skeleton of human body, skeletal system of human body, skeleton anatomy, introduction to skeleton, axial skeleton, cranium, cranial bone mnemonic for cranial bone, bone of skeleton system, 206 bones by dr shahid alam, dr shahid, shahid alam, alam

1. Axial Skeleton
Skeletal System
Appendicular
Skeleton
Dr Shahid Alam PT
DPT (KMU),
MSPT-Neuro (KMU)
Pharm-B (PCP)
shahidalamawan@gmail.com

2. Skeletal System
o The bones of the skeleton form an internal framework to
support soft tissues, protect vital organs, bear the body’s
weight, and help us move.
o Typically, there are 206 bones in an adult skeleton,
o A larger number of bones are present at birth, but the
total number decreases with growth and maturity as
some separate bones fuse.

3. Skeletal System
▪ The axial skeleton is composed of the bones
along the central axis of the body,
▪ the skull
▪ the vertebral column
▪ the thoracic cage
▪ The appendicular skeleton consists of the
bones of the appendages
▪ upper and lower limbs
▪ the bones that hold the limbs to the trunk of the
body.

6. An Introduction to the Axial Skeleton
▪ Structures of Bones
▪ Articulations
▪ Contacts with other bones
▪ Landmarks (Bone Markings; Marks)
▪ Areas of muscle and ligament attachment
▪ Foramina
▪ Openings for nerves and blood vessels

7. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Skull
Sinuses
Cavities that decrease the weight of the skull
Lined with mucous membranes
Protect the entrances of the respiratory system
Suture
The line formed by the junction of two bones or an immovable
joint between two bones, especially of the skull.

8. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Axial Skeleton
▪ The axial skeleton
▪ Forms the longitudinal axis of the body
▪ Has 80 bones
▪ The skull:
– 8 cranial bones
– 14 facial bones
▪ Bones associated with the skull:
– 6 auditory ossicles
– the hyoid bone

9. The Axial Skeleton
▪ The axial skeleton
▪ The vertebral column
▪ 24 vertebrae (singular = vertebra)
▪ The sacrum
▪ The coccyx
▪ The thoracic cage
▪ 24 ribs
▪ The sternum

10. The Axial Skeleton
Figure 7–1 The Axial Skeleton.

11. The Axial Skeleton
Figure 7–1 The Axial Skeleton.

12. The Axial Skeleton
▪ Functions of the Axial Skeleton
▪ Supports and protects organs in body cavities
▪ Attaches to muscles of
▪ Head, neck, and trunk
▪ Respiration
▪ Appendicular skeleton

13. The Skull
▪ The skull protects
▪ The brain
▪ Entrances to respiratory system
▪ Entrance to digestive system
▪ The skull contains 22 bones
▪ 8 cranial bones:
▪ Form the braincase or cranium
▪ 14 facial bones:
▪ Protect and support entrances to digestive and respiratory
tracts

14. The Skull
Figure 7–2 Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull.

15. The Skull
▪ Cranial Bones
▪ Enclose the cranial cavity
▪ Which contains the brain
▪ And its fluids, blood vessels, nerves, and membranes
▪ Facial Bones
▪ Superficial facial bones
▪ For muscle attachment
▪ Deep facial bones
▪ Separate the oral and nasal cavities
▪ Form the nasal septum

16. The Skull
Figure 7–3a The Adult Skull.

17. The Skull
Figure 7–3b The Adult Skull.

18. The Skull
Figure 7–3c The Adult Skull.

19. The Skull
Figure 7–3d The Adult Skull.

20. The Skull
Figure 7–3e The Adult Skull.

21. The Skull
Figure 7–4a The Sectional Anatomy of the Skull.

22. The Skull
Figure 7–4b The Sectional Anatomy of the Skull.

23. The Cranial Bones of the Skull
▪ The Cranial Bones
▪ Occipital bone
▪ Parietal bones
▪ Frontal bone
▪ Temporal bones
▪ Sphenoid
▪ Ethmoid

24. The Cranial Bones of the Skull
▪ The Occipital Bone
▪ Functions of the occipital bone
▪ Forms the posterior and inferior surfaces of the cranium
▪ Articulations of the occipital bone
▪ Parietal bones
▪ Temporal bones
▪ Sphenoid
▪ First cervical vertebra (atlas)

25. The Cranial Bones of the Skull
▪ The Occipital Bone
▪ Marks of the occipital bone
▪ Occipital condyles: articulate with neck
▪ Foramina of the occipital bone
▪ Foramen magnum: allows the passage of the vertebral
arteries, the anterior and posterior spinal arteries and the
Dural veins.

