Event:
Digital Curation Institute Symposium
November 22, 2011
4:30-6:30pm
iSchool, University Of Toronto
Abstract:
This presentation reports select findings from two descriptive studies of blogs and bloggers in the areas of history, economics, law, biology, chemistry and physics. The first study focused on scholar bloggersʼ preferences for digital preservation, as well as their publishing behaviors and blog characteristics that influence preservation action. Findings are drawn from 153 questionnaires, 24 interviews, and content analysis of 93 blogs. Briefly, questionnaire respondents are generally interested in blog preservation with a strong sense of personal responsibility. Most feel their blogs should be preserved for both personal and public access and use into the indefinite, rather than short-term, future. Over half of questionnaire respondents report saving their blog content, in whole or in part, and many interviewees expressed a sophisticated understanding of issues of digital preservation. However, the findings also indicate that bloggers exhibit behaviors and preferences complicating preservation action, including issues related to rights and use, co-producer dependencies, and content integrity.
The second study, currently on-going, looks toward the public availability of scholar blogs over-time, with findings drawn from a sample of 644 blogs. Content analysis is currently underway on inactive blogs, characterized as available, but with no new posts published within three months of coding. Initial analysis of the most recent post published to these inactive blogs shows that some bloggers did provide indicators of their respective blogʼs declining activity or, in some cases, blog stoppage. However, such indicators are only present in a clear minority of publicly available, yet inactive blogs. These preliminary findings offer implications for both personal and programmatic preservation approaches, including, notably, issues related to selection and appraisal.
Presentation given on April 18, 2012 for the Promotion & Tenure Brown Bag Lecture Series at the School of Library and Information Science at Indiana University Bloomington.
The Changing nature of scholarly communication: what does this mean for resea...ALISS
The Changing nature of scholarly communication: what does this mean for researchers?
A paper given by Branwen Hide, Liaison and Partnership Officer at the (Research Information Network).
(July 2011) One Less "To-Do:" Perceptions on the Role of Archives and Librari...Carolyn Hank
Event:
Archival Educators Research Institute (AERI)
July 12, 2011, Boston, MA
Abstract:
The neologisms, bloggership and blogademia, have emerged in recent years, reflecting the adoption of blogs as channels for scholarly communication; the former in reference to legal scholarship blogs, or blawgs, and the latter to blogs across disciplines. This presentation reports select findings from a descriptive study of scholars who blog in the areas of history, economics, law, biology, chemistry and physics. The study examined scholars’ attitudes and perceptions of their blogs in relation to the system of scholarly communication, their preferences for digital preservation, and their respective blog publishing behaviors and blog characteristics influencing preservation action. Drawing from 153 questionnaires, 24 interviews, and content analysis of 93 blogs, this presentation will provide a focused analysis of findings related to preservation preferences. Results from the questionnaire portion of the study show that scholars who blog are generally interested in blog preservation with a strong sense of personal responsibility. Most feel their blogs should be preserved for both personal and public access and use into the indefinite, rather than short-term, future. Respondents identify themselves as most responsible for blog preservation. Concerning capability, they perceive blog service providers, hosts, and networks as most capable. National and institutional-based libraries and archives, as well as institutional IT departments, are perceived as least responsible and least capable for preservation of scholars’ respective blogs. During the subsequent interview portion of the study, participants did not dismiss the value of these organizations. If anything, for some, it is exactly this value that contributes to perceptions of libraries and archives’ low responsibility and capability. This presentation will conclude by offering implications from these findings on the potential role, or lack of role, for archives and libraries in the preservation of scholars’ blogs.
Presentation for "PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION AND TRANSLATION STUDIES"
International Conference, 8TH EDITION, Timisoara, Romani, 4-5 April 2013 - http://www.cls.upt.ro/cercetare/manifestari-stiintifice/conferinte/conferences
Using social media tools for academic communicationGabriela Grosseck
Presentation for "PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION AND TRANSLATION STUDIES"
International Conference, 8TH EDITION, Timisoara, Romani, 4-5 April 2013 - http://www.cls.upt.ro/cercetare/manifestari-stiintifice/conferinte/conferences
Thanks facebook.com/Micky.Io for the her beautiful profile pictures.
