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Hypercalcaemia is a condition caused by excessive calcium in the blood, which can result from increased skeletal calcium release, intestinal calcium absorption, or decreased renal calcium excretion. Symptoms include constipation, kidney stones, depression, confusion, and at higher levels coma and cardiac arrest. Treatment involves hydration, increasing salt intake, and forced diuresis.
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Approach to a patient with hypercalcaemia
Hypercalcaemia certainly possesses some diagnostic challenges
Cases are too different in ways of presentation and management do need a lot of things to be checked out. This is merely an approach for such patients.
Calcium metabolism disorders
This document discusses calcium metabolism and disorders. It defines calcium and its daily requirements. Calcium levels are regulated by parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin. Disorders include hypercalcemia caused by overactive parathyroids, and hypocalcemia caused by deficiencies. Hyperparathyroidism has primary, secondary, and tertiary forms caused by changes in calcium levels. The case discusses an older patient with hypercalcemia, high PTH, and symptoms of fatigue from possible primary hyperparathyroidism.
Calcium disturbaces
Calcium metabolism can be disrupted, resulting in hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia. Hypercalcemia is caused by increased bone resorption, GI absorption, or decreased renal excretion and may be due to primary hyperparathyroidism, certain cancers, or excessive vitamin D intake. Hypocalcemia occurs when ionized calcium levels decrease below normal due to hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, or other conditions. Symptoms of hypercalcemia include fatigue, nausea, and renal problems while hypocalcemia causes muscle spasms, tingling, and seizures. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity but aims to restore normal calcium levels through rehydration, diuretics, bisphosphonates
Hypercalcemia atee
Hypercalcemia is a common condition seen in up to 4% of hospitalized patients. The most common causes are primary hyperparathyroidism and malignancy-associated hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia occurs when calcium influx into the extracellular fluid exceeds renal excretory capacity. It is defined as a total serum calcium level greater than 10.2 mg/dL. Treatment involves stabilizing the patient with intravenous fluids, promoting calcium excretion with diuretics, and administering bisphosphonates to reduce bone resorption in malignancy-associated cases. Surgical removal of parathyroid adenomas is required for symptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism.
Calcium metabolism and parathyroid disorders
1) Bone mineral metabolism is tightly regulated by the intestine, kidney, bone, and hormones like PTH, vitamin D, and calcitonin. Calcium levels can be affected by changes in plasma proteins and acid-base balance.
2) Hypercalcemia has various causes like primary hyperparathyroidism and malignancy, and results in symptoms across multiple organ systems. Diagnostic workup to distinguish the causes typically involves testing for PTH and investigating for an underlying malignancy.
3) Hypocalcemia can occur from low or high PTH levels due to conditions like hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, or renal failure. It produces neurological symptoms like paresthesias and tet
Calcium metabolism handout
This document discusses calcium homeostasis and disorders, including hypercalcemia and hyperparathyroidism. It provides details on the roles of parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and calcitonin in regulating calcium levels. It examines causes of hypercalcemia such as primary hyperparathyroidism, malignancy, and vitamin D toxicity. Guidelines for treatment of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism with surgery or medication are reviewed based on calcium levels, bone mineral density, kidney stones, and age. Non-surgical treatments including vitamin D supplementation and cinacalcet are also discussed.
Disorders of calcium metabolism
The document discusses disorders of calcium metabolism. It presents two clinical scenarios: a 59-year-old woman with hypercalcemia found on labs during a routine visit, and a 9-year-old boy admitted to the emergency department with acute pancreatitis and hypocalcemia after falling off his bike. It then outlines topics like the different forms of calcium, calcium homeostasis, regulation of calcium metabolism by parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin, and disorders like hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia, hyperparathyroidism, and hypoparathyroidism.
Calcium Metabolism
This document summarizes disorders of calcium metabolism, including hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia. It discusses etiologies such as increased GI absorption, decreased bone mineralization, and decreased urinary excretion that can cause hypercalcemia. Signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia include malaise, constipation, and psychosis. Treatment involves hydration, loop diuretics, calcitonin, and bisphosphonates. Etiologies of hypocalcemia include decreased GI absorption and vitamin D deficiency, increased urinary excretion, and decreased bone resorption. Symptoms include neuromuscular irritability and tetany. Treatment involves IV calcium initially and later oral calcium and vitamin D supplementation.
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Approach to a patient with hypercalcaemia
Hypercalcaemia certainly possesses some diagnostic challenges
Cases are too different in ways of presentation and management do need a lot of things to be checked out. This is merely an approach for such patients.
Calcium metabolism disorders
This document discusses calcium metabolism and disorders. It defines calcium and its daily requirements. Calcium levels are regulated by parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin. Disorders include hypercalcemia caused by overactive parathyroids, and hypocalcemia caused by deficiencies. Hyperparathyroidism has primary, secondary, and tertiary forms caused by changes in calcium levels. The case discusses an older patient with hypercalcemia, high PTH, and symptoms of fatigue from possible primary hyperparathyroidism.