26. The Cranial Bones of the Skull
Figure 7–5a The Occipital and Parietal Bones.
Occipital
condyles
Foramen
Magnum

27. The Cranial Bones of the Skull
▪ The Parietal Bones
▪ Functions of the parietal bones
▪ Forms part of the superior and lateral surfaces of
the cranium
▪ Articulations of the parietal bones
▪ Other parietal bone
▪ Occipital bone
▪ Temporal bone
▪ Frontal bone
▪ Sphenoid

28. The Cranial Bones of the Skull
▪ The Frontal bone
▪ Functions of the frontal bone
▪ Forms the anterior cranium and upper eye sockets
▪ Contains frontal sinuses
▪ Articulations of the frontal Bone
▪ Parietal bone
▪ Maxilla
▪ Ethmoid
▪ Lacrimal bone
▪ Zygomatic bone
▪ Sphenoid
▪ Nasal bone

29. The Cranial Bones of the Skull
▪ The Temporal Bones
▪ Functions of the temporal bones
▪ Part of lateral walls of cranium and zygomatic arches
▪ Articulate with mandible
▪ Surround and protect inner ear
▪ Attach muscles of jaws and head
▪ Articulations of the temporal bones
▪ Zygomatic bone
▪ Sphenoid
▪ Parietal bone
▪ Occipital bone
▪ Mandible

30. The Cranial Bones of the Skull
▪ Marks of the Temporal Bones
▪ Zygomatic process
▪ Articulates with temporal process of zygomatic bone
▪ Forms zygomatic arch (cheekbone)
▪ Mastoid process
▪ For muscle attachment
▪ Contains mastoid air cells connected to middle ear

31. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Cranial Bones of the Skull
▪ Marks of the Temporal Bones
▪ Styloid process
▪ To attach tendons and ligaments of the hyoid, tongue, and
pharynx
▪ Petrous part
▪ Encloses structures of the inner ear
▪ Auditory ossicles
▪ Three tiny bones in tympanic cavity (middle ear)
▪ Transfer sound from tympanic membrane (eardrum) to inner
ear

32. The Cranial Bones of the Skull
Figure 7–7a The Temporal Bones.

33. The Cranial Bones of the Skull
Figure 7–7c The Temporal Bones.

34. The Cranial Bones of the Skull
▪ The Sphenoid
▪ Functions of the Sphenoid
▪ Part of the floor of the cranium
▪ Unites cranial and facial bones
▪ Strengthens sides of the skull
▪ Contains sphenoidal sinuses

35. The Cranial Bones of the Skull
▪ Articulations of the Sphenoid
▪ Ethmoid
▪ Frontal bone
▪ Occipital bone
▪ Parietal bone
▪ Temporal bone
▪ Palatine bones
▪ Zygomatic bones
▪ Maxillae
▪ Vomer

36. The Cranial Bones of the Skull
Figure 7–8a The Sphenoid.

37. The Cranial Bones of the Skull
Figure 7–8b The Sphenoid.

38. The Cranial Bones of the Skull
▪ The Ethmoid
▪ Functions of the ethmoid
▪ Forms anteromedial floor of the cranium
▪ Roof of the nasal cavity
▪ Part of the nasal septum and medial orbital wall
▪ Contains ethmoidal air cells (network of sinuses)

39. The Cranial Bones of the Skull
▪ Articulations of the Ethmoid
▪ Frontal bone
▪ Sphenoid
▪ Nasal bone
▪ Lacrimal bone
▪ Palatine bone
▪ Maxillary bones
▪ Inferior nasal conchae
▪ Vomer

40. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

41. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

42. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Foramina and Fissures of the Skull

43. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Foramina and Fissures of the Skull

44. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Foramina and Fissures of the Skull

45. THANK YOU
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings