves assessing fetal movement and heart rate. Management depends on gestational
Longterm Outcomes_10.16.13
Preterm birth can have significant long-term health consequences. Babies born preterm are at risk for respiratory issues, developmental delays, cerebral palsy, vision and hearing problems. They are also at higher risk for chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease, asthma, diabetes and metabolic syndrome. The risks are directly related to gestational age and degree of prematurity. While survival rates of preterm babies have increased, the long-term costs and burden of associated health issues are significant for individuals, families and society. More research is still needed to fully understand outcomes and identify strategies to promote optimal development of preterm infants.
Cerebral Palsy: PT assessment and Management
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders caused by damage to the developing brain before, during or after birth. It affects movement and posture, and can cause physical disability. The main types are spastic, athetoid, ataxic and hypotonic CP. Symptoms vary depending on the type and severity. CP is diagnosed based on signs of impaired motor development and abnormal muscle tone or movement. There is no cure for CP, but treatment aims to improve ability and quality of life through therapies and medications.
Odu%20 clinical%20sciences%20iii%20high%20risk%20infant%202011[1]
The document defines a high risk infant as one associated with increased risk of death or disability due to maternal factors, fetal disease, or abnormalities. It lists several maternal factors that can contribute to high risk, such as young or advanced maternal age, pregnancy complications, infections, malnutrition, drug use, smoking, alcohol use, and exposure to teratogens. Specific infections, drugs, and conditions discussed include STORCH infections, fetal alcohol syndrome, drug addiction, and smoking. The timing and dosage of exposure to teratogens can affect the occurrence and severity of any resulting abnormalities.
Pregnancy and pharmacology
During pregnancy, most drugs can cross the placenta and expose the fetus to their effects, with factors like molecular weight, lipid solubility, and placental transporters influencing transfer. Physiologic changes in pregnancy can impact drug absorption, distribution, and metabolism in the mother. Certain drugs are known to cause adverse effects in the fetus like congenital malformations, growth issues, or neonatal withdrawal symptoms.
Passive smoking and children
This document discusses the health effects of passive smoking on children. It begins by providing epidemiological data on smoking rates in Egypt, noting that almost half of Egyptian men and 20-29% of Egyptian women smoke. It then discusses 25 different health effects that passive smoking can have on children, including increased risk of respiratory illnesses like pneumonia, middle ear infections, and asthma. The risks also include lower birth weight, stunted growth, and sudden infant death syndrome. The document concludes by recommending policies to reduce tobacco use like increased taxation, banning advertising and smoking in public, and mass public education campaigns.
Intrauterine Drug Exposure and the Management of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
Intrauterine Drug Exposure and the
Management of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome:
The participant will be able to: Identify the impact of
poly-drug exposure and NAS in the neonate; describe
the current pharmacologic therapies used to manage
NAS in the neonate and identify short and long term
outcomes in the neonate with intrauterine drug
exposure.
Substance misuse in pregnancy by dr alka mukherjee nagpur m.s. india
This document discusses substance misuse during pregnancy and provides information on various substances including alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, cocaine, methamphetamines, opioids, and others. It outlines the risks these substances pose to both the mother and developing fetus, including low birthweight, preterm birth, birth defects, neonatal abstinence syndrome, and long term developmental effects. The document recommends screening all pregnant women for substance use and providing treatment and support through behavioral interventions.
Infant of Diebetic Mother
This document discusses infants of diabetic mothers. It begins with an introduction that describes how maternal hyperglycemia can cause fetal hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinism. It then covers definitions, incidence, pathophysiology, risk factors, and potential fetal and neonatal complications. The document discusses clinical manifestations, investigations, management, prognosis and prevention. Potential complications for infants of diabetic mothers include macrosomia, hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, respiratory distress, cardiac issues, and birth injuries. Care of the infant focuses on monitoring blood sugar and treating any complications.
PREMATURITY NEONATOLOGY.PPT
This document defines prematurity and related terms like low birth weight (LBW), small for gestational age (SGA), very low birth weight (VLBW), and extremely low birth weight (ELBW). It discusses the public health importance of prematurity, describing the high rates of prematurity globally and associated increased mortality. The document outlines maternal and fetal risk factors for prematurity and methods for differentiating preterm and SGA infants. It also provides extensive details on potential health complications in preterm infants and recommendations for management and prevention.
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Odu%20 clinical%20sciences%20iii%20high%20risk%20infant%202011[1]
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임신 중 흡연 Smoking in pregnancy
- 1. Smoking in pregnancy 2015. 10 전임의 최은정
- 2. Introduction In the US : about 16 % of pregnant women smoke In Korea : 8-10% Smoking during pregnancy in US About 910 infant deaths annually from 1997 through 2001 More than $350 million per year for neonatal care costs
- 3. In cigarette smoke Carbon monoxide Nicotine Cotinine Cyanide Arsenic Lead Propylene glycol Thiocyanate More than 4,000 chemicals
- 4. Fetal high concentrations of carboxyhemoglobin Decrease amount of oxygen carried to cells Affects intracellular processes by impairing cytochrome enzymes Carboxyhemoglobin in fetus & adult or
- 6. Acetylcholine (ACh) on embryo Initiation of axons and dendrites, migration of nerve cells, synaps function and localization of specific nerve cell populations. Later, effects on hippocampal, cerebellar, and sensory cortex development. Nicotine stimulates nicotine acetylcholine receptor(nAChR) Intensity and timing of brain cell development Programming of neurodevelopmental events on a cellular level Prenatal nicotine exposure and nervous system development
- 9. Adverse effects of smoking during regnancy Intrauterine growth retardation (2-3 fold) Low birth weight (200gm light on average) : DOSE DEPENDENT!! Stop during the first half of GA : virtually normal Long-term effects Physical growth, mental development, and behavioral problem Mean 8-point decrement in IQ test in heavy smokers Nicotine dependence in 40 year old daughters (not son)
- 10. Malformation : not major teratogen Club foot Craniosynostosis : “moderately increased” risk (odds ratio 1.5) Premature closure of sagittal suture Facial clefts Hydrocephaly, microcephaly Omphalocele, gastroschisis Hand abnormalites
- 11. Placenta previa, placenta abruption and preterm delivery Spontaneous abortion Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
- 12. After birth : lactation and neonatal period Nicotine from cigarettes : concentrated in human milk Nicotine patch vs. smoking : comparable or less Impeded iodine transport into milk in smoking mother
- 13. After birth : childhood Childhood cancer (leukemia) Paternal smoking around conception : prior to 5YO child cancer (leukemias, lymphomas, and brain tumors) Pulmonary function With schizophrenic parents(A 2014 study) Later schizophrenia : double percentage as controls Higher food allergic sensitization (OR : 2.2)
- 14. Reproduction Male Erectile function impair by compromising arterial flow to penis Sperm abnormalities Female Greater variation in menstrual cycle Childhood exposure : adversely affect fecundity Exposure to cigarette smoking actively or passively Higher serum FSH concentration Poorer follicle function when undergoing ART
Editor's Notes
- about 16 % of pregnant women smoke during their pregnancies
- Development of zebrafish embryos exposed to nicotine: gross morphology. A, Photomicrographs of a 66 hpf control zebrafish embryo and a stage-matched embryo exposed to 33 M nicotine beginning at 22 hpf. B, Summary of overall lengths of control embryos (C) and embryos exposed to nicotine (N) measured at 42, 66, and 120 hpf. Scale bar, 200 m. *p 0.001.
- Major teratogen으로 여기지는 않음. Cranio : from US National birth defects prevention Study