This document presents a final year project report on developing a smart traffic management system using Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. It aims to optimize traffic light timing based on real-time vehicle counting data from road sensors. The proposed system would use sensors, microcontrollers, and cloud computing to monitor traffic flow and congestion at intersections, and dynamically adjust light durations on each lane accordingly. This is expected to reduce traffic delays and minimize commuting costs compared to traditional fixed-time traffic light systems. The report outlines the hardware, software, methodology, algorithms, and challenges of implementing such an IoT-based smart traffic management system.
This document describes an obstacle avoiding car project created by Utkarsh Bingewar, Shubham Thakur, and Rupesh Rote, with guidance from their assistant professor Mrs. Varsha Nanaware. The car uses an ultrasonic sensor and Arduino board to detect obstacles and navigate around them. When an obstacle is detected, the Arduino controls the motors to turn the car left or right to avoid the obstacle. The obstacle avoiding car has applications in areas like surveillance, hazardous environments, and unmanned vehicle navigation.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of interconnected physical devices that can communicate and share data without the need for human involvement.
It has been explicitly defined as a “Information Society Infrastructure” because IoT enables us to collect data from various mediums such as humans, animals, vehicles, and kitchen equipment Thus, any physical object that can be assigned an IP address to permit data transfer over a network can be integrated into an IoT system by integrating it with electronic hardware such as sensors, software, and networking gear.
This was one of my Diploma in Engineering Projects.
It's a Voice controlled Home Automation System which works with the Internet. Which means you can control your home appliances from anywhere.
I did the Presentation for the Home Automation System. I was also one of the core team members who made it happen.
Here are the complete powerpoint slides.
Thank You
This document is a project report on an Eye Tracking Interpretation System submitted by three students as a partial fulfillment of their Bachelor of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering degree. It includes sections on introduction, literature survey, system description, software description, methodology, results, applications, and conclusion. The system uses an ultrasonic sensor and microcontroller to measure the distance to obstacles and displays it on an LCD screen. It aims to provide a low-cost solution for distance measurement that works in different light conditions including underwater.
This document discusses the development of an autonomous robot for pest control in agriculture. It aims to provide a safer alternative to manual pesticide spraying by having a robot navigate crop rows and evenly spray pesticides. The robot was tested under grapevine trellises and shown to make precise, recordable spraying operations. Such agricultural robots, called agrobots, allow decreased manual labor while optimizing pesticide use through precise, targeted applications. The document presents the design of an agrobot controlled remotely via an RF transmitter and receiver to navigate and spray pesticides in fields or greenhouses.
This document describes a biometric attendance system project that uses fingerprint recognition. The system is comprised of an Arduino Uno microcontroller, fingerprint sensor module, XBee transceiver, and LCD display. It also includes information on the group members, introduction to biometrics, process control block, project requirements, descriptions of the hardware components, logical connections, and implementation including enrollment and attendance marking processes. The fingerprints and data are stored on a server computer connected via XBee transceivers and USB.
This document describes an OTP based smart wireless lock system using Arduino Uno that was presented by a group of students. The system uses Bluetooth to send a one-time password from a mobile device to an Arduino/servo motor-controlled lock. If the correct password and OTP are entered, the lock will open, providing secure access. It aims to improve security over traditional keys and enhance access control with automated unlocking using a smartphone app and Bluetooth connectivity.
This document describes an intelligent irrigation system that automatically waters crops based on soil moisture levels without human interference. It uses soil moisture sensors to monitor the water levels in the farm fields. A microcontroller reads the sensor measurements and controls solenoid valves to irrigate the fields as needed. It can also automatically mix and apply pesticides in the proper ratios. The system aims to optimize water usage and eliminate waste from traditional manual irrigation methods.
This document describes an obstacle avoiding car project created by Utkarsh Bingewar, Shubham Thakur, and Rupesh Rote, with guidance from their assistant professor Mrs. Varsha Nanaware. The car uses an ultrasonic sensor and Arduino board to detect obstacles and navigate around them. When an obstacle is detected, the Arduino controls the motors to turn the car left or right to avoid the obstacle. The obstacle avoiding car has applications in areas like surveillance, hazardous environments, and unmanned vehicle navigation.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of interconnected physical devices that can communicate and share data without the need for human involvement.
It has been explicitly defined as a “Information Society Infrastructure” because IoT enables us to collect data from various mediums such as humans, animals, vehicles, and kitchen equipment Thus, any physical object that can be assigned an IP address to permit data transfer over a network can be integrated into an IoT system by integrating it with electronic hardware such as sensors, software, and networking gear.
This was one of my Diploma in Engineering Projects.
It's a Voice controlled Home Automation System which works with the Internet. Which means you can control your home appliances from anywhere.
I did the Presentation for the Home Automation System. I was also one of the core team members who made it happen.
Here are the complete powerpoint slides.
Thank You
This document is a project report on an Eye Tracking Interpretation System submitted by three students as a partial fulfillment of their Bachelor of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering degree. It includes sections on introduction, literature survey, system description, software description, methodology, results, applications, and conclusion. The system uses an ultrasonic sensor and microcontroller to measure the distance to obstacles and displays it on an LCD screen. It aims to provide a low-cost solution for distance measurement that works in different light conditions including underwater.
This document discusses the development of an autonomous robot for pest control in agriculture. It aims to provide a safer alternative to manual pesticide spraying by having a robot navigate crop rows and evenly spray pesticides. The robot was tested under grapevine trellises and shown to make precise, recordable spraying operations. Such agricultural robots, called agrobots, allow decreased manual labor while optimizing pesticide use through precise, targeted applications. The document presents the design of an agrobot controlled remotely via an RF transmitter and receiver to navigate and spray pesticides in fields or greenhouses.
This document describes a biometric attendance system project that uses fingerprint recognition. The system is comprised of an Arduino Uno microcontroller, fingerprint sensor module, XBee transceiver, and LCD display. It also includes information on the group members, introduction to biometrics, process control block, project requirements, descriptions of the hardware components, logical connections, and implementation including enrollment and attendance marking processes. The fingerprints and data are stored on a server computer connected via XBee transceivers and USB.
This document describes an OTP based smart wireless lock system using Arduino Uno that was presented by a group of students. The system uses Bluetooth to send a one-time password from a mobile device to an Arduino/servo motor-controlled lock. If the correct password and OTP are entered, the lock will open, providing secure access. It aims to improve security over traditional keys and enhance access control with automated unlocking using a smartphone app and Bluetooth connectivity.