Calcium disturbaces
Calcium metabolism can be disrupted, resulting in hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia. Hypercalcemia is caused by increased bone resorption, GI absorption, or decreased renal excretion and may be due to primary hyperparathyroidism, certain cancers, or excessive vitamin D intake. Hypocalcemia occurs when ionized calcium levels decrease below normal due to hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, or other conditions. Symptoms of hypercalcemia include fatigue, nausea, and renal problems while hypocalcemia causes muscle spasms, tingling, and seizures. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity but aims to restore normal calcium levels through rehydration, diuretics, bisphosphonates
Hypercalcemia atee
Hypercalcemia is a common condition seen in up to 4% of hospitalized patients. The most common causes are primary hyperparathyroidism and malignancy-associated hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia occurs when calcium influx into the extracellular fluid exceeds renal excretory capacity. It is defined as a total serum calcium level greater than 10.2 mg/dL. Treatment involves stabilizing the patient with intravenous fluids, promoting calcium excretion with diuretics, and administering bisphosphonates to reduce bone resorption in malignancy-associated cases. Surgical removal of parathyroid adenomas is required for symptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism.
Calcium metabolism and parathyroid disorders
1) Bone mineral metabolism is tightly regulated by the intestine, kidney, bone, and hormones like PTH, vitamin D, and calcitonin. Calcium levels can be affected by changes in plasma proteins and acid-base balance.
2) Hypercalcemia has various causes like primary hyperparathyroidism and malignancy, and results in symptoms across multiple organ systems. Diagnostic workup to distinguish the causes typically involves testing for PTH and investigating for an underlying malignancy.
3) Hypocalcemia can occur from low or high PTH levels due to conditions like hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, or renal failure. It produces neurological symptoms like paresthesias and tet
Calcium metabolism handout
This document discusses calcium homeostasis and disorders, including hypercalcemia and hyperparathyroidism. It provides details on the roles of parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and calcitonin in regulating calcium levels. It examines causes of hypercalcemia such as primary hyperparathyroidism, malignancy, and vitamin D toxicity. Guidelines for treatment of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism with surgery or medication are reviewed based on calcium levels, bone mineral density, kidney stones, and age. Non-surgical treatments including vitamin D supplementation and cinacalcet are also discussed.
Disorders of calcium metabolism
The document discusses disorders of calcium metabolism. It presents two clinical scenarios: a 59-year-old woman with hypercalcemia found on labs during a routine visit, and a 9-year-old boy admitted to the emergency department with acute pancreatitis and hypocalcemia after falling off his bike. It then outlines topics like the different forms of calcium, calcium homeostasis, regulation of calcium metabolism by parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin, and disorders like hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia, hyperparathyroidism, and hypoparathyroidism.
Calcium Metabolism
This document summarizes disorders of calcium metabolism, including hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia. It discusses etiologies such as increased GI absorption, decreased bone mineralization, and decreased urinary excretion that can cause hypercalcemia. Signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia include malaise, constipation, and psychosis. Treatment involves hydration, loop diuretics, calcitonin, and bisphosphonates. Etiologies of hypocalcemia include decreased GI absorption and vitamin D deficiency, increased urinary excretion, and decreased bone resorption. Symptoms include neuromuscular irritability and tetany. Treatment involves IV calcium initially and later oral calcium and vitamin D supplementation.
Calcium
Calcium is an important cation found mostly in bone but also in soft tissues. Serum calcium levels are tightly regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitriol. Hypocalcemia can be caused by low PTH levels due to various conditions or high PTH levels due to vitamin D deficiency or resistance. Symptoms range from mild tingling to seizures. Diagnosis involves measuring serum calcium, PTH, and other electrolytes. Treatment depends on severity but may include calcium supplementation as well as addressing the underlying cause.
Calcium metabolism by Dr Anurag Yadav
Biochemistry of Calcium metabolism covering the source, factors effecting absorption, normal level of calcium, regulation of the calcium, hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia, disorders related to calcium and bone markers.
Useful for students of MBBS, BDS, BSc, MSc, MLT, Physiotherapy (BPT), Nursing etc.
Calcium Imbalance (Hypocalcemia)
This document discusses calcium imbalance and hypocalcemia. It defines hypocalcemia and describes its various causes including prematurity, birth asphyxia, infants of diabetic mothers, vitamin D deficiency, hypoparathyroidism, and renal failure. The roles of parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin in regulating calcium levels are explained. Symptoms of hypocalcemia include neuromuscular irritability, cardiac involvement, and dermatological manifestations. The pathophysiology and various factors affecting calcium absorption and homeostasis are also summarized.
Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia is commonly caused by primary hyperparathyroidism or malignancy. It can be life-threatening in severe cases. Diagnosis involves measuring serum calcium, PTH, and assessing for underlying causes. Treatment depends on the underlying condition but may involve surgery for hyperparathyroidism or addressing the malignancy. Complications can impact the kidneys, GI tract, cardiovascular system, muscles and bones.
