This document provides an introduction to industrial chemistry. It discusses how industrial chemistry involves developing, optimizing, and monitoring fundamental chemical processes used in industry to transform raw materials into useful commercial products. Industrial chemists study the physical and chemical properties of substances to develop new processes and products. Key aspects of the chemical industry include a focus on profit, competitiveness, reliance on science and technology, large capital requirements, and generally growing through integration rather than diversification. The document contrasts the objectives and approaches of laboratory and industrial chemistry. It also discusses evaluating potential reactions based on factors like thermodynamics, economics, technical feasibility, and environmental issues. Finally, it provides an overview of different skin types (normal, dry, oily, combination,

1. Introduction to Industrial
Chemistry
Dr. Ramy Y. Morjan
Faculty of Science
The Islamic University-Gaza
2014

2. Introduction
 What is Industrial Chemistry?
The development, optimization and monitoring
of fundamental chemical processes used in
industry.
It Deals with transforming raw materials and
precursors into useful commercial products for
society

3. Introduction
 Industrial Chemists study and apply the
physical and chemical properties of
substances to determine their composition.
They use this information to develop new
substances, processes and products and to
increase scientific knowledge.

4. Characteristics of the Chemical
Industry
1) Basic objective - make a profit
2) Very competitive
3) Highly dependent on science and technology
4) Spends large amounts of its money on R&D
5) Large capital requirements - to construct,
expand and maintain production facilities
6) Low labor requirements - BUT needs highly
qualified personnel
7) Industry Growth - generally through
integration rather than diversification

5. The Chemical Sector at a Glance
Chemicals and chemical products:
• account for ~10% of total world trade in all
commodities
• are the 2nd largest single item of global trade (road
vehicles being the 1st).
World Chemicals Output (2002): $1.6 Trillion USD
• Europe 31% USA 28% Asia/Pacific 27%
Other*14%.
North American Chemicals Output (2002): $505
Billion USD
• USA 92% ($467 Billion
USD)
• Canada 5% ($23 Billion USD)
• Mexico 3% ($15 Billion USD)

6. Laboratory Chemistry vs.
Industrial Chemistry
There are fundamental differences between the design
of a chemical synthesis for industry and that for a
research laboratory.
Students should be able to
1)explain how industrial synthetic approaches differ
from laboratory synthesis methods.
2) evaluate possible reaction schemes based on
thermodynamic, economic, and other
considerations.

7. .g., formation of ethyl alcohol by hydration
of ethylene
Laboratory Scale
• bubble ethylene into 98% H2SO4
• dilute and warm the reaction mixture to hydrolyze
the resultant sulfate ester

8. Laboratory Objectives
• synthesize the product in the most
convenient manner considering:
1) chemist’s time
2) equipment available (usually must use
glassware)
3) conditions achievable

9. Industrial Scale
A stream of ethylene is mixed with steam at
325°C and 1000 psi and passed over a solid
catalyst consisting of phosphoric acid
Unreacted ethylene is recovered and recycled
to the feed stream.

10. Industrial Objectives
• produce the product at minimum total cost
on a scale that will generate the maximum
economic return.
may use:
1) large range of temperatures and pressures
2) batch process or continuous
operation
3) reactants in vapor phase
or liquid phase

11. 1)Evaluation of the reaction
2) Economic feasibility
3) Technical feasibility
4)Other considerations: environmental issues,
Evaluation of a Reaction (process)

12. Evaluation of a Reaction
The chemist must consider not only the well-known,
obvious approaches, but also unknown or untested
approaches. e.g., the manufacture of ethylamine

13. Economic Feasibility
Estimate the difference between the market value
of the products and the reactants.
First approximation, assume:
1) 100% yield
2) no costs of solvents or catalysts
3) no value for co-products
These assumptions must be reassessed further on
in the development stage.

14. There are two basic questions that a chemist or
chemical engineer must ask concerning a given
chemical reaction:
(1) How far does it go, if it is allowed to proceed to
equilibrium? (Does it go in the direction of interest at
all?)
(2) How fast does it progress?
Technical feasibility

15. Other considerations:
environmental issues

16. Unit operation
In transforming matter from inexpensive raw
materials to highly desired products, chemical
engineers became very familiar with the physical
and chemical operations necessary in this
transformation. Examples of this include:
Filtration,
Drying
distillation,
Crystallization
Grinding,
Sedimentation
Combustion,
Catalysis, heat exchange,
Coating, and so on.

17. Body Care Products

18. About the skin
Human skin is a highly complex, highly
important organ, serving many different
functions within the body and being absolutely
essential for human.
Largest organ of the body
There are about 2 m2 of skin covering the
average human body. (2.7 kilograms).
Nearly 15% of total body weight

19. Controls body temperature
Allows us to have the sense of touch through
nerve endings
Skin can become infected with bacteria,
viruses and fungi
Mends itself when damaged
Covers and protects everything inside the
body
About the skin

20. Layers of Skin
The skin is made up of three layers
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis (Subcutaneous fat)

21. Structure of Skin

22. What skin looks like
Skin layers may look perfectly smooth
State of the very top layer (epidermis)
Amount of pigment in the layers beneath
State of the tissues
Blood vessels in the deeper skin layers

23. Epidermis
The top layer of the skin, The epidermis is the part of
your skin you can see
The epidermis does not contain any blood vessels
but gets its oxygen and nutrients from the deeper
layers of the skin.
Epidermis is hard at work. At the bottom of the epidermis
new skin cells are forming.
When the cells are ready, they start moving toward the
top of your epidermis. This trip takes about 2 weeks to
a month. As newer cells continue to move up, older cells
near the top die and rise to the surface of your skin.
What you see on your hands are really dead skin cells

