Problem tree analysis is a tool that helps illustrate the relationships between complex issues by organizing them hierarchically. It is used to link various factors that may contribute to an institutional problem, identify the underlying root causes of an issue, and distinguish between effects and their deeper causes. The process involves selecting a focal problem, then developing a tree structure with the direct and substantial causes branching down from the problem, and effects branching above. This helps guide advisers to prioritize addressing the critical underlying issues.
An overview of how to undertake a problem tree analysis as part of the formative evaluation of a project's design. This is taken from the Evaluation Toolbox www.evaluationtoolbox.net.au
An overview of how to undertake a problem tree analysis as part of the formative evaluation of a project's design. This is taken from the Evaluation Toolbox www.evaluationtoolbox.net.au
This slideshare describes the Theory of Change approach to program planning and design. The Theory of Change approach focuses on the assumptions that underlie social innovations and compels the kind of focus on evaluation that can help social programs improve. Unlike logic models, which are often nothing more than lists of a activities and outcomes, Theories of Change allow for a focus on the links between activities and outcomes. In our view this makes the Theory of Change approach superior.
Presentation Training on Result Based Management (RBM) for M&E StaffFida Karim 🇵🇰
Planning, Monitoring, Evaluation & Reporting together for developmental results: Results-based Management-RBM (RBM)?
Logical Framework Approach (LFA)
Planning for results
Monitoring for results
Evaluating for results
Enhancing the use of knowledge from monitoring and evaluation
Policy, procedure, types of policy, characteristics of policy & policy an...Ali jili'ow
There has been a widespread confusion among students regarding the meaning of policy and procedure and the difference between these terms, some people talk about policy, meaning of a policy and procedures manual, Others talk about policy meaning the implicit framework that guides our day to day actions on the job while still Others emphasize that policy is made by boards within an organization.
However, this paper highlight very briefly what is a policy meaning and definition of policies, types of policy stages of policy cycle, elements of policy¸ criteria for good policy, policy analysis approaches, forms of policy analysis approaches, differences between policies and procedures, characteristics of policy and stages of policy process, the paper arranged as Q/A format.
This slideshare describes the Theory of Change approach to program planning and design. The Theory of Change approach focuses on the assumptions that underlie social innovations and compels the kind of focus on evaluation that can help social programs improve. Unlike logic models, which are often nothing more than lists of a activities and outcomes, Theories of Change allow for a focus on the links between activities and outcomes. In our view this makes the Theory of Change approach superior.
Presentation Training on Result Based Management (RBM) for M&E StaffFida Karim 🇵🇰
Planning, Monitoring, Evaluation & Reporting together for developmental results: Results-based Management-RBM (RBM)?
Logical Framework Approach (LFA)
Planning for results
Monitoring for results
Evaluating for results
Enhancing the use of knowledge from monitoring and evaluation
Policy, procedure, types of policy, characteristics of policy & policy an...Ali jili'ow
There has been a widespread confusion among students regarding the meaning of policy and procedure and the difference between these terms, some people talk about policy, meaning of a policy and procedures manual, Others talk about policy meaning the implicit framework that guides our day to day actions on the job while still Others emphasize that policy is made by boards within an organization.
However, this paper highlight very briefly what is a policy meaning and definition of policies, types of policy stages of policy cycle, elements of policy¸ criteria for good policy, policy analysis approaches, forms of policy analysis approaches, differences between policies and procedures, characteristics of policy and stages of policy process, the paper arranged as Q/A format.
This is the first work on the training to prepare a Logical Framework of a Project for the Project Cycle Management Class at the HUFS. Therefore, I highly recommend readers to add their own modification .
The NCS delivers carbon accounting and carbon management courses both online and through face to face workshops. The NCS developed Australia's first accredited short course in carbon accounting, and Australia's first Diploma of Carbon Management
COM 600 Final Project Guidelines and Rubric Overview LynellBull52
COM 600 Final Project Guidelines and Rubric
Overview
The final project for this course is the creation of a leadership communication analysis and leadership communication plan.
Can we learn from the past to prepare for the future? It is a common refrain in the business world. However, nowhere are the lessons of the past more helpful
than in the field of corporate communications. All of us have seen, at one time or another, a company failing to get out the proper message. Whether it is about a
product recall or an unforeseen corporate crisis, companies can be slow to react and their reactions are not always the most appropriate for the situation at
hand.