This document describes an intelligent irrigation system that automatically waters crops based on soil moisture levels without human interference. It uses soil moisture sensors to monitor the water levels in the farm fields. A microcontroller reads the sensor measurements and controls solenoid valves to irrigate the fields as needed. It can also automatically mix and apply pesticides in the proper ratios. The system aims to optimize water usage and eliminate waste from traditional manual irrigation methods.
The document describes a smart car parking system using IoT. The system uses sensors like IR sensors and a wifi module connected to an Arduino board to detect available parking spots. This information is sent to a mobile app to guide drivers to empty spots, reducing congestion and emissions. The system's advantages include shorter wait times, fuel savings, and directing users to open spaces. It has applications in malls, restaurants, and theaters to more efficiently manage parking.
This document discusses Internet of Things (IoT) applications in agriculture. It defines IoT as the internetworking of physical devices that can transfer data over a network without human interaction. Key IoT applications in agriculture discussed include crop water management using soil moisture sensors, pest management using motion sensors, and precision agriculture. The document outlines an implemented method using Arduino, sensors, and wireless communication to monitor soil moisture levels and detect predator motion to send alerts and reduce crop damage while optimizing water usage.
This document describes the design, construction, and testing of a color sorter. The objectives were to study servo motors, color sensors, design the sorter using CAD, construct it, and test its performance. Key components included an Arduino, color sensor, two servo motors, battery, and breadboard. The sorter was built on a framed board with holes for the chute and sensor. Testing verified that the sorter could successfully distinguish and sort red, green, and blue balls based on color readings from the sensor. While functional, recommendations included adding an ejection device to remove rejected objects.
complete presentation on Smart Irrigation system using thingspeak technology is mainly helpful for the farmer to monitor the crop fields. Thingspeak is a platform, we can login with our matlab credentials.this system highly used in Mushroom cultivation because Mushroom cultivation is complete done in a perticuler Room, so this system will monitor the room Humidity, temperature, light and AirQuality. the hole process is we can monitor from any where in the world with help of Thingspeak platform.
IOT: Home Automation using Android ApplicationNikhil Jadav
Mobile devices are ideal in providing a user interface, they are portable and their wide range of capabilities. They can communicate with the Home automation network through an internet gateway, and also it can also directly, as these devices usually implement low power communication protocols, such as Wi-Fi.
This document presents a smart irrigation system that uses sensors to monitor soil moisture, temperature, and humidity wirelessly. It then sends the sensor data via GSM module to control watering. The system aims to reduce labor, conserve water, and allow real-time monitoring for better crop yields. Key components include soil moisture, temperature, and PIR sensors; Arduino and Raspberry Pi microcontrollers; and a GSM module to send alerts. Together, this smart irrigation system optimizes water usage for sustainable agriculture.
Project report on wireless based traffic control for emergency vehicleNeeraj Lohani
This document presents a preliminary project report on a proposed wireless traffic control system for emergency vehicles. The system would use radio frequency (RF) transmission to automatically control traffic lights and give priority to emergency vehicles. It discusses the need for such a system due to increasing traffic and delays for emergency vehicles. It then outlines the basic technology of RF transmitters and receivers that would be used and provides a basic design of the system including encoders, decoders, microcontrollers and the traffic light sequences. The goal is for emergency vehicles to bypass traffic with minimal disruption to regular traffic flow.
This document describes the design and implementation of a radar system using an Arduino. The system uses an Arduino Uno, ultrasonic sensor, servo motor, and other components to detect objects. It provides advantages such as seeing through fog or darkness and determining an object's range, position, and velocity. Limitations include not being able to distinguish close targets or recognize color. The system was created to learn about radar technology and demonstrate its uses and capabilities.
This document describes an ultrasonic radar system using an Arduino microcontroller and Android application. It provides an introduction, explains the sensor handling procedure, reviews existing similar systems, highlights advantages of this system such as displaying results on a phone screen with angle detection, and includes class/block diagrams, equipment details, a user manual, and conclusion.
Internet of Things (Iot) Based Robotic ArmIRJET Journal
This document describes an Internet of Things (IoT) based robotic arm project. The robotic arm is controlled remotely through a web interface using a WiFi module. The arm consists of servomotors connected by joints to mimic a human arm. A microcontroller receives commands from the WiFi module and controls the servomotors. The arm can pick and place objects automatically and its movements can be recorded to perform tasks repeatedly. The project aims to control machines from distant locations using IoT for applications in industries and medical fields.
Project report on home automation using Arduino AMIT SANPUI
This document describes an Arduino-based home automation project using Bluetooth. The project aims to develop a system that allows household appliances to be remotely controlled from an Android smartphone. An Arduino board is interfaced with a Bluetooth module to receive ON/OFF commands sent from an Android app. Relays connected to the Arduino can then switch loads such as lights and fans. The system provides a low-cost way to remotely control appliances, especially benefiting elderly or disabled users.
The document provides details about an internship project on PLC, SCADA and automation completed by Varun Kumar Raghav at Sofcon India Pvt. Ltd. It includes an acknowledgement, abstract, certificate of completion, table of contents and chapters covering company profile, introduction to automation, PLC programming and operation, SCADA software and applications. The internship helped provide hands-on experience with PLC and SCADA systems and their uses in industrial automation.
In this presentation, Swetha presents an innovative solution that aims to solve traffic problems in the country. Her solution uses sensors to collect information and relay the information to users over a mobile app.
This document is a project report submitted by three students for their Bachelor of Technology degree. The project is on designing an automatic metro train that can shuttle between stations without a driver. The report describes the background and motivation for the project, the hardware and software implementations, working of the system, results and conclusions. It also acknowledges the support and guidance received from faculty members.
This is a presentation of OBSTACLE AVOIDANCE ROBOT. which has the details on making an obstacle avoider using arduino uno, ultrasonic sensor. This presentation has the detailed description of all the components that are being used in making. And also circuit diagram and flow chart of the robot.
The document discusses the key components and characteristics of industrial robots. It describes the typical parts that comprise a robot including the manipulator, controller, end effectors, power source and sensors. The document outlines several common robot configurations such as cartesian, cylindrical, spherical and SCARA robots which are defined by their degree of freedom and joint placement. Industrial robots are widely used in manufacturing for applications like welding, assembly and material handling.
HOME APPLIANCE CONTROL SYSTEM USING GSM TECHNOLOGYSEKHAR PENTAKOTA
This document describes a home appliance control system using GSM technology. It discusses designing a system that allows users to control home appliances remotely using their cell phones. The system uses an AT89S52 microcontroller connected to GSM and relay modules to control appliances. When the microcontroller receives control commands via the GSM module, it activates the appropriate relays to switch appliances on or off. The system aims to provide a low-cost way to automate and control home appliances from anywhere using basic technologies like cell phones and GSM networks. It allows conveniences like remotely turning lights or other devices on/off for security while away from home.
