Skin and Hair

Department of Pharmaceutics, KCP, CBE-32 1Tuesday, December 10, 2019

CONTENTS
1. Structure and Function of Skin
2. Problems Relating in Skin
3. Structure Hair
4. Hair growth Cycle
2Department of Pharmaceutics, KCP, CBE-32Tuesday, December 10, 2019

Function of Skin
Protection Sensation Heat regulation
Control of
evaporation
Aesthetics and
communication
Storage and
synthesis
Excretion Absorption
Water
resistance

Skin - Introduction
Largest organ
It is very similar
to pig skin
It covers the body's
entire external
surface
Average adult
human 1.5-2.0
square metres
The average square inch
(6.5 cm²) of skin holds
650 sweat glands, 20 blood
vessels, 60,000 melanocytes,
>1000 nerve ending
The average human
skin cell is about 30
micrometres in
diameter

Skin

Epidermis

Epidermis
• "epi" coming from the Greek meaning "over"
or "upon", is the outermost layer of the skin.
• It act as
– Waterproof
– Protective layer Against infection
• There is no blood vessels.
• The main type of cells which make up the
epidermis are Merkel cells, keratinocytes,
with melanocytes and Langerhans cells also
present.

Epidermis
• Stratum basale
– Stratum basale, also known as stratum
germinativum, Its deepest layer, separated from
the dermis by the basement membrane.
– The cells found in this layer are cuboidal to
columnar. This layer also contains melanocytes.
• Stratum spinosum
– 8-10 cell layers, also known as the prickle cell layer
contains irregular, polyhedral cells with
cytoplasmic processes,
– Dendritic cells can be found in this layer.

Epidermis

Epidermis
• Stratum lucidum
– 2-3 cell layers, present in thicker skin found in the
palms and soles, is a thin clear layer consisting of
eleidin which is a transformation product of
keratohyalin
• Stratum corneum
– 20-30 cell layers, is the uppermost layer, made up
of keratin and horny scales made up of dead
keratinocytes

Dermis
• The dermis or corium is a layer of skin between the
epidermis and subcutaneous tissues.
• That primarily consists of dense irregular connective
tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain.
• The papillary layer is the upper layer, thinner,
composed of loose connective tissue
• The reticular layer is the deeper layer, thicker, less
cellular
• The dermis houses the sweat glands, hair, hair follicles,
muscles, sensory neurons, and blood vessels.

Subcutaneous tissue
• The subcutaneous tissue (also hypodermis and subcutis) is
not part of the skin, and lies below the dermis.
• Its attach the skin to underlying bone and muscle as well as
supplying it with blood vessels and nerves.
• It consists of loose connective tissue, adipose tissue and
elastin.
• The main cell types are fibroblasts, macrophages and
adipocytes (subcutaneous tissue contains 50% of body fat).
• Fat serves as padding and insulation for the body.

Problems in Skin
Dry Skin Acne Pigmentation
Prickly Heat Wrinkles Body odour

Dry Skin
Dry
Skin
Called
Xerosis
All
Age
Worse
condition
It cause
Deamatitis

Dry Skin -Symptoms
Dry Skin Symptoms
Flaking
and
Cracking
Rough
Itching

Dry Skin -Causes
Loses water or
oil
Age factor Swimming Skin diseases
like Psoriasis
Job Factor Climate Location of
living

Dry Skin - Treatment
• Applying a Oils
• Keep Wetting
• Avoid sunlight's
• Corticosteroid
• Immune modulator
(tacrolimus,
pimecrolimus)
• Cream
• Lotion
• Ointments
• Gels
Moisturize Medicine
LifeStyle

ACNE
Hair Follicles
Clogged with Oil &
Dead Skins
It is characterized by
blackheads or whiteheads,
pimples,
oily skin, and
possible scarring.
Acne present
in face, back,
chest

ACNE - SYMPTOMS
• closed plugged poresWhiteheads
• open plugged poresBlackheads
• Small red, tender bumpsPapules
• Pimples which are papules with
pus at their tipsPustules
• Large, solid, painful lumps beneath
the surface of the skinNodules
• Painful, pus-filled lumps beneath
the surface of the skinCystic lesions
Tuesday, December 10, 2019 21Department of Pharmaceutics, KCP, CBE-32

ACNE - SYMPTOMS
1
3
2
8
7
65
4

ACNE - SYMPTOMS

ACNE - Treatment
Antibiotics
• clindamycin
• erythromycin
Anti-inflammatory
• Prevents or counteracts swelling (inflammation)
Topical antiseptic
• Prevents the growth of microorganisms on the skin
Vitamin
• Vitamin A derivative Unplugs blocked hair follicles and helps
prevent new blockages from forming. Slows skin cell growth.