Hpocalcemia
Hypocalcemia is a low level of calcium in the blood. Calcium is essential for nerve impulse conduction, muscle contraction, and other cellular functions. Hypocalcemia can be caused by low albumin, low parathyroid hormone, vitamin D deficiency, or other factors. Symptoms include neuromuscular irritability, tetany, seizures, and EKG changes. Treatment involves oral calcium and vitamin D supplements to replace calcium and maintain adequate blood levels. Intravenous calcium may be needed for severe acute hypocalcemia.
Seminar on calcium
This document discusses calcium metabolism and provides details on calcium homeostasis, absorption, excretion, and the roles of parathyroid hormone and vitamin D. It also covers hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia, defining each condition and describing causes, clinical manifestations, diagnostic workup, and treatment approaches. Hypocalcemia can result from neonatal issues, vitamin D deficiency, hypoparathyroidism, or other causes. Hypercalcemia has causes including parathyroid hormone excess, malignancy, vitamin D excess, and genetic conditions.
Calcium homeostasis & its related disorders
Calcium homeostasis is tightly regulated by three hormones - calcitriol, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin. Calcium is important for bone formation, blood clotting, hormone release, and muscle contraction. Hypocalcemia can cause tetany and muscle spasms while hypercalcemia increases risk of kidney stones and cardiac arrhythmias. The kidneys play a key role in calcium balance by reabsorbing over 95% of the filtered calcium and regulating excretion.
Sodium, potassium and chloride
The document discusses three important electrolytes: sodium, potassium, and chloride.
Sodium is obtained mainly from table salt, fish, and meat. Its daily requirement is 4-6g and it is important for fluid balance, nerve impulse conduction, and acid-base balance. Disorders include hyponatremia and hypernatremia.
Potassium is obtained from foods like bananas, cereals, and fish. Its daily requirement is 4g and it is crucial for heart contraction, intracellular pressure, and acid-base balance. Disorders are hypokalemia and hyperkalemia.
Chloride does not have a set daily requirement as its main source is sodium. It is important for
Calcium
This document provides an overview of calcium metabolism and disorders. It discusses:
1. The essential biochemical functions of calcium in muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, hormone secretion, and enzyme activation.
2. How calcium levels are tightly regulated by parathyroid hormone, calcitriol (vitamin D), and calcitonin through effects on intestinal absorption, renal excretion, and bone resorption.
3. Common calcium metabolism disorders like hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia, their causes, symptoms, and treatment. Primary hyperparathyroidism is the most common cause of hypercalcemia.
Calcium,magnesium,phosphate and chloride imbalances
Calcium,magnesium,phosphate and chloride imbalances
Their treatment,my main reference is Eric strong's lectures in youtube,and some of the websites.Hope everyone finding Serum electrolytes find atleast some use of it .
Thank you
Calcium disorder
Calcium levels in the body are tightly regulated through the actions of parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and other factors. Disorders can cause either hypercalcemia (high calcium levels) or hypocalcemia (low calcium levels). Primary hyperparathyroidism, where the parathyroid glands overproduce PTH, is a common cause of hypercalcemia and may require parathyroid surgery. Malignancy is another major cause through the action of PTH-related peptide. Severe hypercalcemia requires rehydration and drugs to reduce bone resorption and calcium levels. Hypocalcemia can result from hypoparathyroidism or resistance to PTH/vitamin D
Calcium imbalances
This document discusses calcium imbalances, specifically hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia. Hypocalcemia is defined as a calcium level below 8.5 mg/dl and can result from low calcium stores or extracellular levels. Symptoms include neuromuscular excitability leading to tetany and seizures. Hypercalcemia is a calcium level over 10 mg/dl and usually stems from increased bone absorption. Symptoms include decreased muscle function, gastrointestinal issues, and cardiac dysrhythmias. Both conditions require monitoring calcium levels and addressing the underlying cause through diet, medications, and IV calcium supplementation as needed.
Calcium homeostasis
This document summarizes calcium homeostasis and regulation. It discusses that calcium is mostly stored in bones, with small amounts in extracellular and intracellular spaces. Parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and calcitonin regulate calcium levels. Primary hyperparathyroidism is usually caused by a single adenoma and results in inappropriate PTH secretion. Malignancy is a common cause of hypercalcemia through humoral factors like PTH-related peptide. Hypocalcemia can result from PTH deficiency, PTH resistance, vitamin D deficiency or resistance, or calcium deposition issues. Treatment involves calcium, vitamin D, magnesium, or addressing the underlying cause.
Hypercalcemia; How to approach
This document discusses calcium homeostasis and hypercalcemia. It explains that blood calcium levels are tightly regulated by the parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, gut, bone and kidneys. The main causes of hypercalcemia are primary hyperparathyroidism, malignancy-related hypercalcemia from bone metastases, and hypervitaminosis D from excessive vitamin D intake or production. The document provides details on the pathophysiology, clinical evaluation and management of hypercalcemia.