Being an effective leader is more than just making an impressive speech. The most important aspect of communication is not speaking, but listening. To be an
effective speaker, you have to know that your message is being received and is being received in the manner that is expected. This paradox is what leads to most
communications problems in the corporate world. In this course, you will explore examples of leadership communications and learn not only how they do or do
not effectively reach their audiences, but the impact leadership communications can have on an organization. This experience will expose you to appropriate
ways of communicating as a leader and proper strategies and approaches to leadership.
For the summative assessment in this course, you will review an example of a leadership communication, discern how the plan could be improved in reaching
internal and external audiences, and determine its impact on the organization responsible for the communication. Then you will develop a leadership
communication plan designed to inform future leadership communications of the organization. This summative assessment will prepare you to create future
leadership communications and take advantage of future leadership opportunities.
The project is divided into three milestones, which will be submitted at various points throughout the course to scaffold learning and ensure quality final
submissions. These milestones will be submitted in Modules Two, Four, and Six. The final product will be submitted in Module Nine.
In this assignment, you will demonstrate your mastery of the following course outcomes:
Evaluate the effectiveness of leadership communications of an organization for both internal and external audiences
Analyze the challenges and opportunities in creating a positive organizational culture for how they impact organizational growth
Develop strategies for developing future leadership communications directed to both internal and external audiences that are supported by systems
theory and best practices
Develop ethical frameworks for leadership for organizational decision-making regarding the development of leadership communications
Recommend improvements to leadership communications for guiding management on effectively delivering c ...
CHAPTER SIXNeeds Assessment A Lighthouse BeaconCatherine M. .docxmccormicknadine86
CHAPTER SIX
Needs Assessment: A Lighthouse Beacon*
Catherine M. Sleezer
Darlene Russ-Eft
Those who captain ships at sea rely on a lighthouse beacon to mark a safe path to the journey’s end. The bright, flashing light mounted on a tall tower that is visible over the horizon also reveals underwater areas that are too risky, too shallow, or too dangerous for safe passage. The lighthouse beacon for human learning, training, and performance improvement initiatives—whether labeled as needs analysis, needs assessment, or some other term—is a type of evaluation that lights the path for completing an initiative and reveals places that are too risky, dangerous, or shallow for safe passage. Such analysis takes more time and planning than simply moving forward to implement solutions; it does, however, avoid costly mistakes and greatly increases the likelihood of an initiative’s success.
Indeed, evaluation expertise applied at the beginning of a project to assess needs (predictive analysis) may provide a higher return on investment than the evaluation expertise that is applied after a project is completed (summative evaluation) (Bahlis, 2008; Sleezer, 1990). Such analysis can link learning and performance improvement expertise to an organization’s strategic needs, its mission and goals, and the perceived issues. For a useful visual of this linkage, see the Pershing Performance Analysis Model (Haig & Addison, 2008).
In this chapter, we set the stage by first defining the term needs assessment and describing some needs assessment models and approaches. Then we discuss evaluation standards and principles that are especially important when planning, implementing, or evaluating a needs assessment, and we show how the standards and principles can be applied.
WHAT IS NEEDS ASSESSMENT?
Needs assessment is a diagnostic process for determining the important learning and performance needs in the situation and how to best address them. A “need” is the gap between the current condition and the desired condition. The indicators that a needs assessment should be implemented include dissatisfaction and growing concerns with a current learning, training, or performance situation; a sense that there are gaps in accomplishments, processes, or capacity; and the willingness to expend resources to improve the situation. Sometimes, a needs assessment targets a subset of gaps (for example, critical incident analysis, audience analysis, technology analysis, situational analysis, media analysis, and cost analysis).
Needs assessments are implemented in situations that are dynamic, where some information is unknown and where key players may disagree about the information that is known. Moreover, a needs assessment either supports or challenges the current power structure. In such situations, sound evaluation practices keep a needs assessment grounded and assure the integrity of the process and results.
Implementing a needs assessment involves data collection and analysis and collabo ...
