This document discusses calcium metabolism and vitamin D. It notes that blood calcium levels are tightly regulated by the intestines, bones, and kidneys through parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin. Vitamin D is produced in the skin from 7-dehydrocholesterol and is hydroxylated in the liver and kidneys to its active form. Calcium is important for bone mineralization and other cellular processes. The document outlines calcium balance, vitamin D's role in calcium absorption, and the effects of hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia.
This presentation deals with the physiological aspect of Calcium and phosphate metabolism, it's relationship with the various types of rickets and possible remedies
Calcium metabolism disorders
1. CALCIUM METABOLISM DISORDERS
2. OVERVIEW: Calcium definition and requirement . Calcium metabolism regulators : VD , PTH and calcitonin. Functions of calcium. Calcium metabolic bone diseases. Calcium metabolism disorders. CASE !!
3. WHAT IS CALCIUM? Calcium is a mineral that is essential to bone health, cardiovascular health, muscle maintenance, circulatory health, and blood clotting. Calcium also acts as an enzyme activator. While calcium is found in milk and dairy products, it is also available from other food sources, such as green leafy vegetables, seafood (eating salmon with the bones provides an even greater dose), almonds, blackstrap molasses, broccoli, enriched soy and rice milk products, figs, soybeans and tofu.
This is a PPT of calcium and phosphate metabolism. Clinical correlation are not included. Hope it is useful to you all. Please Like and Share it with your friends
Vitamin D- Introduction , source, synthesis of vitamin D in body, absorption of vitamin D in the body , action of vitamin D,
vitamin D deficiency & toxicity, Dietary reference value,
This presentation deals with the physiological aspect of Calcium and phosphate metabolism, it's relationship with the various types of rickets and possible remedies
Calcium metabolism disorders
1. CALCIUM METABOLISM DISORDERS
2. OVERVIEW: Calcium definition and requirement . Calcium metabolism regulators : VD , PTH and calcitonin. Functions of calcium. Calcium metabolic bone diseases. Calcium metabolism disorders. CASE !!
3. WHAT IS CALCIUM? Calcium is a mineral that is essential to bone health, cardiovascular health, muscle maintenance, circulatory health, and blood clotting. Calcium also acts as an enzyme activator. While calcium is found in milk and dairy products, it is also available from other food sources, such as green leafy vegetables, seafood (eating salmon with the bones provides an even greater dose), almonds, blackstrap molasses, broccoli, enriched soy and rice milk products, figs, soybeans and tofu.
This is a PPT of calcium and phosphate metabolism. Clinical correlation are not included. Hope it is useful to you all. Please Like and Share it with your friends
Vitamin D- Introduction , source, synthesis of vitamin D in body, absorption of vitamin D in the body , action of vitamin D,
vitamin D deficiency & toxicity, Dietary reference value,
Welcome to Secret Tantric, London’s finest VIP Massage agency. Since we first opened our doors, we have provided the ultimate erotic massage experience to innumerable clients, each one searching for the very best sensual massage in London. We come by this reputation honestly with a dynamic team of the city’s most beautiful masseuses.
Navigating the Health Insurance Market_ Understanding Trends and Options.pdfEnterprise Wired
From navigating policy options to staying informed about industry trends, this comprehensive guide explores everything you need to know about the health insurance market.
Struggling with intense fears that disrupt your life? At Renew Life Hypnosis, we offer specialized hypnosis to overcome fear. Phobias are exaggerated fears, often stemming from past traumas or learned behaviors. Hypnotherapy addresses these deep-seated fears by accessing the subconscious mind, helping you change your reactions to phobic triggers. Our expert therapists guide you into a state of deep relaxation, allowing you to transform your responses and reduce anxiety. Experience increased confidence and freedom from phobias with our personalized approach. Ready to live a fear-free life? Visit us at Renew Life Hypnosis..
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
2. • Blood calcium is tightly regulated
• Principle organ systems
– Intestines, bone, kidneys
• Hormones
– Parathyroid hormone (PTH), Vitamin D, Calcitonin
• Integrated physiology of organ systems and
hormones maintain blood calcium
8. • Bone turnover: a coupled process of
bone formation and bone resorption
(break down)
– Takes place throughout life
– Shift toward formation or resorption
causes alteration in bone mass
9. • Skeletal mass in the human
reaches a peak at about age 30
– Prior to that, as skeletal mass is
increasing, bone formation exceeds
bone resorption.
– At peak bone mass, the two
processes are exactly matched
– After the age of peak bone mass,
skeletal mass is lost for the rest of
life
10. • 1,25(OH)VitD production
• Tubular response (Ca reabsorption)
• 1,25(OH)VitD supplementation in renal
insufficiency/failure
11. • Vitamin D and PTH are
interregulated
– Vitamin D inhibits PTH production
12. • Normal intestinal function and
normal response to vitamin d are
required for normal calcium
absorption.
– Increases intestinal absorption
16. Hypercalcemia
• Signs and symptoms depend on the degree of
hypercalcemia and comorbid conditions
– There is no absolute value of blood calcium at which
symptoms develop.
– Level of blood calcium at which symptoms develop vary
from patient to patient.
18. Hypercalcemia: signs and symptoms
• CNS: altered behavior, including lethargy, depression,
decreased alertness, confusion, obtundation, and coma
• GI: anorexia, constipation, nausea, and vomiting
• RENAL: diuresis, impaired concentrating ability, dehydration.
Hypercalciuria is a risk for kidney stones.
• SKELETAL: most causes of hypercalcemia are associated with
increased bone resorption, and thus, fracture risk
• CARDIOVASCULAR: cause/exacerbate HTN
19. Hypocalcemia
• The state of blood calcium below the normal
range
– Most accurately assessed with ionized calcium
– Total calcium cannot be accurately interpreted
without knowing serum albumin
– Fairly uncommon
20. Causes of hypocalcemia
• Hypoparathyroidism
– Postsurgical (most common)
– Autoimmune
– Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PTH resistance)
– Idiopathic
• Hypovitaminosis D
– Dietary Deficiency
– Rickets, Osteomalacia
• Organ Dysfunction
– GI malabsorption, Renal loss
21. Hypocalcemia: signs and symptoms
• Neuromuscular: involuntary muscle contraction (tetany), 7th cranial
nerve excitability (Chvostek’s sign), numbness and tingling in face, hands,
and feet, Trousseau’s sign
• CNS: irritability, seizures, personality change, impaired cognition
• Cardiovascular: QT prolongation on ECG, in the extreme,
electromechanical dissociation may occur