Calcium disorders
This document discusses calcium disorders including an overview of calcium, hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia, and inherited calcium disorders. It defines calcium and its roles in the body. Hypercalcemia is defined as a serum calcium level >10.5 mg/dL and can be caused by increased bone resorption, gastrointestinal absorption, or decreased renal excretion. It discusses the etiology, clinical exam, differential diagnosis, investigations, management, and complications of hypercalcemia. Hypocalcemia is defined as a total calcium <8.5 mg/dL and discusses its etiology including hypoparathyroidism, renal insufficiency, hypomagnesemia, vitamin D deficiency, and others. It also discusses the
Mineral metabolism
The document discusses water and mineral metabolism in the human body. It covers the following key points:
1) Water is the most abundant substance in the body, making up 65-95% of body weight. It has unique properties that allow it to act as a solvent and play important roles in temperature regulation and cell function.
2) Sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus are the major mineral elements that make up 60-80% of the body's inorganic material. They influence water distribution and retention through their roles in osmotic forces.
3) Abnormalities in sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium levels can cause various health issues by disrupting fluid balance
SODIUM METABOLISM
Sodium is the main electrolyte found in extracellular fluid. The total sodium content in the body is approximately 3,700 mmol, with 75% being exchangeable and 25% non-exchangeable in tissues like bones. Sodium is absorbed through sodium pumps in intestinal and renal cells and is essential for maintaining osmotic pressure, water balance, acid-base balance, muscle and nerve function, and cell membrane permeability. Disorders of sodium balance can result in hyponatremia or hypernatremia. Hyponatremia is a low serum sodium level below 130 mEq/L caused by water retention or sodium loss, while hypernatremia is a high level above 145 mEq/L due to water loss
Hyper and hypocalcemia
This document discusses hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia, including their causes, symptoms, and management. Hypercalcemia can be caused by hyperparathyroidism, certain malignancies, vitamin D toxicity, and other conditions. Symptoms range from none in mild cases to fatigue, nausea, and cognitive issues in severe cases. Treatment focuses on rehydration, bisphosphonates, calcitonin, surgery, and addressing the underlying cause. Hypocalcemia is usually asymptomatic but can cause tingling and seizures in severe cases. It is often caused by hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, or tumor lysis syndrome. Treatment involves calcium and vitamin D supplementation to address the deficiency. Laboratory tests are important to
Calcium metabolism and vitamin D
This document discusses calcium metabolism and vitamin D. It notes that blood calcium levels are tightly regulated by the intestines, bones, and kidneys through parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin. Vitamin D is produced in the skin from 7-dehydrocholesterol and is hydroxylated in the liver and kidneys to its active form. Calcium is important for bone mineralization and other cellular processes. The document outlines calcium balance, vitamin D's role in calcium absorption, and the effects of hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia.
Renal handling of Calcium, Phosphorus and Magnesium
The document discusses renal handling of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium. It provides details on:
- Distribution and compartments of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium in the body
- Mechanisms of renal reabsorption of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium in different nephron segments including the proximal tubule, thick ascending loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule
- Hormonal regulation of calcium and phosphorus by parathyroid hormone and calcitriol
- Clinical conditions associated with abnormalities in calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium levels including hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia, hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism
Calcium homeostasis
Calcium homeostasis involves absorption of calcium from the intestine, regulation by parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and calcitonin, and storage in bone. PTH increases calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption and renal reabsorption and vitamin D absorption. Vitamin D increases intestinal calcium absorption. Calcitonin decreases calcium by inhibiting bone resorption. Hypocalcemia causes neurological symptoms and hypercalcemia causes gastrointestinal and renal issues. Conditions are diagnosed by calcium levels and other tests and treated by calcium supplementation or intravenous calcium for hypocalcemia and hydration and medications for hypercalcemia.
Calcium metabolism handout
This document summarizes the key components involved in vitamin D and calcium homeostasis, including the roles of vitamin D, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and calcitonin. It discusses how vitamin D is obtained from sunlight or diet and activated in the body. PTH and calcitonin work in opposition to regulate calcium levels - PTH increases calcium levels by acting on the kidneys and bone, while calcitonin decreases calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption. PTH and vitamin D also interact, as vitamin D helps absorb calcium from the gut and PTH stimulates its production. Together this maintains appropriate calcium and phosphate levels in the blood and body.
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Calcium is an important cation found mostly in bone but also in soft tissues. Serum calcium levels are tightly regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitriol. Hypocalcemia can be caused by low PTH levels due to various conditions or high PTH levels due to vitamin D deficiency or resistance. Symptoms range from mild tingling to seizures. Diagnosis involves measuring serum calcium, PTH, and other electrolytes. Treatment depends on severity but may include calcium supplementation as well as addressing the underlying cause.
Calcium metabolism by Dr Anurag Yadav
Biochemistry of Calcium metabolism covering the source, factors effecting absorption, normal level of calcium, regulation of the calcium, hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia, disorders related to calcium and bone markers.
Useful for students of MBBS, BDS, BSc, MSc, MLT, Physiotherapy (BPT), Nursing etc.
Calcium Imbalance (Hypocalcemia)
This document discusses calcium imbalance and hypocalcemia. It defines hypocalcemia and describes its various causes including prematurity, birth asphyxia, infants of diabetic mothers, vitamin D deficiency, hypoparathyroidism, and renal failure. The roles of parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin in regulating calcium levels are explained. Symptoms of hypocalcemia include neuromuscular irritability, cardiac involvement, and dermatological manifestations. The pathophysiology and various factors affecting calcium absorption and homeostasis are also summarized.
Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia is commonly caused by primary hyperparathyroidism or malignancy. It can be life-threatening in severe cases. Diagnosis involves measuring serum calcium, PTH, and assessing for underlying causes. Treatment depends on the underlying condition but may involve surgery for hyperparathyroidism or addressing the malignancy. Complications can impact the kidneys, GI tract, cardiovascular system, muscles and bones.
Hpocalcemia
Hypocalcemia is a low level of calcium in the blood. Calcium is essential for nerve impulse conduction, muscle contraction, and other cellular functions. Hypocalcemia can be caused by low albumin, low parathyroid hormone, vitamin D deficiency, or other factors. Symptoms include neuromuscular irritability, tetany, seizures, and EKG changes. Treatment involves oral calcium and vitamin D supplements to replace calcium and maintain adequate blood levels. Intravenous calcium may be needed for severe acute hypocalcemia.
Seminar on calcium
This document discusses calcium metabolism and provides details on calcium homeostasis, absorption, excretion, and the roles of parathyroid hormone and vitamin D. It also covers hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia, defining each condition and describing causes, clinical manifestations, diagnostic workup, and treatment approaches. Hypocalcemia can result from neonatal issues, vitamin D deficiency, hypoparathyroidism, or other causes. Hypercalcemia has causes including parathyroid hormone excess, malignancy, vitamin D excess, and genetic conditions.
Calcium homeostasis & its related disorders
Calcium homeostasis is tightly regulated by three hormones - calcitriol, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin. Calcium is important for bone formation, blood clotting, hormone release, and muscle contraction. Hypocalcemia can cause tetany and muscle spasms while hypercalcemia increases risk of kidney stones and cardiac arrhythmias. The kidneys play a key role in calcium balance by reabsorbing over 95% of the filtered calcium and regulating excretion.
Sodium, potassium and chloride
The document discusses three important electrolytes: sodium, potassium, and chloride.
Sodium is obtained mainly from table salt, fish, and meat. Its daily requirement is 4-6g and it is important for fluid balance, nerve impulse conduction, and acid-base balance. Disorders include hyponatremia and hypernatremia.
Potassium is obtained from foods like bananas, cereals, and fish. Its daily requirement is 4g and it is crucial for heart contraction, intracellular pressure, and acid-base balance. Disorders are hypokalemia and hyperkalemia.
Chloride does not have a set daily requirement as its main source is sodium. It is important for
Calcium
This document provides an overview of calcium metabolism and disorders. It discusses:
1. The essential biochemical functions of calcium in muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, hormone secretion, and enzyme activation.
2. How calcium levels are tightly regulated by parathyroid hormone, calcitriol (vitamin D), and calcitonin through effects on intestinal absorption, renal excretion, and bone resorption.
3. Common calcium metabolism disorders like hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia, their causes, symptoms, and treatment. Primary hyperparathyroidism is the most common cause of hypercalcemia.
Calcium,magnesium,phosphate and chloride imbalances
Calcium,magnesium,phosphate and chloride imbalances
Their treatment,my main reference is Eric strong's lectures in youtube,and some of the websites.Hope everyone finding Serum electrolytes find atleast some use of it .
Thank you
Calcium disorder
Calcium levels in the body are tightly regulated through the actions of parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and other factors. Disorders can cause either hypercalcemia (high calcium levels) or hypocalcemia (low calcium levels). Primary hyperparathyroidism, where the parathyroid glands overproduce PTH, is a common cause of hypercalcemia and may require parathyroid surgery. Malignancy is another major cause through the action of PTH-related peptide. Severe hypercalcemia requires rehydration and drugs to reduce bone resorption and calcium levels. Hypocalcemia can result from hypoparathyroidism or resistance to PTH/vitamin D
Calcium imbalances
This document discusses calcium imbalances, specifically hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia. Hypocalcemia is defined as a calcium level below 8.5 mg/dl and can result from low calcium stores or extracellular levels. Symptoms include neuromuscular excitability leading to tetany and seizures. Hypercalcemia is a calcium level over 10 mg/dl and usually stems from increased bone absorption. Symptoms include decreased muscle function, gastrointestinal issues, and cardiac dysrhythmias. Both conditions require monitoring calcium levels and addressing the underlying cause through diet, medications, and IV calcium supplementation as needed.
Calcium homeostasis
This document summarizes calcium homeostasis and regulation. It discusses that calcium is mostly stored in bones, with small amounts in extracellular and intracellular spaces. Parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and calcitonin regulate calcium levels. Primary hyperparathyroidism is usually caused by a single adenoma and results in inappropriate PTH secretion. Malignancy is a common cause of hypercalcemia through humoral factors like PTH-related peptide. Hypocalcemia can result from PTH deficiency, PTH resistance, vitamin D deficiency or resistance, or calcium deposition issues. Treatment involves calcium, vitamin D, magnesium, or addressing the underlying cause.