Vehicle to Vehicle Communication using Bluetooth and GPS.Mayur Wadekar
This document is a project report on vehicle to vehicle wireless communication using Bluetooth and GPS. It describes a system developed by four students to enable vehicles to share location data with each other using onboard GPS receivers and Bluetooth transmitters. The system aims to improve road safety by allowing vehicles to be aware of other nearby vehicles' positions. The report outlines the objectives, methodology, system components, implementation, performance analysis and applications of the proposed vehicle communication system.
This document is a project report on a Smart Street System. It describes a system that aims to automate street lighting and enable real-time monitoring of streets. The system connects all streetlights to a central server using IoT. This allows the lights to be controlled remotely and usage to be analyzed. Sensors detect factors like light levels and motion to automatically adjust brightness or turn lights on/off. Video cameras monitor streets for unusual activities which are reported. The project aims to improve energy efficiency of street lighting and enhance security.
The document describes a smart car parking system using IoT. The system uses sensors like IR sensors and a wifi module connected to an Arduino board to detect available parking spots. This information is sent to a mobile app to guide drivers to empty spots, reducing congestion and emissions. The system's advantages include shorter wait times, fuel savings, and directing users to open spaces. It has applications in malls, restaurants, and theaters to more efficiently manage parking.
This document discusses Internet of Things (IoT) applications in agriculture. It defines IoT as the internetworking of physical devices that can transfer data over a network without human interaction. Key IoT applications in agriculture discussed include crop water management using soil moisture sensors, pest management using motion sensors, and precision agriculture. The document outlines an implemented method using Arduino, sensors, and wireless communication to monitor soil moisture levels and detect predator motion to send alerts and reduce crop damage while optimizing water usage.
This document describes the design, construction, and testing of a color sorter. The objectives were to study servo motors, color sensors, design the sorter using CAD, construct it, and test its performance. Key components included an Arduino, color sensor, two servo motors, battery, and breadboard. The sorter was built on a framed board with holes for the chute and sensor. Testing verified that the sorter could successfully distinguish and sort red, green, and blue balls based on color readings from the sensor. While functional, recommendations included adding an ejection device to remove rejected objects.
complete presentation on Smart Irrigation system using thingspeak technology is mainly helpful for the farmer to monitor the crop fields. Thingspeak is a platform, we can login with our matlab credentials.this system highly used in Mushroom cultivation because Mushroom cultivation is complete done in a perticuler Room, so this system will monitor the room Humidity, temperature, light and AirQuality. the hole process is we can monitor from any where in the world with help of Thingspeak platform.
IOT: Home Automation using Android ApplicationNikhil Jadav
Mobile devices are ideal in providing a user interface, they are portable and their wide range of capabilities. They can communicate with the Home automation network through an internet gateway, and also it can also directly, as these devices usually implement low power communication protocols, such as Wi-Fi.
This document presents a smart irrigation system that uses sensors to monitor soil moisture, temperature, and humidity wirelessly. It then sends the sensor data via GSM module to control watering. The system aims to reduce labor, conserve water, and allow real-time monitoring for better crop yields. Key components include soil moisture, temperature, and PIR sensors; Arduino and Raspberry Pi microcontrollers; and a GSM module to send alerts. Together, this smart irrigation system optimizes water usage for sustainable agriculture.
Project report on wireless based traffic control for emergency vehicleNeeraj Lohani
This document presents a preliminary project report on a proposed wireless traffic control system for emergency vehicles. The system would use radio frequency (RF) transmission to automatically control traffic lights and give priority to emergency vehicles. It discusses the need for such a system due to increasing traffic and delays for emergency vehicles. It then outlines the basic technology of RF transmitters and receivers that would be used and provides a basic design of the system including encoders, decoders, microcontrollers and the traffic light sequences. The goal is for emergency vehicles to bypass traffic with minimal disruption to regular traffic flow.
This document describes the design and implementation of a radar system using an Arduino. The system uses an Arduino Uno, ultrasonic sensor, servo motor, and other components to detect objects. It provides advantages such as seeing through fog or darkness and determining an object's range, position, and velocity. Limitations include not being able to distinguish close targets or recognize color. The system was created to learn about radar technology and demonstrate its uses and capabilities.
This document describes an ultrasonic radar system using an Arduino microcontroller and Android application. It provides an introduction, explains the sensor handling procedure, reviews existing similar systems, highlights advantages of this system such as displaying results on a phone screen with angle detection, and includes class/block diagrams, equipment details, a user manual, and conclusion.
Internet of Things (Iot) Based Robotic ArmIRJET Journal
This document describes an Internet of Things (IoT) based robotic arm project. The robotic arm is controlled remotely through a web interface using a WiFi module. The arm consists of servomotors connected by joints to mimic a human arm. A microcontroller receives commands from the WiFi module and controls the servomotors. The arm can pick and place objects automatically and its movements can be recorded to perform tasks repeatedly. The project aims to control machines from distant locations using IoT for applications in industries and medical fields.
Project report on home automation using Arduino AMIT SANPUI
This document describes an Arduino-based home automation project using Bluetooth. The project aims to develop a system that allows household appliances to be remotely controlled from an Android smartphone. An Arduino board is interfaced with a Bluetooth module to receive ON/OFF commands sent from an Android app. Relays connected to the Arduino can then switch loads such as lights and fans. The system provides a low-cost way to remotely control appliances, especially benefiting elderly or disabled users.
The document provides details about an internship project on PLC, SCADA and automation completed by Varun Kumar Raghav at Sofcon India Pvt. Ltd. It includes an acknowledgement, abstract, certificate of completion, table of contents and chapters covering company profile, introduction to automation, PLC programming and operation, SCADA software and applications. The internship helped provide hands-on experience with PLC and SCADA systems and their uses in industrial automation.
In this presentation, Swetha presents an innovative solution that aims to solve traffic problems in the country. Her solution uses sensors to collect information and relay the information to users over a mobile app.
This document is a project report submitted by three students for their Bachelor of Technology degree. The project is on designing an automatic metro train that can shuttle between stations without a driver. The report describes the background and motivation for the project, the hardware and software implementations, working of the system, results and conclusions. It also acknowledges the support and guidance received from faculty members.
This is a presentation of OBSTACLE AVOIDANCE ROBOT. which has the details on making an obstacle avoider using arduino uno, ultrasonic sensor. This presentation has the detailed description of all the components that are being used in making. And also circuit diagram and flow chart of the robot.
The document discusses the key components and characteristics of industrial robots. It describes the typical parts that comprise a robot including the manipulator, controller, end effectors, power source and sensors. The document outlines several common robot configurations such as cartesian, cylindrical, spherical and SCARA robots which are defined by their degree of freedom and joint placement. Industrial robots are widely used in manufacturing for applications like welding, assembly and material handling.
HOME APPLIANCE CONTROL SYSTEM USING GSM TECHNOLOGYSEKHAR PENTAKOTA
This document describes a home appliance control system using GSM technology. It discusses designing a system that allows users to control home appliances remotely using their cell phones. The system uses an AT89S52 microcontroller connected to GSM and relay modules to control appliances. When the microcontroller receives control commands via the GSM module, it activates the appropriate relays to switch appliances on or off. The system aims to provide a low-cost way to automate and control home appliances from anywhere using basic technologies like cell phones and GSM networks. It allows conveniences like remotely turning lights or other devices on/off for security while away from home.
Vehicle to Vehicle Communication using Bluetooth and GPS.Mayur Wadekar
This document is a project report on vehicle to vehicle wireless communication using Bluetooth and GPS. It describes a system developed by four students to enable vehicles to share location data with each other using onboard GPS receivers and Bluetooth transmitters. The system aims to improve road safety by allowing vehicles to be aware of other nearby vehicles' positions. The report outlines the objectives, methodology, system components, implementation, performance analysis and applications of the proposed vehicle communication system.
This document is a project report on a Smart Street System. It describes a system that aims to automate street lighting and enable real-time monitoring of streets. The system connects all streetlights to a central server using IoT. This allows the lights to be controlled remotely and usage to be analyzed. Sensors detect factors like light levels and motion to automatically adjust brightness or turn lights on/off. Video cameras monitor streets for unusual activities which are reported. The project aims to improve energy efficiency of street lighting and enhance security.
This document is a PhD dissertation defense from Lara Codeca at the University of Luxembourg on dynamic vehicular routing in urban environments. The dissertation addresses two main research questions: 1) What is the impact of dynamic rerouting on traffic congestion in urban settings? 2) How can testing tools and a realistic traffic scenario be used to evaluate dynamic routing? The dissertation presents a selfish traffic optimization approach using dynamic rerouting that is able to mitigate the impact of traffic congestion on a global scale. It also describes the development of the Luxembourg SUMO Traffic scenario, a new general-purpose traffic scenario built to validate simulation results in a realistic urban environment.
This document provides details on a research project investigating heterogeneous wireless robotic networks. It outlines requirements for the microcontroller systems to control master and slave robots. Cheaper slave robots will use Arduino Nanos, while the more advanced master robot will use a Raspberry Pi to process sensor data and coordinate slave movements. Communication between robots will use nRF24L01+ modules. Robot location will be determined using ultrasonic ranging and direction from RGB LEDs and image processing. The implementation plan and research activities are also summarized.
User-Driven Cloud Transportation System for Smart Drivingamg93
A user-driven pattern of ITS based on cloud computing technology named user-driven cloud transportation system (CTS) foe smarter user of transportation network.
This document describes a parking monitoring control system project created by a group of electrical engineering students. The system uses RFID sensors and an IR sensor to detect vehicles and available parking spaces. An Arduino microcontroller processes the sensor signals. A 16x24 LED matrix displays the status of parking spaces. A servo motor and cellular shield allow remote monitoring via SMS. The system aims to help drivers locate available spaces and provide data on parking usage.
The document presents a complete Android-based framework for automatically identifying a user's transportation mode using GPS trajectories and accelerometer measurements from a smartphone. The framework includes an architecture, design, implementation, user interface, and algorithms for transportation mode identification. It applies segmentation, simplification, and machine learning classification techniques to collected GPS and accelerometer data to identify modes like walking, running, and in-vehicle transportation. The system was evaluated on real and simulated data, achieving an overall accuracy of around 85% for identifying transportation modes, outperforming the Google Activity Recognition API.
Secure and Smart IoT using Blockchain and AIAhmed Banafa
This document discusses securing and enabling smart capabilities for Internet of Things (IoT) devices using blockchain and artificial intelligence. It covers challenges facing IoT implementation including lack of standardization, security and privacy issues, and integrating diverse data formats from different sensors and devices. The document proposes that combining blockchain and AI can help address these challenges by decentralizing IoT networks, adding an extra layer of security to device authentication and data transmission, and powering smart analytics on the large volumes of data generated by IoT. Overall, the document argues that blockchain and AI will be important technologies to realize the full potential of a secure, smart IoT.
This document provides an overview of an edited volume on Internet of Things (IoT) research, innovation, and deployment. It discusses the benefits of IoT technologies, including enabling a new industrial and innovation era. It also covers some of the challenges to address, such as ensuring security, privacy, and interoperability. The document outlines several application areas that IoT can impact, such as smart manufacturing, healthcare, transportation, and cities. It also discusses the role of future Internet technologies in supporting the IoT, including cloud/edge computing, data analytics, and networking.
The document describes a project report for developing a mobile restaurant tracker application called LunchList for Android platforms. It aims to address the lack of location tracking information in the restaurant industry in Gulu, Uganda. The report outlines conducting research through interviews with restaurant owners to gather requirements. A prototype was developed using Rapid Application Development methodology. It allows users to locate restaurants by location, view them on maps, get directions and call the restaurant. The application is designed to improve location tracking and awareness for customers in the restaurant industry.
This document is a final report from 1993 on modelling and designing scalable parallel computing systems. It details the development of a fractal parallel computer topology that can extend to fill a wafer. Algorithms were developed for routing and load balancing, and a simulation program tested a 64-node network using UNIX and PC workstations. Benchmarking of a 16-node example network demonstrated scalability. The report discusses implementing hardware control to support applications using wafer-scale integration.
This document is a main project report submitted by 4 students from the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at Government College of Engineering, Kannur in March 2014. The project develops a distributed traffic management framework using fuzzy logic control that aims to enhance network performance compared to existing protocols. Routers are deployed with intelligent data rate controllers to regulate traffic. Unlike protocols relying on estimated network parameters, the fuzzy logic controller directly measures router queue size.
This document is an industrial training report submitted by Deshapriya A.G.S. for their internship at Mobitel (Pvt) Ltd from January 4th to March 25th 2016. Mobitel is the largest telecommunications company in Sri Lanka that specializes in mobile services. The report describes Mobitel's background, services, organizational structure, technical details of projects worked on during the internship, software development processes, and a conclusion on the experience and knowledge gained.
