Skin and soft-tissue infections are common reasons for medical visits and hospital admissions in the US. This document discusses different types of skin and soft tissue infections like cellulitis, erysipelas, and necrotizing fasciitis. It provides details on symptoms, indications for admission, diagnostic features, and treatment recommendations for various infections.
Include infections of skin, subcutaneous tissue, fascia, and muscle, encompass a wide spectrum of clinical presentations, ranging from simple cellulitis to rapidly progressive necrotizing fasciitis.
Diagnosing the exact extent of the disease is critical for successful management of a patient of soft tissue infection
Include infections of skin, subcutaneous tissue, fascia, and muscle, encompass a wide spectrum of clinical presentations, ranging from simple cellulitis to rapidly progressive necrotizing fasciitis.
Diagnosing the exact extent of the disease is critical for successful management of a patient of soft tissue infection
Skin, Soft Tissue, & Bone Infections Symposia - The CRUDEM FoundationThe CRUDEM Foundation
This is the Skin, Soft Tissue, & Bone Infections Symposia presented in Milot, Haiti at Hôpital Sacré Coeur in 2011. CRUDEM’s Education Committee (a subcommittee of the Board of Directors) sponsors one-week medical symposia on specific medical topics, i.e. diabetes, infectious disease. The classes are held at Hôpital Sacré Coeur and doctors and nurses come from all over Haiti to attend.
DETAILED DISCUSSION OF NECROTIZING FASCIITIS.
A SOFT TISSUE INFECTION. USUALLY CALLED AS FLESH EATING BACTERIAL INFECTION. CAUSED BY BACTERIA. AFFECTS THE SOFT SKIN TISSUES
Skin, Soft Tissue, & Bone Infections Symposia - The CRUDEM FoundationThe CRUDEM Foundation
This is the Skin, Soft Tissue, & Bone Infections Symposia presented in Milot, Haiti at Hôpital Sacré Coeur in 2011. CRUDEM’s Education Committee (a subcommittee of the Board of Directors) sponsors one-week medical symposia on specific medical topics, i.e. diabetes, infectious disease. The classes are held at Hôpital Sacré Coeur and doctors and nurses come from all over Haiti to attend.
DETAILED DISCUSSION OF NECROTIZING FASCIITIS.
A SOFT TISSUE INFECTION. USUALLY CALLED AS FLESH EATING BACTERIAL INFECTION. CAUSED BY BACTERIA. AFFECTS THE SOFT SKIN TISSUES
HAP/VAP 2016 ATS/IDSA Guidelines. Our Data available at: https://rdcu.be/Mx8EDr Sandeep Kumar
Management of Adults With Hospital-acquired and
Ventilator-associated Pneumonia: 2016 Clinical Practice
Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America
and the American Thoracic Society.
To see our study results on HCAP and HAP, VISIT https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00408-018-0117-7
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis TEN is a rare but serious dermatological emergency characterized by diffuse exfoliation of the skin and mucous membranes due to immune mediated destruction of the epidermis which can lead to sepsis and respiratory distress. Early diagnosis and aggressive medical care is essential for the reduction of high morbidity and mortality associated with this disease. Toxic epidermal necrolysis TEN is a rare, acute, severe mucocutaneous reaction commonly presenting following medication use antiepileptic drugs, Corticosteroids, Antiretroviral drugs abacavir and nevirapine, Antibiotics, Allopurinol, NSAIDs non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs . A 20 year old girl presented with altered sensorium, fever, generalized erythematous skin rashes and facial puffiness she is under ant tubercular therapy, corticosteroids and phenytoin, characteristics of Toxic Epidural Necrolysis. Dr. Mary Minolin T | Padmavathi M "Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis: A Case Report" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd53869.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/53869/toxic-epidermal-necrolysis-a-case-report/dr-mary-minolin-t
3. • Skin and soft-tissue infections (SSTIs) are a common
reason for presentation to outpatient practices,
emergency rooms, and hospitals
• They account for more than 14 million outpatient visits in
the United States each year and visits to the emergency
room and admissions to the hospital for them are
increasing
• Hospital admissions for SSTIs increased by 29% from
2000 to 2004
3
Edelsberg J, Taneja C, Zervos M, et al. Trends in US hospital admissions
for skin and soft tissue infections. Emerg Infect Dis 2009; 15:1516–1518.