Hypercalcemia; How to approach
This document discusses calcium homeostasis and hypercalcemia. It explains that blood calcium levels are tightly regulated by the parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, gut, bone and kidneys. The main causes of hypercalcemia are primary hyperparathyroidism, malignancy-related hypercalcemia from bone metastases, and hypervitaminosis D from excessive vitamin D intake or production. The document provides details on the pathophysiology, clinical evaluation and management of hypercalcemia.
Calcium disorders
This document discusses calcium disorders including an overview of calcium, hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia, and inherited calcium disorders. It defines calcium and its roles in the body. Hypercalcemia is defined as a serum calcium level >10.5 mg/dL and can be caused by increased bone resorption, gastrointestinal absorption, or decreased renal excretion. It discusses the etiology, clinical exam, differential diagnosis, investigations, management, and complications of hypercalcemia. Hypocalcemia is defined as a total calcium <8.5 mg/dL and discusses its etiology including hypoparathyroidism, renal insufficiency, hypomagnesemia, vitamin D deficiency, and others. It also discusses the
Mineral metabolism
The document discusses water and mineral metabolism in the human body. It covers the following key points:
1) Water is the most abundant substance in the body, making up 65-95% of body weight. It has unique properties that allow it to act as a solvent and play important roles in temperature regulation and cell function.
2) Sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus are the major mineral elements that make up 60-80% of the body's inorganic material. They influence water distribution and retention through their roles in osmotic forces.
3) Abnormalities in sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium levels can cause various health issues by disrupting fluid balance
SODIUM METABOLISM
Sodium is the main electrolyte found in extracellular fluid. The total sodium content in the body is approximately 3,700 mmol, with 75% being exchangeable and 25% non-exchangeable in tissues like bones. Sodium is absorbed through sodium pumps in intestinal and renal cells and is essential for maintaining osmotic pressure, water balance, acid-base balance, muscle and nerve function, and cell membrane permeability. Disorders of sodium balance can result in hyponatremia or hypernatremia. Hyponatremia is a low serum sodium level below 130 mEq/L caused by water retention or sodium loss, while hypernatremia is a high level above 145 mEq/L due to water loss
Hyper and hypocalcemia
This document discusses hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia, including their causes, symptoms, and management. Hypercalcemia can be caused by hyperparathyroidism, certain malignancies, vitamin D toxicity, and other conditions. Symptoms range from none in mild cases to fatigue, nausea, and cognitive issues in severe cases. Treatment focuses on rehydration, bisphosphonates, calcitonin, surgery, and addressing the underlying cause. Hypocalcemia is usually asymptomatic but can cause tingling and seizures in severe cases. It is often caused by hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, or tumor lysis syndrome. Treatment involves calcium and vitamin D supplementation to address the deficiency. Laboratory tests are important to
Calcium metabolism and vitamin D
This document discusses calcium metabolism and vitamin D. It notes that blood calcium levels are tightly regulated by the intestines, bones, and kidneys through parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin. Vitamin D is produced in the skin from 7-dehydrocholesterol and is hydroxylated in the liver and kidneys to its active form. Calcium is important for bone mineralization and other cellular processes. The document outlines calcium balance, vitamin D's role in calcium absorption, and the effects of hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia.
Renal handling of Calcium, Phosphorus and Magnesium
The document discusses renal handling of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium. It provides details on:
- Distribution and compartments of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium in the body
- Mechanisms of renal reabsorption of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium in different nephron segments including the proximal tubule, thick ascending loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule
- Hormonal regulation of calcium and phosphorus by parathyroid hormone and calcitriol
- Clinical conditions associated with abnormalities in calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium levels including hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia, hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism
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Calcium homeostasis involves absorption of calcium from the intestine, regulation by parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and calcitonin, and storage in bone. PTH increases calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption and renal reabsorption and vitamin D absorption. Vitamin D increases intestinal calcium absorption. Calcitonin decreases calcium by inhibiting bone resorption. Hypocalcemia causes neurological symptoms and hypercalcemia causes gastrointestinal and renal issues. Conditions are diagnosed by calcium levels and other tests and treated by calcium supplementation or intravenous calcium for hypocalcemia and hydration and medications for hypercalcemia.
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This document summarizes the key components involved in vitamin D and calcium homeostasis, including the roles of vitamin D, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and calcitonin. It discusses how vitamin D is obtained from sunlight or diet and activated in the body. PTH and calcitonin work in opposition to regulate calcium levels - PTH increases calcium levels by acting on the kidneys and bone, while calcitonin decreases calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption. PTH and vitamin D also interact, as vitamin D helps absorb calcium from the gut and PTH stimulates its production. Together this maintains appropriate calcium and phosphate levels in the blood and body.
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Calcium metabolism involves three tissues (bone, intestine, kidney), three hormones (PTH, calcitonin, vitamin D), and three cell types that maintain normal calcium levels. Calcium is important for bone health, muscle function, and other processes. The daily requirement is 400-500mg for adults. PTH and calcitonin work to maintain calcium within normal ranges in plasma. Hypocalcemia can cause tetany and hypercalcemia can damage organs if severe. Tests are used to diagnose and treat imbalances.