The everyday operation of the Albanian Customs Administration relays heavily on IT. Also, the future improvements on its work are closely related to the support and further improvement of the IT services, and even depend on them. The aim of the IT Strategy is to support the Albanian Customs in fulfilling its strategic objectives, which are described and defined in the Customs Business Strategy.
Evaluation of Real-Time Communication in IoT Services by WebRTCChandan Sarkar
The document discusses a master's thesis that evaluates real-time communication in IoT services using WebRTC. It provides background on IoT and WebRTC, reviews related works incorporating real-time video in telemedicine and other IoT applications, and proposes a design for a prototype network architecture to enable real-time communication between IoT devices using WebRTC. The goal is to develop a standardized framework for real-time multimedia transmission in IoT services.
The document is a report submitted by Priya Hada to Ms. Pushpa Gotwal on PLC and SCADA. It includes a certificate signed by Mr. Sudhir Kumar Mishra confirming Priya completed the work. The report contains an introduction to automation, PLCs, and SCADA. It discusses the history and features of PLCs, and provides examples of ladder logic programming. It also covers the architecture, communications, interfacing and applications of SCADA systems.
This document provides a project report on developing a bike sharing Android application. It includes an introduction describing the motivation for the project, a literature survey reviewing papers on related topics like bike and public transport integration, a software requirements specification outlining the requirements, a system design section with diagrams, and plans for system implementation and testing. The report was submitted by students to fulfill the requirements for a degree in computer engineering.
This document is a training report on programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems submitted by Priya Hada to her faculty advisor Ms. Pushpa Gothwal. The report includes an introduction to automation and PLCs, describing their history, components, operation, and ladder logic programming. It also covers SCADA systems, their features and uses. The report details two student projects, one using a PLC to automate a pharmaceutical plant and another using SCADA software to simulate a bottle filling and capping station.
This document is a training report submitted by Indira Kundu to her faculty supervisor, Ms. Pushpa Gothwal, on PLC and SCADA systems. It includes an introduction to automation and PLCs, describing their components, operation, and uses of ladder logic programming. It also covers SCADA systems, their features and applications. The document details two student projects using PLC and SCADA to control LEDs and model a sewage treatment system respectively.
Software defined networks (SDNs) is one of the most emerging field and will cause
revolution in the Information Technology (IT) industry. The flexibility in the SDNs
make it most attractive technology to adopt in all type of networks. This flexibility in
the network made the SDNs more prone to the security issues so it is important to cater
these issues in start from the SDN design up-to the deployment and operations. This
Paper proposed a DNS based approach to prevent SDNs from botnet by applying one
million web database concept without reading packet payload. To do any activity, Bot
need to communicate with CnC and requires DNS to IP resolution. For any request
having destination port 53 (DNS) will be checked. The protocol will get all matching
traffic and will send it to 1Mdb. If URL Exists in 1Mdb then do not respond otherwise
send reply with remove flow and block flow to the controller. This approach will use
Machine learning algorithms to classify the traffic as BOT or normal traffic. Naive
Bayes Classifier is used to classify the data using python programming language. The
selection of dataset is very important task for machine learning based botnet detection
and prevention techniques. The poor selection of dataset possibly lead to biased results.
The real world and publically available dataset is a good choice for evaluation of botnet
detection techniques. To meet these criteria, publicly available CTU-43 botnet dataset
has been used. This dataset provide packet dumps (pcap files) of seven real botnets
(Neris, Rbot, Virut, Murlo, Menti, Sogou, and NSIS). We will use these files to generate
botnet traffic for evaluation and test our model. To generate normal traffic, we selected
ISOT dataset. This dataset provides a single pcap file having normal traffic and traffic
for weladec and zeus botnet.
Similar to Smart Traffic Management System using Internet of Things (IoT)-btech-cse-04-07-48-1562605128AhQYTHe2.pdf (20)
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
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TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Smart Traffic Management System using Internet of Things (IoT)-btech-cse-04-07-48-1562605128AhQYTHe2.pdf
1. SMART TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEM USING
INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT)
Final Year Project report submitted to
Central Institute of Technology, Kokrajhar
in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Computer Science and Engineering
by
Harshajit Singha, Kaustav Kumar Nath, Bigrai Basumatary, Jyotirmoy
Swargiary
(GAU-C-15/056, GAU-C-15/068, GAU-C-15/089, GAU-C-15/076)
Under the supervision of
Mr.Prasanta Baruah
Computer Science and Engineering
Central Institute of Technology, Kokrajhar
8th Semester, 2019
May 14, 2019
2. DECLARATION
We certify that
(a) The work contained in this report has been done by us under the guidance of
our supervisor.
(b) The work has not been submitted to any other Institute for any degree or
diploma.
(c) We have conformed to the norms and guidelines given in the Ethical Code of
Conduct of the Institute.
(d) Whenever we have used materials (data, theoretical analysis, figures, and text)
from other sources, we have given due credit to them by citing them in the text
of the thesis and giving their details in the references. Further, we have taken
permission from the copyright owners of the sources, whenever necessary.
Date: May 14, 2019
Harshajit Singha, Kaustav Kumar Nath, Bigrai Basumatary, Jyotirmoy Swargiary
GAU-C-15/056, GAU-C-15/068, GAU-C-15/089, GAU-C-15/076
Place: Kokrajhar
i
3.
4.
5. Abstract
Name of the student: Harshajit Singha, Kaustav Kumar Nath, Bigrai
Basumatary, Jyotirmoy Swargiary
Roll No: GAU-C-15/056, GAU-C-15/068, GAU-C-15/089,
GAU-C-15/076
Degree for which submitted: Bachelor of Technology
Department: Computer Science and Engineering
Thesis title: SMART TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEM USING
INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT)
Thesis supervisor: Mr.Prasanta Baruah
Month and year of thesis submission: May 14, 2019
Over the years, there has been a sudden increase in the number of vehicles on the
road. Traffic congestion is a growing problem everyone faces in their daily life.
Manual control of traffic by traffic police has not proved to be efficient. Also the
predefined set time for the signal at all circumstances (low and high traffic density)
has not solved this problem. A model to effectively solve the above mentioned
problems by using Internet of Things (IoT) is proposed. We use cloud for internet
based computing, where different services such as server, storage and application are
delivered for traffic management. A network of sensors is used to track the number
of vehicles and the traffic congestion at the intersections on a road and rerouting
will be done on the basis of the traffic density on the lanes of a road.
