The document summarizes the clinical importance of various minerals in blood clotting. It discusses macrominerals like sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate as well as microminerals like iron, copper, and zinc. For each mineral, it provides the normal levels in blood and consequences of deficiencies and excess levels, known as hypotremia/hypernatremia, hypokalemia/hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia/hypercalcemia, and hypozincemia. It also discusses diseases related to mineral imbalances like Wilson's disease which causes copper accumulation. Overall, the document emphasizes that minerals are essential for proper blood clotting and maintaining normal physiological functions.

1. Blood Clotting to
the Clinical
Importance of
Minerals

2. Blood Clotting to the Clinical
Importance of Minerals
Macrominerals Microminerals
• Sodium Ion • Iron Ions
• Potassium Ion • Copper Ions
• Calcium Ion • Zinc Ions
• Magnesium Ion
• Phosphate Ion

3. Sodium Ion
• Necessary for regulation of blood and body
fluids, transmission of nerve impulses, heart
activity and certain metabolic functions.
• The normal concentration of sodium in the
blood plasma is 136-145 mM.
• Approximately 55% of Na occurs in Blood
plasma.
• It makes possible nerve conduction, the
process of various nutrient into cell, and the
maintenance of blood pressure.

4. Deficiency involve in a
decrease or increase of
Sodium Ion in our Blood
plasma:
We have, “Hypotremia” and
“Hypertremia”

5. Hypotremia
• Excess of body water caused by drinking
result in too little Sodium in the blood.
• Sodium concentration in the Blood plasma is
too low.
• Below 135 mmol/L is the concentration of
Na in the Blood plasma.
• Excessive drinking of beer which is mainly
water and low in Sodium can also produce
hypotremia when combined w/ poor diet.

6. Symptoms and Treatments
(Hypotremia)
Symptoms: Treatments
• Tiredness • Hypotremia can be
treated by infusion a
• Disorientation
solution of 5%
• Headache Sodium chloride in
• Muscle cramp water into blood
stream.
• Nausea

7. Hypotremia is just one
manifestation of a variety of
disorders like:
• Diseases in kidneys
• Diseases in Pituary gland
• Diseases of the hypothalamus

8. Hypernatremia
• Condition where the loss of body water
caused Sodium concentration to rise higher
than the normal Sodium in the blood
plasma.
• defined wherein the Sodium level in the
blood plasma is over 145 mM.
• Severe hypertremia, w/ Sodium level above
152 mM, can result in seizures and death.

9. Treatment:
• Infusion of a solution of water
containing 0.9% Sodium
chloride, which it is the
normal concentration of
Sodium chloride in the Blood
plasma.

10. Potassium Ion
• The normal concentration of Potassium in the
blood is in the range of 3.5. to 5.0 mM.
• Potassium stimulates the aggregation of
platelets at the wound site.
• Facilitate nerves impulse conduction and the
contraction of skeletal and smooth muscles,
including the heart.
• Facilitate cell membrane function and enzyme
activity.

11. Deficiency involve in a decrease
or increase of Sodium Ion in our
Blood plasma:
We have, “Hypokalemia” and
“Hyperkalemia”

12. Hypokalemia
• The blood plasma level of potassium ion falls
below 3.5 mM.
• Cause from an overall depletion of Potassium
in the body.
• After 3 weeks of fasting, blood serum
potassium level decline below the normal level
of K in the body.
• Severe hypokalemia result an abnormal
heartbeat (arrhythmia) that can lead to death
from cardiac arrest.

13. Presence of Potassium in the blood:
Moderate Hypokalemia Severe Hypokalemia
• Between 2.5 and • Under 2.5 mM
3.0 mM presence presence of
of Potassium in the Potassium in the
blood. blood.

14. Hyperkalemia
• Caused by an overall excess of
potassium in the body.
• Can result from too much
consumption of Potassium salt.
• Over 8.5 mM of potassium
present in the body.

15. Calcium Ion
• Participate in several reaction that lead to
the formation of fibrin during blood clotting
process.
• About 47% of the calcium in the blood
plasma is free, and 53% occurs in a complex
form.
• The level of total Calcium in the blood is
normally 8.5-10.5 mg/dL.

16. Deficiency involve in a decrease
or increase of Sodium Ion in our
Blood plasma:
We have, “Hypocalcemia” and
“Hypercalcemia”

17. Hypocalcemia
• Low level of calcium in the blood.
• Occurs when calcium is under 3 mg/dL.
• Symptoms are;
• Numbness
• Muscle spasm in the face, feet and hand

18. Hypercalcemia
• Is an abnormally high level of calcium in the
blood, usually more than 10.5mg/dL.
• Condition can cause Hypercalcemia:
• Hyperthyrodism
– Excess secretion of parathyroid hormone by one or
more of the parathyroid gland.
• Cancer
– Cancer of the breast, lungs, head, neck and kidney are
frequently associated with Hypercalcemia.

19. Magnesium ion
• Important in many bodily functions, such a
metabolism, energy production, hormone
function, cellular membrane stability and the
health of cardiovascular and immune system.
• Magnesium intake may benefit the function of
the endothelium, the innermost layer of the
blood vessels and decrease systemic
inflammation.

20. Magnesium deficiency occurs with
the person involves in:
• Alcoholism
• Malnutrition
• Kidney
• Gastrointestinal diseases
• Magnesium deficiency can cause the walls of the
arteries and capillaries to constrict, increasing the
pressure the blood needs to pump through the vessels.