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Knowledge Assignment 2
Hypercalcemia is a condition where there are high levels of calcium in the blood above the normal range of 9-10.5 mg/dL or 2.2-2.6 mmol/L. Symptoms include fatigue, nausea, vomiting, constipation and abnormal heart rhythms. Treatment for mild cases involves fluids and diuretics while more severe cases may require bisphosphonates or calcitonin to lower blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption and increasing urinary calcium excretion.
Hypokalemia bysadek alrokh
This document provides guidelines for the management of hypokalemia according to NICE guidelines. It defines hypokalemia as a serum potassium level below 3.5 mmol/L. The major causes are decreased intake, increased losses through the kidneys or GI tract, and shifts in distribution. Treatment involves identifying and correcting the underlying cause, monitoring for magnesium deficiency, and replacing potassium orally or intravenously depending on the severity. Close monitoring of serum potassium levels, ECG, renal function, and for side effects is important when replacing potassium.
Electrolytes
This document discusses fluid and electrolyte imbalance, focusing on sodium and potassium. It begins by outlining where fluid is distributed in the body. It then discusses daily fluid intake and losses. Key points about sodium include that it maintains extracellular fluid balance, nerve impulse transmission, and is regulated by aldosterone and urine output. Causes, symptoms, and treatment of hyponatremia and hypernatremia are summarized. Regarding potassium, it notes its role in muscle function and that the kidney plays a dominant role in regulation. Causes, symptoms, and ECG changes of hypokalemia are outlined.
Chronic kidney disease and its management
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as decreased kidney function over a period of three months or more. It can cause complications such as anemia, metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia, and cardiovascular disease as kidney function declines. Treatment involves managing the underlying cause, restricting dietary intake of sodium, potassium, and phosphorus, treating complications pharmacologically, and potentially performing long-term dialysis or kidney transplantation for end-stage renal disease. Nursing care focuses on fluid management, dietary modifications, treatment of complications, and health education.
Ch11
Hypercalcemia is a disorder resulting in abnormally high calcium levels in the blood. Symptoms include fatigue, nausea, and kidney stones. It can be caused by malignancy, hyperparathyroidism, or excessive vitamin D. Treatments focus on rehydration, medications to reduce bone breakdown and calcium levels, and dialysis for kidney damage. Complications include osteoporosis, kidney stones, kidney failure, arrhythmias, and nervous system issues if untreated.
Polydipsia is excessive thirst, usually associated with excessive urination (polyuria). It occurs in diabetes due to high blood glucose levels pulling fluid into the bloodstream, diabetes insipidus due to a lack of the antidi
WILLIAM__FLUID_AND_ELECTROLYTE[1].pptx
This document provides an overview of fluid and electrolyte management. It discusses the anatomy of body fluids and electrolyte composition. It describes average fluid intake and output in healthy adults and the distribution of electrolytes in extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid. It then classifies disturbances in fluid volume and concentration/composition. Specific electrolyte abnormalities like sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate and acid-base disorders are explained in detail, along with their causes, signs/symptoms, and management approaches.
Interpretation and correction of given electrolyte abnormality
This document discusses electrolyte abnormalities and their interpretation and correction. It covers fluid volume disturbances like hypovolemia and hypervolemia. It then discusses various electrolyte imbalances including sodium, potassium, calcium deficiencies and excesses. For each imbalance, it describes the causes, clinical manifestations, and management. It also covers acid-base imbalances like respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis.
Endocrine system
This document discusses polyuria and hypercalcemia. It defines polyuria as excessive urination of over 2.5L per day. Polyuria can be caused by diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, diuretics, or renal failure. Nocturnal polyuria is a key symptom affecting the elderly. Hypercalcemia is defined as high blood calcium levels, which can be caused by primary hyperparathyroidism or other factors like cancer. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, and weakness. Treatment involves lowering calcium through surgery, medication or IV fluids.
Dyselectrolytemia
This document provides information on electrolyte disorders presented by Dr. S. Keerthi at J.S.P.S Govt Homoeopathic Medical College. It defines electrolyte disorders as imbalances in ions like sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate, phosphate, and chloride. For each electrolyte, the document outlines its normal range, functions, causes of deficiencies and excesses, associated signs and symptoms, and treatment considerations. The goal is to educate on electrolyte regulation and disorders seen in clinical practice.
Endocrine system
The document discusses hypercalcemia and glycosuria. Hypercalcemia is a condition where calcium levels in the blood are too high, which can be caused by overactive parathyroid glands, cancer, medications, or supplements. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, weakness, and fatigue. Complications include osteoporosis, kidney stones, kidney damage, and abnormal heart rhythms. Glycosuria is the presence of high sugar levels in urine, usually caused by untreated diabetes which raises blood sugar levels beyond the kidneys' threshold. Other causes are pregnancy, high sugar diets, gastrectomy, hyperthyroidism, liver disease, and increased intracranial pressure.