Keywords: IoT, Sensors, Microcontroller.
iv
10. Abbreviations
IoT Internet of Things
IR Infra Red
LED Light Emitting Diode
WiFi Wireless Fidelity
WSN Wireless Sensor Network
NFC Near Field Communication
ITS Intelligent Transportation System
ix
11. Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Hypothesis
A smart traffic management system utilizing sensor data, communication and auto-
mated algorithms is to be developed to keep traffic flowing more smoothly. The aim
is to optimally control the duration of green or red light for a specific traffic light
at an intersection. The traffic signals should not flash the same stretch of green or
red all the time, but should depend on the number of cars present. When traffic
is heavy in one direction, the green lights should stay on longer; less traffic should
mean the red lights should be on for longer time interval. This solution is expected
to eliminate inefficiencies at intersections and minimize the cost of commuting and
pollution.
1.2 Motivation
In 2014, 54% of the total global population was urban residents. The prediction was
a growth of nearly 2% each year until 2020 leading to more pressure on the trans-
portation system of cities. Additionally, the high cost of accommodation in business
districts lead to urban employees living far away from their place of work/education
and therefore having to commute back and forth between their place of residence
and their place of work. More vehicles moving need to be accommodated over a
1
12. Chapter 1: Introduction 2
fixed number of roads and transportation infrastructure. Often, when dealing with
increased traffic, the reaction is just widen the lanes or increase the road levels.
However, cities should be making their streets run smarter instead of just making
them bigger or building more roads. This leads to the proposed system which will
use a micro controller and sensors for tracking the number of vehicles leading to
time based monitoring of the system.(Babu, 2016)(Zantout, 2017)
13. Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 About IoT
The Internet of Things (IoT), also sometimes referred to as the Internet of Ev-
erything (IoE), consists of all the web-enabled devices that collect, send and act
on data they acquire from their surrounding environments using embedded sen-
sors,processors and communication hardware. These devices, often called ”con-
nected” or ”smart” devices, can sometimes talk to other related devices, a process
called machine-to-machine(M2M) communication, and act on the information they
get from one another. Humans can interact with the gadgets to set them up, give
them instructions or access the data, but the devices do most of the work on their
own without human intervention. Their existence has been made possible by all the
tiny mobile components that are available these days, as well as the always-online
nature of our home and business networks. Connected devices also generate massive
amounts of Internet traffic, including loads of data that can be used to make the
devices useful, but can also be mined for other purposes. All this new data, and
the Internet-accessible nature of the devices, raises both privacy and security con-
cerns. But this technology allows for a level of real-time information that we have
never had before. We can monitor our homes and families remotely to keep them
safe. Businesses can improve processes to increase productivity and reduce material
waste and unforeseen downtime. Sensors in city infrastructure can help reduce road
congestion and warn us when infrastructure is in danger of crumbling. Gadgets
3
14. Chapter 2: Literature Review 4
out in the open can monitor for changing environmental conditions and warn us of
impending disasters.
2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of IoT
2.2.1 Advantages
Communication: IoT encourages the communication between devices, also fa-
mously known as Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication. Because of this, the
physical devices are able to stay connected and hence the total transparency is
available with lesser inefficiencies and greater quality.
Automation and Control: Due to physical objects getting connected and con-
trolled digitally and centrally with wireless infrastructure, there is a large amount of
automation and control in the workings. Without human intervention, the machines
are able to communicate with each other leading to faster and timely output.
Information: It is obvious that having more information helps making better de-
cisions. Whether it is mundane decisions as needing to know what to buy at the
grocery store or if your company has enough widgets and supplies, knowledge is
power and more knowledge is better.
Monitor: The second most obvious advantage of IoT is monitoring. Knowing
the exact quantity of supplies or the air quality in your home, can further provide
more information that could not have previously been collected easily. For instance,
knowing that you are low on milk or printer ink could save you another trip to the
store in the near future. Furthermore, monitoring the expiration of products can
and will improve safety.
Time: As hinted in the previous examples, the amount of time saved because of
IoT could be quite large. And in today’s modern life, we all could use more time.
Money: The biggest advantage of IoT is saving money. If the price of the tagging
and monitoring equipment is less than the amount of money saved, then the Internet
of Things will be very widely adopted. IoT fundamentally proves to be very helpful
15. Chapter 2: Literature Review 5
to people in their daily routines by making the appliances communicate to each other
in an effective manner thereby saving and conserving energy and cost. Allowing the
data to be communicated and shared between devices and then translating it into
our required way, it makes our systems efficient.
Efficient and Saves Time: The machine-to-machine interaction provides better
efficiency, hence; accurate results can be obtained fast. This results in saving valu-
able time. Instead of repeating the same tasks every day, it enables people to do
other creative jobs.
Better Quality of Life: All the applications of this technology culminate in in-
creased comfort, convenience, and better management, thereby improving the qual-
ity of life.
2.2.2 Disadvantages
Compatibility: Currently, there is no international standard of compatibility for
the tagging and monitoring equipment. I believe this disadvantage is the most easy
to overcome. The manufacturing companies of these equipment just need to agree to
a standard, such as Bluetooth, USB, etc. This is nothing new or innovative needed.
Complexity: As with all complex systems, there are more opportunities of failure.
With the Internet of Things, failures could sky rocket. For instance, let’s say that
both you and your spouse each get a message saying that your milk has expired,
and both of you stop at a store on your way home, and you both purchase milk.
As a result, you and your spouse have purchased twice the amount that you both
need. Or maybe a bug in the software ends up automatically ordering a new ink
cartridge for your printer each and every hour for a few days, or at least after each
power failure, when you only need a single replacement.
Privacy/Security: With all of this IoT data being transmitted, the risk of los-
ing privacy increases. For instance, how well encrypted will the data be kept and
transmitted with? Do you want your neighbors or employers to know what medica-
tions that you are taking or your financial situation? Safety: As all the household
appliances, industrial machinery, public sector services like water supply and trans-
port, and many other devices all are connected to the Internet, a lot of information
16. Chapter 2: Literature Review 6
is available on it. This information is prone to attack by hackers. It would be
very disastrous if private and confidential information is accessed by unauthorized
intruders.
Lesser Employment of Manpower: The unskilled workers and helpers may
end up losing their jobs in the effect of automation of daily activities. This can
lead to unemployment issues in the society. This is a problem with the advent of
any technology and can be overcome with education. With daily activities getting
automated, naturally, there will be fewer requirements of human resources, primarily,
workers and less educated staff. This may create Unemployment issue in the society.
2.3 IoT in Traffic Management
Traffic management is one of the biggest infrastructure hurdles faced by developing
countries today. Developed countries and smart cities are already using IoT and
to their advantage to minimize issues related to traffic. The culture of the car has
been cultivated speedily among people in all types of nations. In most cities, it is
common for people to prefer riding their own vehicles no matter how good or bad
the public transportation is or considering how much time and money is it going to
take for them to reach their destination.