Pigmentation or Hyperpigmentation
Hyperpigmentation
is the darkening of
an area of skin or
nails caused by
increased melanin.

Pigmentation- Causes
Sun
Damage
Inflammation
Skin
Injuries
Excess
secretion
of Melanin

Pigmentation - Treatment
Monobenzone
Hydro-
quinone
vitamins A,
C, and E
With
Procyanidi
n

Prickly Heat ( Heat Rash)
A skin condition caused by blocked sweat ducts and
trapped sweat beneath the skin.
Heat rash is common during hot, humid weather.

Prickly Heat ( Heat Rash)
Symptoms
Skin: blister, bumps, rashes, or red rashes
Also common: flushing or itching
Treatment
•Calamine lotion
•Antihistamine tablets
•Hydrocortisone cream – though not for children under 10 or
pregnant women as they need to get advice from a doctor
before using this treatment

WRINKLES
A wrinkle, also
known as a
RHYTIDE, is a fold;
ridge or crease in
smooth surface,
such as on skin or
fabric.
Skin wrinkles typically
appear as a result of aging
processes

WRINKLES – Treatment
-Avoid Sun
-Retinoids
-Carotenoids
-tocophenols
-Flavonoids
-vitamins (A, C, D and E)

Body Odor
Odour caused by
the combination
of sweat and
bacteria normally
found on the skin

Hair
•The hair follicle is one of the characteristic features of mammals serves as a
unique miniorgan.
•In humans, hair has various functions such as protection against external
factors, sebum, apocrine sweat and pheromones production and
thermoregulation.
•The hair also plays important roles for the individual’s social and sexual
interaction.

Hair - Structure
Hair
Hair
Follicle
Upper part consisting of
infundibulum and isthmus
Lower part comprising of hair
bulb and suprabulbar region
Hair Shaft
Cuticle
Cortex
Medulla

Hair - Structure

Hair – Molecular
Keratin
Type 2
Neutral
Type 1
Acidic
About 54 functional
keratin genes
28 type I
26 type II
have been identified to
date.
Microscopy of keratin filaments inside cells

Hair Growth Cycle

Total count Almost 5,000,000
Scalp hair count 80,000–150,000
Hair cycle ratios of scalp hair Anagen: 85–90%
Duration of hair cycle phase
Catagen: 1%
Telogen: 10–15%
Anagen: 2–6 years
Catagen: 2–3 weeks
Telogen: 3 months
Physiologic hair shedding rate
(scalp)
~100–200/day
Hair shaft production rate
(scalp)
~0.35 mm/day, 1 cm/month
Hair shaft diameter and length Vellus: 0.06 mm; 1–2 mm
Hair patterns
Terminal: >0.06 mm; 1–50 cm
Scalp hair
Pubic and axillary hair
Phalangeal hair
Hair shaft pigmentation
Dark hair: predominance of eumelanin
Blond/red hair: predominance of pheomelanin

References
1. Yousef H, Alhajj M, Sharma S. Anatomy, Skin (Integument), Epidermis.
[Updated 2019 Jun 12]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL):
StatPearls Publishing; 2019 Jan-. Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470464/
2. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acne/symptoms-causes/syc-
20368047
3. https://www.aocd.org/page/Hyperpigmentation
4. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/heat-rash-prickly-heat/
5. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wrinkles/diagnosis-
treatment/drc-20354931
6. Martel JL, Badri T. Anatomy, Hair Follicle. [Updated 2019 Jan 30]. In: StatPearls
[Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2019 Jan.
7. https://www.viviscal.com.au/hair-growth-cycle
8. Bilgen Erdoğan (May 3rd 2017). Anatomy and Physiology of Hair, Hair and
Scalp Disorders, Zekayi Kutlubay and Server Serdaroglu, IntechOpen, DOI:
10.5772/67269. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/hair-and-scalp-
disorders/anatomy-and-physiology-of-hair

Thank You

Skin and Hair

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