Site Setting Out presentation slide .PPTX

Setting out of Engineering works
Faculty of Civil Engineering FUT
Minna
CIE321

YOUR SITE
28th June 2024 Site Setting-out 2

Or This

What Will We learn?
• Understand the aims of setting out for buildings;
• Know the different types of plans that may be used in the
setting out process;
• Learn the good working practices that have been established;
• Understand the procedures required to ensure that the
horizontal and vertical control requirements of setting out
operations can be met;
• Apply horizontal and vertical control techniques to second-
stage setting out operations;
• Appreciate the application of laser instruments in surveying
and setting out.

Construction Site
• The site should be cleared, leveled and the building platform
level should be recorded in a “Plan / Drawing” and should get
the approval of the Resident Engineer before any site setting
is done.
• The co-ordinates of the nearest bench mark should be
available or obtained from the District Surveying
Department. Datum point is to be established to ensure
existing and proposed construction works can be linked by
survey equipment.
• In rural areas the center- line of the nearest roads (on two
sides) could be used as points to set the position of a Base
Line or the outer footprint of the building. However, the
Architect or the Designer would determine these points in
consultation with Client and Land Surveyor.

Setting Out
Definition [ISO]
• Setting out is
• the establishment of the marks and lines to
define the position
• and level of the elements for the construction
work
• so that works may proceed with reference to
them.

Setting Out Simple Building Layout 1
OBJECTIVES
• To layout the proposed structure according to
prepared plans;
• To mark the controlling points of the structure in the
manner that is most useful to the construction team.
• This marking is to establish horizontal and vertical control.
• The marking comprises of indicating the corners of the
building and other horizontal and vertical positions by means
of stakes, batter boards or profile boards (or berms) with
string lines, cut-and-fill notations, and other conventional
methods.
• .

Setting Out Simple Building Layout 2
• Thus, Setting Out is positioning the base of the
intended construction facility on ground, in relation
to the other facilities in the construction area.
• Setting out should be done with surveying
equipment which fall within valid calibration period.
• Setting out is an ongoing process; Cross-checks to
already constructed work should be carried out
regularly.

Equipment for Setting-out Operation
For construction Setting-out works the following equipment are likely
to be used:
• Tapes [Class I or Class II]
• Compass
• Pegs
• String lines
• Line marking equipment
• Lump or marsh hammer
• Ranging poles or ranging
rods
• Plumb bobs
• Leveling equipment
• Dumpy levels, staves and tri-
pods
• Theodolite
• Total Station [Electronic
Distance Measurement (EDM)]
• Spirit levels,
• Water levels,
• PPE –Personal Protective
Equipment (e.g. Coloured vest,
safety boots, sun hat, sun
screen lotion etc.)

Range Poles & Tapes used for Land Surveying

Spirit Levels

Autofocus Level

THEODOLITE

Total Station

Some Terminology
Building Line
• A line determined by the Local Authority in front of your site
and facing the main road. All new development in the site
should be beyond this line.
This line determines the extent of land in which the
public road and drains are planned by the Local Authority.
Base- Line
• A temporary line where the coordinates of endpoints are established.
Other settings can be referred to this line.
Temporary Bench-mark or Datum Line.
• This is a fixed point on site to which all levels are related. This TBM
should be established at early stages of the construction.
• Where possible the TBM should relate to an ordnance bench
mark.

Modern Surveying Equipment
7/27/2024 Site Setting-out 17

Establishing Datum

Datum
Could be our own Datum - Assumed Datum
- Arbitrary Datum
- Site Datum
Or
A National Datum
In the Malaysia they have a national organisation known as
Jabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan Malaysia (JUPEM)
- Ordnance Datum
A D
O D
Based on the Ordnance Datum - points of known height above
or below Zero height have been established around the Malaysia
These points around the country are known as Bench Marks
Above Assumed Datum A A D
Above Ordnance Datum A O D

O.S. Bench Marks (OBM)
Arrow or Crowsfoot
mark
Reduced Level
Section through
wall
Rivet
Bottom of
Level Staff
OBM
TBM
Transferred or
Temporary BM

Datum
• The nearest ordnance bench mark can be obtained from the
nearest Survey Department. E.g in Malaysia in rural areas
these may be located under culverts or transmission lines as
these are likely to be not damaged unless there is high flood
or earthquake.
• In Europe carved arrows are carved into walls of permanent
structures. These will indicate positions and their height
above sea level; hence the name Ordnance Datum. (OD)
• OD – the mean sea level as defined for Ordnance Survey.

Typical Setting Out
Source: R. Chudley &R Greeno

Marking Building Corner and Outline
Source: R. Chudley &R Greeno

• .
NOTE:
Pegs are driven first
Profile Boards are
nailed after checking
for horizontal position
with spirit levels,
Position of trench width
established. Nails to
stretch strings are then
hammered.
Wall width could be
painted.
Typical Profile
Boards

Setting Out
Trenches

.