17. Chapter 3
REQUIREMENTS
3.1 Hardware Components
1. Microcontroller (Arduino Mega 2560): The Arduino Mega 2560 is a micro-
controller board based on the Atmega 2560. It has 54 digital input/output pins (of
which 15 can be used as PWM outputs), 16 analog inputs, 4 UARTs (hardware serial
ports), a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header,
and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller;
simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC
adapter or battery to get started. The Mega 2560 board is compatible with most
shields designed for the Uno and the former boards Duemilanove or Diecimila.
7
18. Chapter 3: Requirements 8
Figure 3.1: Arduino Mega 2560.
2. Microcontroller (Arduino Uno ): The Arduino UNO is an open-source micro-
controller board based on the Microchip ATmega328Pmicrocontroller and developed
by Arduino.cc. The board is equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output
(I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards (shields) and other
circuits. The board has 14 Digital pins, 6 Analog pins, and programmable with the
Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment) via a type B USB cable.
19. Chapter 3: Requirements 9
Figure 3.2: Arduino Uno.
3. LEDs: LEDs are used for the purpose of signaling according to the traffic
condition.
Figure 3.3: LED for Traffic Lights.
4. IR Sensor: IR Sensor is used to count the vehicles on the road.
20. Chapter 3: Requirements 10
Figure 3.4: IR Sensors.
5. Jumper Wires: It is used to connect the components to each other.
Figure 3.5: Jumper Wires.
21. Chapter 3: Requirements 11
3.2 Software Requirement
1. Arduino IDE: The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is
a cross-platform application (for Windows, MacOS, Linux) that is written in the
programming language Java. It is used to write and upload programs to Arduino
board.
The source code for the IDE is released under the GNU General Public License,
version 2. The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special rules
of code structuring. The Arduino IDE supplies a software library from the Wiring
project, which provides many common input and output procedures.
2. Proteus Design Suite: The Proteus Design Suite is a proprietary software tool
suite used primarily for electronic design automation. The software is used mainly
by electronic design engineers and technicians to create schematics and electronic
prints for manufacturing printed circuit boards.
22. Chapter 4
PRINCIPLE
4.1 Existing System
The exiting traffic system is generally controlled by the traffic police. The main
drawback of this system controlled by the traffic police is that the system is not
smart enough to deal with the traffic congestion. The traffic police official can
either block a road for more amount of time or let the vehicles on another road pass
by i.e. the decision making may not be smart enough and it entirely depends on
the official’s decision. Moreover, even if traffic lights are used the time interval for
which the vehicles will be showed green or red signal is fixed. Therefore, it may
not be able to solve the problem of traffic congestion. In India, it has been seen
that even after the presence of traffic lights, traffic police officials are on duty, which
means that in this system more manpower is required and it is not economical in
nature.(Viswanathan and Santhanam, 2013)
4.1.1 Disadvantages of Existing System
i) Traffic congestion
ii) No means to detect traffic congestion
iii) Number of accidents are more
iv) It cannot be remotely controlled
12
23. Chapter 4: Principles 13
v) It requires more manpower
vi) It is less economical
4.2 Proposed System
The first and primary element of this system is the wireless sensor nodes consist-
ing of sensors. The sensors interact with the physical environment means vehicles
presence or absence while the local server sends the sensors data to the central mi-
crocontroller. This system involves the 4*2 array of sensor nodes in each way. This
signifies 4 levels of Traffic and 2 lanes in each way. The sensors are ultrasonic sen-
sors which transmits status based on presence of vehicle near it. The sensor nodes
transmit at specified time intervals to the central microcontroller placed at every
intersection. The Microcontroller receives the signal and computes which road and
which lane has to be chosen based on the density of Traffic. The computed data from
Microcontroller is then transmitted to the local server through Wi-Fi connectivity.
The controller makes use of the collected data to perform the Intelligent Traffic rout-
ing. In this system, the primary aim is to gather the information of moving vehicles
based on WSN to provide them a clear path till their destinations and traffic signals
should switch automatically to give a clear way for these vehicles.(Dave, 2018)
4.2.1 Advantages of Proposed System
i) Minimizes number of accidents.
ii) Reduces fuel cost and saves time.
iii) Low budget.
iv) Easy implementation and maintenance.
v) Remotely controllable.
vi) Minimizes hassle and cost of commuting.
24. Chapter 4: Principles 14
4.3 Method
In this proposed system, the traffic lights are LEDs and the car counting sensor is
an ultrasonic sensor. Both blocks are connected to a Microcontroller using physical
wires. The Microcontroller is the traffic light controller which receives the collected
sensor data and manages the traffic lights by switching between green, yellow and
red. The Microcontroller computes the number of cars in the street of the inter-
section it is monitoring based on the distances measured by the ultrasonic sensor
and the timing between those measurements. The Microcontroller then sends the
number of cars every minute to the local server. This communication is done using
the Microcontroller serial port. The local server exchanges the data received with
the cloud server in order to better predict the changes in timings of the traffic light.
This communication is done using Wi-Fi. More specifically, the cloud server uses
an equation that takes the data received (number of cars) as input then determines
the time interval of LEDs needed for a smooth traffic flow. This calculated time
is then compared to the current actual time of the LEDs (this data is saved in a
database on the cloud server). The server then comes up with a decision. If the
current actual green time is less than the calculated time, the decision is to increase
the green time, else to decrease the green time.(Chandana K K, 2013)
25. Chapter 4: Principles 15
4.3.1 A View of Signals at Different Lanes
Figure 4.1: Control of previous Intersection
In the above figure, in Pt. - 1, LANE 1 is currently open with green signal and
LANE 4 is ready with an yellow signal but LANE 2 and LANE 3 are blocked. In
LANE 3, vehicle count is already greater than the threshold value, therefore the
road coming to LANE 2 of Pt. - 1 is blocked in the Pt. - 2 itself. Thus re-routing
them through another lanes. (Assuming that Pt. - 1 is the current intersection and
Pt. - 2 is the previous intersection.)
26. Chapter 4: Principles 16
Figure 4.2: Signal at Lane 1
In the above figure, Lane 1 is open with green signal and other lanes are closed with
red signal.
Figure 4.3: Signal at Lane 2
In the above figure, Lane 2 is open with green signal and other lanes are closed with
red signal.
27. Chapter 4: Principles 17
Figure 4.4: Signal at Lane 3
In the above figure, Lane 3 is open with green signal and other lanes are closed with
red signal and after that Lane 4 will get the green signal automatically.
30. Chapter 4: Principles 20
4.4.3 Use Case Diagram
Figure 4.7: Use Case Diagram.