Haley DiscussionI previously worked within a private UniversityJeanmarieColbert3
Haley Discussion:
I previously worked within a private University system that holds several locations throughout the country. The school holds a reputation of social progress via education; additionally, its mission is closely aligned with environmental justice. While the specializations vary by campus, the most highly enrolled programs were those pertaining to ecology, sustainability, and environmental studies. The University’s mission is to, “provide learner-centered education to empower students with the knowledge and skills to lead meaningful lives and to advance social, economic, and environmental justice.” Unfortunately, like many institutions of higher education, the University was struggling to remain financially solvent. Over a 10 year period, the school’s flagship location in the Midwest, which almost exclusively offered masters-level programs in education, saw nearly a 70% enrollment decline after their state changed requirements for educators within their state.
In an attempt to expand on program offers and ultimately increase enrollment, the University was researching industries expected to see growth, and program offerings that would create pathways to those industries. After months of research, the president of the University held a town hall to share out the task force’s findings, as well as next-steps in imagining new programs. Of primary interest to the taskforce was the prospect of creating a commercial trucking school, wherein truckers could earn commercial licenses, credentials, and college credits. Upon hearing the news, staff and faculty were irate; they were disgusted that administrators would even consider such an option, when freight shipping and trucking have sizable negative impacts on the environment. Many argued that creating commercial trucking programs would be in direct opposition to the institutional mission, vision, and values.
In comparing this communication to Vaughn’s article, it seems as though University leadership demonstrated ineffective communication processes and stakeholders had lacking trust. While the institution was financially struggling, many saw this plan as a prioritization of money over educational imperatives. As shared by Vaughn, “It’s always best policy to start with the truth and then you don’t have to worry about covering a lie.” (2012, p. 5). While the executive team didn’t outright lie to stakeholders, many saw the initiative as being disingenuous to institutional values. The communication was overall ineffective because leadership failed to consider stakeholder opinions and weren’t successful in drafting a plan that aligned with the institutional mission. Because the communication approach was top-down, it failed to consider or integrate the opinions of staff or faculty. Had executive leadership have invited the perspectives of stakeholders earlier in the process, they may have saved time and the emotional energy of employees.
I ended up leaving the institution shortly after th ...
Example of use of theory in assignments.pdfExample of use .docxcravennichole326
Example of use of theory in assignments.pdf
Example of use of theory in assignments
The value expectancy theory (Waddell, Cummings, &
Worley, 2011) suggests that Woolworths use visibility of
rewards to motivate staff by announcing best performing
staff in the monthly newsletter and presenting awards at
regular staff meetings. This seems to work well as staff all say
the awards are something they look forward to and they are
very proud when they receive an award.
Comment [u1]: Reference to theory
Comment [u2]: Application of the
theory
Comment [u3]: Analysis/discussion
Executive Summaries Guide.pdf
Page 1
Examples of Executive Summaries – Good and Bad
The following two examples are from UniLearning. The UniLearning website was
developed through a National Teaching Development Grant provided by the
Committee for University Teaching and Staff Development
http://unilearning.uow.edu.au/report/4bi1.html
This is a GOOD example of an executive summary from a marketing report:
This report was commissioned to examine why the sales volume of
Choice Chocolate has dropped over the past two years since its peak
in 1998 and to recommend ways of increasing the volume.
The research draws attention to the fact that in 1998, the market share
of Choice Chocolate was 37%. The shares of their key competitors
such as Venus and Bradbury were 22% and 18% respectively. The
size of the chocolate market then was $36 million. Over the next two
years, although Choice Chocolate retained its market share the volume
of sales in the whole market decreased to $29 million. Further
investigations reveal that this market shrinkage coincided with an
increase in health awareness amongst consumers who regard the milk
and sugar ingredients in chocolate as negative; moreover, since the
second half of 1999, an increasing number of rival ‘health candies’
had appeared on the market. These claimed to offer the consumers a
healthy alternative. These factors appear to be the major causes of the
decreased sales volume of Choice Chocolate.
Slim Choice is the latest chocolate range put forward by the R & D
Department of Choice Chocolate. The report evaluates this range and
concludes that it would be an ideal candidate to meet the challenge
presented by the market and could satisfy the new consumer demand
since it uses significantly reduced milk and sugar ingredients and is
endorsed by renowned health experts. According to 97% of the 2000
subjects tested recently, it also retains the same flavour as the original
range.
It is recommended:
that Choice Chocolate take immediate measures to launch and
promote Slim Choice alongside its existing product range;
that Slim Choice adopt a fresh and healthy image;
that part of the launch campaign contains product endorsement
statements by renowned health experts;
that Slim Choice be available in health food shops as well as in
traditional c.
