The document summarizes key aspects of the integumentary system. It defines the integumentary system as the skin and its accessories, which together form an organ that covers the body. The document describes the layers of the epidermis, including the stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum and stratum basale. It also discusses the types of cells found in the dermis and their functions, such as keratinocytes that produce keratin, melanocytes that produce melanin, and macrophages that participate in the immune response.

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2.  The word ‘’INTEGUMENT’’ comes from a LATIN word
that means “to COVER”.
 The integument as an organ and is an alternative name
for skin.
 Skin and its accessories such as-the hair, nails and a
variety of glands, make up the Integumentary system.
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6. . Its layers are made of mostly DEAD CELLS.
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7. There are 5 distinct sub-layers of the Epidermis:
a. Stratum corneum: The outermost layer, made of 25-30 layers of dead flat
keratinocytes. These are continuously shed & replaced.
b. Stratum lucidum: Only found in the fingertips, palms of hands, & soles of
feet. This layer is made up of 3-5 layers of flat dead keratinocytes.
c. Stratum granulosum: Made up of 3-5 layers of keratinocytes, site of
keratin formation.
d. Stratum spinosum: Appears covered in thorn like spikes, provide strength
& flexibility to the skin.
e. Stratum basale: The deepest layer, made up of a single layer of cuboidal
or columnar cells.
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9.  Produce keratin
protein, a fibrous
protein that helps to
protect the epidermis.
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10.  Produces the brown
pigment melanin.
 These cells are located
in the bottom layer of the
skin's epidermis and in
the middle layer of the
eye. Through a process
called melanogenesis,
these cells produce
melanin, a pigment in the
skin, eyes and hair.
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11.  Participate in immune
response.
 Formed in bone
marrow.
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12.  Participates in the sense of
touch.
 Connected to nerve cells
from dermis.
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15. With age, the
hypodermis layer
(subcutaneous
layer) begins to
disappear; this
causes the skin to
sag and wrinkle.
Subcutaneous
Epidermis,
Dermis

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17. Hair
Hair ShaftHair Follicle
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18. The hair has 2 part, namely:
 Hair Follicle :
• The hair follicle is the point from which the hair
grows. It is a tiny cup-shaped pit, buried in the fat of
the scalp.
 Hair Shaft :
• The part of the hair seen above the skin is called the
hair shaft. The hair shaft is made up of dead cells that
have turned into keratin and binding material, together
with small amounts of water. This structure explains
why we do not feel any pain while our hair is being cut.
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23. •Cerumen:Earwax
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25. Psoriasis is a long lasting autoimmune
disease which is characterized by patches of
abnormal skin. These skin patches are
typically red, itchy and scaly.
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26. Epidermodysplasia verruciformis colloquially known as tree man
illness is an extremely rare autosomal recessive genetic hereditary skin
disorder associated with a high risk of carcinoma of the skin. It is
characterized by abnormal susceptibility to human
papillomaviruses (HPVs) of the skin.
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Cyanosis

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29.  A condition in
which the
pigment is lost
from areas of the
skin, causing
whitish patches,
often with no
clear cause.
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31. •Carcinogenesis or oncogenesis or tumorigenesis is the formation of a
cancer, whereby normal cells are transformed into cancer cells.
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