Setting Out Trenches
Objectives
• To establish the excavation size, shape and direction;
• To establish the width and position of the walls;
• To establish the depth at various positions as required by design.
• After establishing the building outline, fix Profile Boards at least
2.0m clear of trench positions so that, they do not obstruct
excavations to follow. See Fig.
• The levels of the profile cross boards should be related to the site
datum and fixed at a suitable height above ground. This is to
enable check depths of trench at various positions using a traveller.
• Otherwise the trench depth can be controlled using a level and
staff related to site datum.
• The trench width can be marked on the profile board with either
nails, or saw cuts or or painted band if required for identification.

The Use of Traveller

Setting Out for Strip Foundation

or Traveller

Setting Out for Framed Buildings
• The loads from framed buildings are generally transferred to
the ground through the column footings which are generally
placed at recognizable grids.
• The intersection of grid lines are generally centre points of
isolated or pad foundations.
• The setting out of the grid is done first, from a baseline; The
baseline may be outside the grid lines;
• The coordinates of some points will be given by the Engineer
in consultation with the Land Surveyor. These points may be
related to the baseline or TBM.
• Once the grid has been setout, profile boards can be fixed
clear of any subsequent excavation work. See next slide.

Setting Out Grid Lines

Setting Out for Pad Footing

Information for Setting
Out Columns in an Arc
Pattern
.
Courtesy:
www. Slsurveying.co.uk

Setting Out Sight Rails

Setting Out for
Reduced Level
Excavations
.
The overall outline
of the reduced level
area can be set out
using a theodolite ,
ranging rods, rope
and pegs, with
reference to a
baseline.
To control the depth
of excavation, sight
rails are set up at a
convenient height
and at positions [5m
x 5m grid] which will
enable a traveller to
be used.
Source: R. Chudley an d R. Greeno, Building Construction Handbook

Setting Out for Road works in Residential Areas
• Temporary roads: these may be gravelled
roads, in new residential development areas.
• Generally the centre-line or median of the road
is set out initially so that the location of storm
water drains can be identified and the building
line too can be located.
• The layout of the road could include straight
lengths , junctions, hammer heads, turning
bays and intersecting curves.

Setting Out For Roads in Residential Area

Setting Out
For Roads
• Hammer Head

Setting Out for Sewer

Fall of a Sewer Pipe
Gradients of 1: 40 to 1: 110 will normally give adequate flow velocities
a gradient of 1 : 80 is mostly used for starting calculations of depth of trenches.
If the gradient is steeper than 1: 40,the liquid may run faster than the solids
in the sloping foul water pipe, thus leaving the solids stranded which could then
Block the pipe.

Responsibility
• The Contractor is fully responsible for the true and proper setting-
out of the works as per Drawings supplied to the Contractor.
• The Resident Engineer usually checks the setting-out. If errors are
found contractor shall rectify the errors.
• Read: General Conditions of Contract for Civil Engineering Works,
Clause 19, 1999 Edition [The Government of the Hong Kong Special
Administrative Region]. Available in the Internet
• http://www.devb.gov.hk/filemanager/en/content_188/gf548.pdf
• .

Some Possible Hazards that may occur
during Site Setting-Out operation
• Solar radiation
• Uneven surfaces, strings, tapes and measures
that may be tripped over

Reason for Taking Levels
• To determine height above sea level or datum of
drainage outlets.
• Areas and volumes in cut operations
• To check the excavation is done in the required
gradient, especially when laying pipes for water
supply or sewerage

Setting Out Reinforcing Steel

References
1. Roy Chudley & Roger Greeno, Building Construction Handbook, Routledge, ,
NY, 2014.
2. Module 8 –Surveying and Setting-Out :
http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/recon/eiip/download/surve
y_setout.pdf [This is for Road Survey & Construction]
3. RTF3217A , Set-out site for construction works, Industry Skills Councils, May
2012. Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations,
Australia. Release 1.
4. ISO 7078: 1985 (2012 Review), Building Construction – procedures for
setting out, measurement and surveying –Vocabulary and Guidance Notes.
5. Jack Stroud Foster & Raymond Harington; Structure and Fabric Part 2, 5th
edition, Longman, 1996 Reprint.
6. M.J. Tomlinson, Foundation Design & Construction, 6th ed., Longman 1995.
7. The Institution of Civil Engineers,, UK :ICE Design Practice Guidelines: The
Management of Setting Out IN Construction, Thgomas Telford Publication,
1997
Site Setting-out 52
28th June 2024

Acknowledgement
• Che Ros Ismail – Road Construction, OCWUTM CRI2011,
(SAB2832 – Highway
Engineering)http://ocw.utm.my/file.php/3/notes/OCW_road_
construction.pdf
• Intoduction to Levelling :
www.htp.usm.my/hilmy%2520to%2520levelling%2520-
25201.ppt
Site Setting-out 53
28th June 2024

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