Stream Analysis in Organizational Development.pptxAnonymousFQTgjf
This is invented by Prof. Jerry I. Porras of the Stanford Graduate School of Business. A new technique for managing the process of change in the organization from diagnosis to follow-up.
Methodological approach used to study and improve various processes within an organization
Involves the examination and evaluation of various processes, systems, and workflows within an organization to identify problems, inefficiencies, bottlenecks, and areas for improvement
Rooted on systems theory, organizations consist of sub-systems that are interconnected
Systems theory and social cognitive theory provide the conceptual foundation for stream analysis
Sequences of events or activities that take place in an organization, graphically represented as columns
Includes processes, communication flows, decision making procedures, and other inter-connected activities
Aims to understand how these streams operate and interact with each other, and how they contribute to the organization’s overall performance
Form a Change Management Team (CMT)
- A cross-sectional group of organization members to guide and monitor the change process
Collect Data
- to understand how each stream functions
- thru interviews with employees, questionnaires/surveys, direct observation, or analyzing existing data/company records (e.g. grievances, exit surveys, minutes of meetings, notice of decision, etc
3. Categorizing Problems (into Streams)
Streams denote issues or actions flowing over time
Shared understanding is a MUST among CMT
Problems are placed into columns called Streams
Identify Interconnectivity
Creating flowcharts or diagrams to visually identify relationships to identified streams
Analyzing the Problem chart
Identify Symptoms (problems caused by deeper problems)
Examining each stream’s efficiency, bottlenecks, duplication of efforts, and other issues
Formatting a plan of action
- involves reorganizing tasks/priorities, reallocating resources, implementing new technologies, organizational restructuring, changes in communication/collaboration methods, or workflow redesign
- Action plans are laid out similar to diagnostic chart but with time dimension
- some change instructions may affect more than one organization stream
- time bound but not too distant into the future
- laying out the action side by side provides rationale
Tracking the intervention process
- Continuous monitoring and evaluation are essential to gauge effectiveness
- Feedback from employees and stakeholders helps to identify further adjustments if necessary
Importance Of A Collaborative Approach To Mistake Analysis In 2024 | Future E...Future Education Magazine
A collaborative approach to mistake analysis involves multiple individuals or stakeholders working together to analyze and understand errors or mistakes. This approach can take various forms, including brainstorming sessions, group discussions, cross-functional teams, or interdisciplinary collaboration.
DiscussionEach week, youll have to post on at least three separat.docxemersonpearline
Discussion
Each week, you'll have to post on at least three separate days to the Discussion. Each post should be of a high quality. Your first post should be by Wednesday.
Be sure to select the Discussion page to the left and respond to the following question:
(2c) Now that you have completed your reading, consider your understanding of transformational change. Discuss what you have learned with your classmates. Respond to all of the following prompts:
Evaluate under what conditions transformational change would be necessary.
How would an OD practitioner attempt to change an organization’s culture?
Evaluate how integrated strategic change differs from traditional strategic planning and traditional planned organization change.
Course Project
Milestone Four
(2b) For your course project work this week, consider what you have learned throughout the course about organizational development and change. Use that knowledge to complete Milestone Four, the final milestone of your course project.
Final consolidated paper (all sections), including summary/conclusions
Make sure to include any corrections or feedback your instructor has given you on previous components of the course project.
The final paper should be no fewer than 8-10 page(s) in length.
No fewer than three to five peer-reviewed journal articles are required. Reference all sources using APA format. For guidance using APA format, please contact your instructor.
Week-1
MAN 5285
Development and Change
Description of the organization
Multiplex organization is one organization I would like to be employed in, especially in the future. Specific reasons contributeto my desire of working in such an organization. Multiplex organization deals with the recruitment of persons into different sectors of the market. The main aim is to link job seekers with employment opportunities, for the sake of improvement of basic standards of living and life in general. This is a unique venture, considering that the organization makes maximum profits and that at the same time, gives back to the community. Multiplex organization has branches in more than 20 countries, with more than 2000 employees in different branches. The concern and embracement of maximum corporate social responsibility is what has led to its formation and development.
To a large extent, the company benefits the community, through provision of job opportunities to the members and the surrounding environment as well. Multiplex organization values its employees, and also, gives credit to the recommended workers in different institutions. Recruitments and evaluations are however, first performed by the agency for quality verification purposes.