4.5 Algorithms
4.5.1 Vehicle Counter Algorithm
Assuming the objects detected by the IR Sensors to be vehicles,
int counter = 0;
int hitObject = false;
int val ;
Step 1: Read value from sensor (val). Sensor gives output 0 if car is detected and
1 if no car is detected.
31. Chapter 4: Principles 21
Step 2: If val == 0 hitObject = false then increment the counter and set hitObject
= true.
else if val == 1 hitObject = true
then set hitObject = false.
Step 3: Go to step 1
4.5.2 Traffic Control Algorithm
No. of sensors = 8 and are denoted by S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8
No. of cars in Lane 1 (N1) = S1 – S2
No. of cars in Lane 2 (N2) = S3 – S4
No. of cars in Lane 3 (N3) = S5 – S6
No. of cars in Lane 4 (N4) = S7 – S8
Li = (L1, L2, L3, L4), Ni = (N1, N2, N3, N4), Ti = (T1, T2, T3, T4)
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Sensors will read the no. of vehicles on each lane (i.e. L1, L2, L3, L4)
Step 3: if (Vehicle Count < Threshold)
Then status = Normal traffic. Turn on the green signal for all the lanes one after
another in a sequential manner (L1-L2-L3-L4). When signal is green for one lane,the
others will remain red.
Step 4: else status = congestion.
Step 5: COMPARE (N1, N2 , N3, N4), Select the highest of the four (say Ni),turn
on green signal for that lane (say Li) for time (Ti). When time Ti ends, turn on the
red signal.
Step 6: COMPARE (N2, N3, N4), Select the highest of the three (say Ni), turn on
green signal for that lane (say Li) for time (Ti). When time Ti ends, turn on the
red signal.
Step 7: COMPARE (N3, N4), Select the highest of the two (say Ni), turn on green
signal for that lane (say Li) for time (Ti). When time Ti ends, turn on the red
signal.
Step 8: The last remaining lane automatically gets selected and it is given the green
signal for time Ti.
Step 9: Jump to Step 3.
32. Chapter 5
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
5.1 Results and Analysis
The proposed system helps in better time based monitoring and thus has certain
advantages over the existing system like minimizing number of accidents, reducing
fuel cost and is remotely controllable etc.
The proposed system is designed in such a way that it will be able to control the
traffic congestion as well as track the number of vehicles. The administrator of the
system can access local server in order to maintain the system.
22
33. Chapter 5: Results and Analysis 23
Figure 5.1: Model of the Project.
5.2 Challenges
1. Limited Budget: As graduate students our ability to test different technolo-
gies for accurate results are very limited.
2. Service to emergency vehicles: No method implemented for providing pas-
sage to emergency vehicles such as ambulances.
3. Lack of Time: Due to lack of time only one method using sensors have been
implemented.
34. Chapter 6
MISCELLANEOUS
6.1 Future Scope
For future directions, different priority levels for multiple incidents and scenarios
can be considered. The main issue with IoT is that the security of the entire sys-
tem have to be concentrated on and not a particular IoT layer, device or software.
Hence, integrating the entire traffic management system with multiple layer secu-
rity for various data generated from various sources can be another subject of future
scope. Along with that an emergency signal for an emergency vehicle (such as an
Ambulance) can also be included in order to serve them better.
6.2 Related Works
In the field of IoT, many systems are proposed in order to control, manage the
traffic system effectively. Each of the systems use different types of technologies,
components for managing Traffic congestion like IR Sensors, RFID’s, Zigbee, Traffic
warning systems, Big Data, Bluetooth etc. The following are some the works that
are related to our project. In the past ten years, the Internet of Things evolution has
been unprecedented. Recently, various driver assistance systems have been actively
developed that use both information communication technology and on-board sen-
sors. Invisibility of traffic signal caused by huge vehicles blocking the view, prevent
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35. Chapter 6: Miscellaneous 25
traffic congestion at toll gates and give advanced collision warning to the drivers. A
microcontroller with a RF module will be installed and is programmed to connect
to each automobile passing by. Later it displays signal status on the traffic signal
status display system installed inside the automobile. This system installed in the
vehicle is also capable of giving collision warnings to the driver.
IoT links the objects of the real world to the virtual world. It constitutes to a world
where physical objects and living beings, as well as virtual data and environments,
interact with each other. Urban IoT system that is used to build intelligent trans-
portation system (ITS) has been developed. IoT based intelligent transportation
systems are designed to support the Smart City vision, which aims at employing the
advanced and powerful communication technologies for the administration of the
city and the citizens. ITS uses technologies like near field communication (NFC)
and wireless sensor network (WSN).
Automation combined with the increasing market penetration of on-line commu-
nication, navigation, and advanced driver assistance systems will ultimately result
in intelligent vehicle highway systems (IVHS) that distribute intelligence between
roadside infrastructure and vehicles and in particular on the longer term, are one of
the most promising solutions to the traffic congestion problem. The simulation and
evaluation of a traffic congestion detection system which combines inter-vehicular
communications, fixed roadside infrastructure and infrastructure-to-infrastructure
connectivity and big data. To simulate and evaluate, a big data cluster was devel-
oped based on Cassandra. Big data cluster is coupled with discreet event network
simulator with the SUMO (Simulation of Urban Mobility) traffic simulator and the
Veins vehicular network framework. The results validate the efficiency of the traffic
detection system and its positive impact in detecting, reporting and rerouting traffic
when traffic events occur. In order to avoid incidents like jams, accidents and to
reduce huge menace concepts like Zigbee, RFID, Bluetooth, GSM-GPS technologies
were developed.(Yucheng Huang, 2018)
36. Conclusion
Smart Traffic Management System has been developed by using multiple features of
hardware components in IoT. Traffic optimization is achieved using IoT platform for
efficient utilizing allocating varying time to all traffic signal according to available
vehicles count in road path. Smart Traffic Management System is implemented to
deal efficiently with problem of congestion and perform re-routing at intersections
on a road.
This research presents an effective solution for rapid growth of traffic flow partic-
ularly in big cities which is increasing day by day and traditional systems have
some limitations as they fail to manage current traffic effectively. Keeping in view
the state of the art approach for traffic management systems, a smart traffic man-
agement system is proposed to control road traffic situations more efficiently and
effectively. It changes the signal timing intelligently according to traffic density on
the particular roadside and regulates traffic flow by communicating with local server
more effectively than ever before. The decentralized approach makes it optimized
and effective as the system works even if a local server or centralized server has
crashed. The system also provides useful information to higher authorities that can
be used in road planning which helps in optimal usage of resources. (Sabeen Javaid,
2018)
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