21. Chloride Ion
• Found in fluid outside the cell or
body.
• Helps the body in normal balance
of fluids.
• Normal serum range for Chloride
ion is 98-108 mmol/L.

22. Deficiency involve in a
decrease or increase of
Sodium Ion in our Blood
plasma:
We have, “Hypochloremia”
and “Hyperchloremia”

23. Hypochloremia
• Or decreased Chloride.
• Chloride normally lost in the urine, sweat
and stomach secretion.
• Abnormally low level of chloride in the
blood.

24. Hyperchloremia
• Or increased Chloride.
• Elevated high level of Chlorine
in the blood.

25. Phosphate ion
• Influence platelet aggregation during blood
clotting.
• Help nerve function and muscle contracts.
• The kidneys help to control the amount of
phosphate in the blood.
• Extraphosphate (those excess phosphate that
the body don’t need) passes out of the body
through the urine, it is being filtered by the
kidney.

26. Iron Ions
• Found in every cell of the body and it helps to
build blood cells.
• For children age 2 to 5, normal Iron levels is
11.0 g/dL.
• For males over the age of 18 is the 13.5 g/dL
of iron in the blood.
• For females over the age of 18 (who are not
pregnant) is 12.0 g/dL of iron in the blood.

27. Importance of Iron in the blood
• Iron is a mineral used in the body to produce red
blood cells. Most of the iron in your body is
found in hemoglobin, which is a protein in red
blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the
body.
• Iron helps to build and maintain healthy blood in
your body. When the amount of iron in your
blood gets low, iron deficiency anemia can occur.
Anemia makes you tired, short of breath and
even pale. The immune system may not function
properly, and you may get sick easily.

28. What is Iron Deficiency Anemia?
• Iron-deficiency anemia is a common type of anemia. The
term "anemia" usually refers to a condition in which your
blood has a lower than normal number of red blood cells.
Red blood cells carry oxygen and remove carbon dioxide (a
waste product) from your body.
• Anemia also can occur if your red blood cells don't contain
enough hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is an iron-rich protein that
carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.
• Iron-deficiency anemia usually develops over time if your
body doesn't have enough iron to build healthy red blood
cells. Without enough iron, your body starts using the iron it
has stored. Soon, the stored iron gets used up.

29. What Causes Iron-Deficiency
Anemia?
• Not having enough iron in your body
causes iron-deficiency anemia. Lack of
iron usually is due to blood loss, poor
diet, or an inability to absorb enough
iron from food.

30. Blood Loss
• When you lose blood, you lose iron. If you don't have enough iron
stored in your body to make up for the lost iron, you'll develop iron-
deficiency anemia.
• In women, long or heavy menstrual periods or bleeding fibroids in the
uterus may cause low iron levels..
• Internal bleeding (bleeding inside the body) also may lead to iron-
deficiency anemia. This type of blood loss isn't always obvious, and it
may occur slowly. Some causes of internal bleeding are:
• A bleeding ulcer,
• colon polyp, or colon cancer
• Regular use of aspirin or other pain medicines, such as nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs (for example, ibuprofen and naproxen)
• Blood loss from severe injuries, surgery, or frequent blood drawings
also can cause iron-deficiency anemia.

31. Copper Ion
• Under normal conditions, copper that finds its way
into the body through the diet is processed within the
liver. This processed form of copper is then passed
into the gallbladder, along with the other components
of bile (a fluid produced by the liver, which enters the
small intestine in order to help in digestive processes).
When the gallbladder empties its contents into the
first part of the small intestine (duodenum), the
copper in the bile enters and passes through the
intestine with the waste products of digestion. In
healthy individuals, copper is then passed out of the
body in stool.

32. Wilson disease
• In Wilson disease, copper does not pass from the
liver into the bile, but rather begins to
accumulate within the liver. As copper levels rise
in the liver, the damaged organ begins to allow
copper to flow into the bloodstream, where it
circulates. Copper is then deposited throughout
the body, building up primarily in the kidneys,
the brain and nervous system, and the eyes.
Wilson disease, then, is a disorder of copper
poisoning occurring from birth.

33. Integration of Wilson Disease to
Genetics
• Wilson disease is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.
Autosomal recessive refers to the pattern of inheritance where
each parent carries a gene for the disease on one of his or her
chromosome pairs. When each parent passes on the chromosome
with the gene for Wilson disease, the child will be affected with
the disease. Both males and females can be affected with Wilson
disease. If an individual is a carrier of the Wilson disease gene
they do not have any symptoms of this disease. In order to be
affected, an individual must inherit two copies of the gene, one
from each parent. Many cases of Wilson disease may not be
inherited but occur as a spontaneous mutation in the gene.
• The gene for Wilson disease is located on chromosome number
13. The name of the gene is called ATP7B and is thought to be
involved in transporting copper.

34. Zinc Ions
• An essential minerals required for the
metabolic activity of 300 of the body’s
enzyme and is considered essential for
cell division and synthesis of DNA and
protein.
• Enzymes are involved with the
metabolism of protein, carbohydrate,
fats and alcohol.

35. Hypozincemia
• Hypozincemia, or the deficiency of zinc
vitamin, is mainly caused from unbalanced
dietary intake. More severe symptoms of
deficiency result from excessive alcohol use,
diarrhea, chronic liver and renal diseases,
diabetes, sickle cell anemia or malabsorption.
The low proportions of zinc in your body can
cause major genetic disorders, fertility
problems in men, and abnormal growth and
slow sexual maturity in children.

36. ThaNk you!!!
Prepared By:
Christian Jay D. Salazar
III-B (Biochemistry)