This shows how much good public image is desired by the organization (Jane, 2013).
Effectiveness in management and personnel interactions is highly emphasized on, for the purpose of profitability and competitive advantage. One major problem is experienced at multiplex, which should .
1MemorandumValery Salazar Keiser University .docxdurantheseldine
1
Memorandum
Valery Salazar
Keiser University
Data Analysis for Accounting
Dr. Wendy Achiilles
November 11, 2022
Memorandum
From: Valery Salazar
To: Manager
Date: November 11, 2022
Comprehensive Risk Assessment and Mitigation
Risks that are there for a University Bookstore in sourcing books for their students include the challenge of miscommunication among the stakeholders. There are professors, tutors, and students that know about the books that are needed to facilitate learning, and the key details of concern include the book title, ISBN, publisher, and copyright date. The risks occur when the books ordered are different from the required books based on title and publisher, and this becomes a disadvantage to the institution and the learner because some information will be missing. The reason why the books undergo regular updates and publishing is critical for adding the missing information and limitation in previous versions making it better for the students to learn. There is a huge gap in the education sector where student feedback is given limited consideration making it challenging to curb the problem of having the wrong books in the store. There is a huge challenge in the process of communicating about the right books that are needed since there is an updated version annually, and the school store manager has to understand this (Landoll, 2021). I found out that the problem is experienced in the ordering system where there needs to be a gap in terms of communicating the right information that facilitates knowing the right costs, sale price, accurate taxes, and the type of the book. The manager is responsible for ensuring that the bookstore is subjected to an annual update that ensures the students' needs are addressed accordingly. The stakeholders are not involved as needed since the student understands what they are learning and the gaps that are there. The educators and professors are responsible for developing lesson plans and understanding the best book versions. Sourcing the information from different departments is challenging because there is limited understanding of what is needed since the process is not harmonized. The mitigation strategies towards the risks of having wrong books in the University store include adopting the classification analysis that plays the role of finding and assigning categories reducing errors and mistakes. Classification analysis makes it possible that when the bookshop has issues makes, it is possible that can trace where the problem originated by looking into the sales order ID, the date entered and approved, and the amount spent on the local sales order. There is a need to strengthen systems of book orders and the information is extracted, making it possible that the manager can adapt the predictive analytics software that helps in the prediction of future risks and opportunities. The stakeholder involvement is another intervention that would work well in reducing the possible risks.
1. Problem Tree Analysis1
What is it?
Problem tree analysis helps to illustrate the linkages between a set of complex issues or
relationships by fitting them into a hierarchy of related factors. It is used for:
Link together the various issues or factors which may contribute to an institutional
problem
Help to identify the underlying or root causes of an institutional problem
The major assumption underlying the problem tree is the hierarchical relationship between
cause and effect.
How do I use it?
1. Identify the major existing problem/issues based on available information (e.g. by
brainstorming)
2. Select one focal problem for the analysis e.g. poor communications to staff
3. Develop the problem tree beginning with the substantial and direct causes of the focal
problem e.g. hierarchical and autocratic management culture
The following figure illustrates the process:
Developing the Problem Tree
Effects
Causes
FOCAL PROBLEM
1 Promoting Institutional&Organisational Development. A Source Book of Tools and Techniques. DFID. March 2003
2. This process can help to distinguish the underlying or root of an institutional problem from
their effects and guide advisers towards the critical issues that need to be tackled in
institutional development. For example, poor budgetary processes or late arrival of funds in
a Ministry may be effects of poor or non-existent Public Expenditure Management process
or poorly articulated priorities –or no money.
PROBLEM ANALYSIS: Bus Example
Effects
Core Problem
Causes
OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS: Bus Example
Effects
Core Problem
Causes
Passengers hurt or
killed
Loss of confidence
in bus company
People are late
Frequent Bus Accidents
Drivers not careful
enough
Bad conditions of
vehicles
Bad road conditions
Vehicles too old No ongoing
maintenance
Frequent Bus Accidents
Greatly Reduced
Drivers drive carefully
and responsibly
Vehicles kept in good
conditions
Road conditions
improved
Old vehicles are
regularly replaced
Vehicles regularly
maintained and
checked
Fewer passengers hurt Customers have better
image of bus company
Passengers arrive on
time