Diabetic ketoacidosis
DKA is a medical emergency and remains a serious cause of morbidity, principally in people with type 1 diabetes.
Calcium
Calcium is a macronutrient that is naturally present in the body, mainly in bones and teeth. Normal blood calcium levels are important to maintain, as both low (hypocalcemia) and high (hypercalcemia) levels can be dangerous. Calcium supplements come in various forms including tablets, capsules, and injectable solutions. Intravenous calcium gluconate is used in emergencies and ICU settings to rapidly increase calcium levels. While calcium has many important uses, it also has potential side effects that depend on the specific form administered. Proper dosing and administration are necessary to safely treat conditions like hypocalcemia while avoiding issues from excess calcium.
Chapter 11 presentation
Glycosuria is the presence of sugar in the urine, usually due to diabetes mellitus or other conditions that lower the renal threshold. It is diagnosed when an abnormal amount of sugar is found in urine. Treatment depends on addressing the underlying cause to reduce blood sugar levels. Hypercalcemia is a condition of excessive calcium in the blood and can be caused by overactive parathyroid glands or other disorders like cancer. The thyroid normally secretes calcitonin to deposit calcium in bones and lower blood calcium levels in response to hypercalcemia. Symptoms vary but include nausea, vomiting, and weakness. Treatment targets the underlying condition causing the high blood calcium.
metabolic disorder of nephrology.pptx
This document discusses various metabolic disorders that can affect the kidneys. It defines metabolic disorders as conditions that disrupt the body's normal metabolic processes of breaking down nutrients. One example of a metabolic disorder in nephrology is renal tubular acidosis (RTA), where the kidneys cannot maintain acid-base balance, causing acid to build up in the blood. Other disorders mentioned include those affecting electrolyte levels like potassium and calcium. Metabolic disorders can also lead to or be accompanied by acute or chronic kidney injury/disease. Treatment involves addressing the underlying condition through lifestyle changes and medication while managing symptoms.
fluids in children maintenance therapy and normal
Total body water is high in fetuses and declines after birth. Two-thirds is intracellular fluid, one-third is extracellular fluid. Hormones like ADH, angiotensin II, aldosterone, and atrial natriuretic factor regulate body fluids and electrolytes. Sodium is the main extracellular ion and levels can become too high (hypernatremia) or too low (hyponatremia). Potassium, calcium, and magnesium also have normal levels and can become abnormal. Acid-base balance is tightly regulated and metabolic acidosis results from low bicarbonate levels. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity.
Crf
This document discusses chronic renal failure (CRF). CRF is characterized by the progressive and irreversible deterioration of renal function due to the slow destruction of renal tissue, eventually leading to death when enough nephrons have been damaged. CRF is caused by conditions like diabetes, high blood pressure, glomerulonephritis, and polycystic kidney disease. It progresses through stages of decreased renal reserve, renal insufficiency, renal failure, and end-stage kidney disease. Medical management of CRF focuses on controlling blood pressure and reducing edema, gastrointestinal side effects, and pruritis.
The Endocrine System
Glycosuria is the presence of glucose in the urine, which can occur due to elevated blood glucose levels overwhelming the kidney's ability to reabsorb glucose or due to renal tubule dysfunction. Renal glycosuria is caused by a failure of the renal tubules to reabsorb glucose even at normal blood glucose levels and has various potential underlying causes including genetic disorders, infections, medications, and pregnancy. Hypercalcemia refers to abnormally high calcium levels in the blood and can result from excessive bone calcium release, increased intestinal calcium absorption, or decreased renal calcium excretion, with common causes being hyperparathyroidism and cancer.
Blood clotting to the clinical importance of minerals
The document summarizes the clinical importance of various minerals in blood clotting. It discusses macrominerals like sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate as well as microminerals like iron, copper, and zinc. For each mineral, it provides the normal levels in blood and consequences of deficiencies and excess levels, known as hypotremia/hypernatremia, hypokalemia/hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia/hypercalcemia, and hypozincemia. It also discusses diseases related to mineral imbalances like Wilson's disease which causes copper accumulation. Overall, the document emphasizes that minerals are essential for proper blood clotting and maintaining normal physiological functions.
Na & k
This document discusses electrolyte imbalances focusing on sodium and potassium. It covers the causes, signs, symptoms, investigations, and management of hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, and hyperkalemia. Specifically, it classifies the severity of the imbalances and describes the pathophysiology involving fluid shifts between extracellular and intracellular compartments. It provides detailed guidelines for evaluating patients and correcting electrolyte abnormalities through fluid management and medication.
Team Holy Spirit - C.Pathology.pptx11111
1. Dr. Joseph Sesay will lecture on calcium metabolism, hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia, and metabolic bone disease.
2. Calcium metabolism refers to regulating calcium ion concentration in extracellular fluid and is tightly controlled to stabilize voltage-gated ion channels. Parathyroid hormone and vitamin D are the main hormones involved.
3. Hypercalcemia occurs when calcium levels are too high and can cause issues like kidney stones and nerve/muscle problems. Hypocalcemia is when calcium levels are too low and causes issues like muscle spasms.
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