24. These old cells are tough and strong, just right for covering
your body and protecting it. But they only stick around for
a little while. Soon, they'll flake off. Though you can't see
it happening, every minute of the day we lose about
30,000 to 40,000 dead skin cells off the surface of our skin.
You've probably lost about 40,000 cells. That's almost
4 kilograms of cells every year! But don't think your
skin might wear out someday. Your epidermis is
always
making new skin cells that rise to the top to replace the
old ones. Most of the cells in your epidermis (95%)
work to make new skin cells
The other 5% tissues make a substance called melanin

25. At the bottom of the epidermis is a very thin membrane
, called the basement membrane.
Function of the basement membrane
1)Attaches the epidermis firmly, though not rigidly, to the
layer below (dermis layer)
2) The second function of the basement membrane is
that of a protective barrier against foreign objects

26. Dermis
The second
layer of the skin
is called Dermis
Dermis contains
blood vessels,
nerves, hair roots
and sweat
glands.
Connective tissue Binds structure of skin
Elastic fibres Makes the skin flexible
Capillaries Tiny blood vessels
Muscle fibres Move the hairs
Sensory cells Touch, pressure, heat,
cold, pain
Nerve fibres Activate muscles and
glands, send messages
to brain
Sweat gland Goes up to the surface
Hair follicles Hair grows through to
the epidermis
Sebaceous gland Produce oil to keep skin
waterproof

27. Dermis
This part of the skin is sandwiched on top of the
Hypodermis (subcutaneous fat) and the epidermis
Dermis is a vitally important area of the skin since it is
here where the fibroblast cells form the network of fibers
of the skin. it is also referred to as the connective tissue.
The connective tissue is mainly made-up of Collagen and
to a far lesser degree Elastin.
C and E are complex proteins responsible for the support
and elasticity of the skin and enables the skin to
regain its shape after being pulled, stretched or pushed.

28. Dermis is fed by blood circulating through tiny arteries,
veins and capillaries to bring nutrition and oxygen to the
Cells whilst removing waste products.
The dermis also contains the sensitive nerve endings,
sweat glands, hair follicles and sebaceous glands (oil
glands
The connective tissue of the dermis is made up of Collagen
and Elastin fibers immersed in glycosaminoglycans.

29. What is collagen?
Collagen is a protein and is found in all body parts,
including the largest organ of the body - the skin.
Collagen accounts for up to 75% of the weight of the
dermis, and is responsible for the resilience and
elasticity of the skin
It is made up of three strands of repeating amino
acids coils coiling into the unique collagen triple helix.

30. The collagen and elastin are responsible for the
strength and elasticity of the skin – and degradation of
the collagen leads to aging and accompanying
wrinkles
Collagen has an amino acid composition, which
differentiates it from other natural proteins.
It contains around 25% glycine, 10% alanine, 12%
proline and 10% hydroxyproline, which is the amino
acids that characterizes collagen

31. What damages collagen ?
1) Sun exposure: free radicals (normal body
functions (oxidation). & Tempreature
2) Inflammation
3) fat filled diet
4)Smoking: kills off ascorbic acid molecule
5)Pollution and toxins in your environment
Vitamin A, Vitamin E , Green Tea , Centella
Hyaluronic Acid , Aldenine®
, Antarcticine®
Serilesine®

32. This is the deepest layer of the skin and is manufactured
by specialist cells.
It is composed mainly of fat (adipose tissue).
The thickness of this layer varies from person to person
and also from one body area to the next.
The hypodermis in women is thicker than in men, which
helps to form the rounded curves in women.
Hypodermis (subcutaneous fat)

33. This layer acts as insulation and protects the internal
organs from temperature variations.
acts as an energy reserve from which the body can draw
as required.
Function of Hypodermis
The sebaceous glands
These glands produce oil, or sebum, which is a mixture
of waxes and fats. The glands empty through minute tubes
called ducts. Sebaceous glands occur in the skin of every
part of the body except on the palms and soles.

34. 1. Normal Skin
2. Dry Skin
3. Oily Skin
4. Combination Skin
5. Sensitive Skin
Skin Types

35. 1. Normal Skin
In skin that belongs to a normal type, the tissue will not
reveal any traces of oil.
feels neither tight nor greasy
Normal skin should feel vibrant, elastic, and supple.
It looks clean and smooth and has a good circulation and
healthy complexion
with a minimum care, it will look good well into your
advanced age.
Normal skin is the least problematic type.

36. Feels tight and irritable
often looks flaky
often develops fine lines around the eyes
Tightens after washing with soaps or detergents
or prolonged exposure to low humidity
Can easily develop a sallow tone, wrinkles, and fine pores,
and it is very prone to aging and irritating.
It might still great on a young person, but, to keep it health,
you should apply thorough care and use regular skin
natural masks and moisturizers.
2. Dry Skin

37. 3. Oily Skin (seborrhoeic skin)
Oily skin is problematic – it usually looks greasy, thick,
coarse, and shiny, has enlarged pores, and tends to break
into acne.
Oily skin is not prone much to aging and wrinkling
This type of skin is particularly common in adolescents
and young adults.
At this age there is in both sexes a dramatic increase in
sebum production under the influence of sex hormones
The epidermis tends to thicken, due to increased keratin
production, and the pores dilate. As a result the skin
feels rough and irregular.

38. Has patches of both dry and oily skin.
Traces of oil coming from nose and forehead, but will be
clean in the areas that touched cheeks.
Response to many external stimuli by becoming red and
blotchy .
Feel very tight after washing, be prone to developing dry
flaky patches
4. Combination Skin

39. Usually very dry, tends to feel tight, and becomes
inflamed and irritated easily.
5. Sensitive Skin
Develops reddish and scaly areas, can be itchy,
and is prone to breaking into spots.
It is the most problematic and fragile type of skin,
which needs a very special type of care.