5. 5
Erysipelas
NF
Cellulitis
Gas
gangrene
Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine-2012-RAJAN-57-66
6. 6
Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections:
2014 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America
8. • Often caused by Group A β - haemolytic streptococci,
(Streptococcus pyogenes)
• The infected area is painful, hot and oedematous
• Non-raised skin lesions with indistinct margin, sometimes with
lymphangitis
• There is usually no localization of the infection or pus
formation
• May associate with insect bites, trauma or ill fitting shoes
• IV C Pen 2.4 Mu, IV Cloxacillin. Dressing with CHD cream
Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine-2012-RAJAN-57-66 8
9. INDICATIONS FOR ADMISSION:-
• Severe or rapidly worsening infection
• Patient systemically unwell
• Uncertainty regarding the diagnosis (need to out rule
DVT)
• Immunocompromised patient. Diabetes mellitus – if
unstable
• Children under one year of age or elderly without good
home support
Johnny Loughnane
• Lack of response to home treatment Irish College at 48 of General hours Practitioners April 2006
9
11. • An aggressive subcutaneous infection that tracks along
the superficial fascia, which comprises all the tissues
between the skin and underlying muscles
Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections:
• Rapid progression
• Physical exam
Skin bullae
Ischemic patches
Swelling, edema
Crepitus
2014 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America
11
13. • Features that suggest involvement of deeper tissues
include
(1) severe pain that seems disproportional to the clinical
findings; (2) failure to respond to initial antibiotic therapy;
(3) the hard, wooden feel of the subcutaneous tissue,
extending beyond the area of apparent skin involvement;
(4) systemic toxicity, often with altered mental status;
(5) edema or tenderness extending beyond the cutaneous
erythema;
(6) crepitus, indicating gas in the tissues;
(7) bullous lesions;
(8) skin necrosis or ecchymoses
13
Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections:
2014 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America
14. Anaya DA, Dellinger EP. Necrotizing soft-tissue infection :
diagnosis and management. ClinInfect Dis 2007; 44:705–710,
Oxford University Press.
14
16. • Surgical debridement
• Antibiotic
16
Type 1 Type 2
Polymicrobial infection.
Immunocompromised.
Group A strep
Cloxacillin 2g IV q4-6h
PLUS
Metronidazole 500mg IV q8h
PLUS
Gentamicin1 5mg/kg IV q24h
Benzylpenicillin 2-4 mega units IV
q4h
PLUS
Clindamycin 600mg IV q8h
ALTERNATIVES:
3rd gen. Cephalosporins
PLUS
Metronidazole 500mg IV q8h
OR
β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitors, e.g.
Ampicillin/Sulbactam 1.5g IV q8h
OR
Amoxycillin/Clavulanate 1.2g IV q8h
PLUS/MINUS
Gentamicin1 5mg/kg IV q24h
National_Antibiotic_Guideline_2008
17. • Clostridium perfringens
• Gram-positive obligate anaerobic spore-forming rods that
produce exotoxins
• Causes muscle necrosis and vessel thrombosis,
hemolysis and shock
• Rx : Benzylpenicillin 2-4 mega units IV q4h PLUS
Metronidazole 500mg IV q8h PLUS/MINUS Gentamicin1
5mg/kg IV q24h
17
18. swelling,
edema, discoloration and
ecchymosis, blebs and
hemorrhagic bullae
University of Kansas Medical Center- http://www.kumc.edu/ 18
Editor's Notes
erector pili muscle
Purulent skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs).
Mild infection: for purulent SSTI, incision and drainage is indicated.
Moderate infection: patients with purulent infection with systemic signs of infection. Severe infection: patients who have failed incision and drainage plus oral antibiotics or those with systemic signs of infection such as temperature >38°C, tachycardia (heart rate >90 beats per minute), tachypnea (respiratory rate >24 breaths per
minute) or abnormal white blood cell count (<12 000 or <400 cells/μL), or immunocompromised patients.
Nonpurulent SSTIs.
Mild infection: typical cellulitis/ erysipelas with no focus of purulence.
Moderate infection: typical cellulitis/erysipelas with systemic signs of infection.
Severe infection: patients who have failed oral antibiotic treatment or those with systemic signs of infection (as defined above under purulent infection), or those who are immunocompromised, or those with clinical signs of deeper infection such as bullae, skin sloughing, hypotension, or evidence of organ dysfunction.
Erysipelas: Raised, sharply demarcated margins
Altenative:--
3rd gen. Cephalosporins
PLUS
Gentamicin1 5mg/kg IV q24h