A presentation to the San Jose State University Library faculty and staff about the Open.Michigan initiative and how it ties into supporting access to low/no cost resources in the classroom and focuses on participation in education.
Investigating Blogs and Facebook in Academe: Research Approaches and Consider...Carolyn Hank
Presentation given on October 11, 2012 at the Social Media Lab at Dalhousie University.
Abstract: This presentation provides an overview of the decisions, strategies and protocols informing the research design for four studies recently completed or underway. Funded in part through a Eugene Garfield Dissertation Fellowship awarded by Beta Phi Mu, the first is a descriptive study of blogging scholars, and their blogs, in the areas of history, economics, law, biology, chemistry and physics. Data was collected through questionnaires, interviews and blog analysis. Sampling for this study resulted in the identification of many blogs found to be publicly available but no longer actively published to. This led to the second study, “Dispatches from Blog Purgatory.” It entails content analysis of the final posts published to scholars’ publicly available, but inactive blogs. The third study utilizes questionnaires, interviews, and blog and CV analysis to examine and contrast two subsets of bibliobloggers: blogging academic librarians and blogging information and library science faculty and researchers. The final study adopts a multiple-case approach to examine library and information science faculty and students’ practices, perceptions and expectations when interacting informally through Facebook. Data is collected through focus group and individual interviews, questionnaires, and policy analysis.
LAK'12: Cyberlearners and Learning ResourcesLeyla Zhuhadar
Leyla Zhuhadar, Rong Yang , Cyberlearners and Learning Resources, the Second International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (ACM): LAK12, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 29 April – 2 May, 2012.
Director Lee Rainie will give the “Networked libraries” speech at the Biblionext conference in Rome, Italy at the "Digital Omnivores: Libraries and New Learning Communities" event.
The use of Social Bookmarking by Health Care Students to create Communities ...Ed de Quincey
Teaching and learning health and social care in a digital age produces many challenges for students and their teachers. A common hurdle for healthcare students and practitioners is the sheer amount of information that they have to make sense of. Another challenge is where this information is captured and stored, with people utilising personal, as well as institutionally owned devices. A potential solution to these problems is the use of social bookmarking applications such as “delicious”, where users can create a centralised repository of online resources, share them with other users, and view what others are bookmarking. This paper describes research conducted at the University of Greenwich involving 160 participants across three Schools and 5 modules, including Health and Social Care who were encouraged to integrate social bookmarking into their learning and teaching. Participants were instructed to tag their resources with an appropriate module code tag e.g. NURS1297 so that a repository of module specific bookmarks was created. Over a 4 month period, 160 users created 1430 bookmarks with 5032 tags. Further analysis of the bookmarking behaviour is discussed along with reflections on the suitability of social bookmarking to create digitally literate health care communities of practice.
Presentation given January 23, 2013 at ALISE 2013 (Seattle, WA), reporting select findings from the ALISE-funded study, Teaching in the Age of Facebook and Other Social Media: LIS Faculty and Students Friend'ing and Poking in the Social Sphere
Event:
Digital Curation Institute Symposium
November 22, 2011
4:30-6:30pm
iSchool, University Of Toronto
Abstract:
This presentation reports select findings from two descriptive studies of blogs and bloggers in the areas of history, economics, law, biology, chemistry and physics. The first study focused on scholar bloggersʼ preferences for digital preservation, as well as their publishing behaviors and blog characteristics that influence preservation action. Findings are drawn from 153 questionnaires, 24 interviews, and content analysis of 93 blogs. Briefly, questionnaire respondents are generally interested in blog preservation with a strong sense of personal responsibility. Most feel their blogs should be preserved for both personal and public access and use into the indefinite, rather than short-term, future. Over half of questionnaire respondents report saving their blog content, in whole or in part, and many interviewees expressed a sophisticated understanding of issues of digital preservation. However, the findings also indicate that bloggers exhibit behaviors and preferences complicating preservation action, including issues related to rights and use, co-producer dependencies, and content integrity.
The second study, currently on-going, looks toward the public availability of scholar blogs over-time, with findings drawn from a sample of 644 blogs. Content analysis is currently underway on inactive blogs, characterized as available, but with no new posts published within three months of coding. Initial analysis of the most recent post published to these inactive blogs shows that some bloggers did provide indicators of their respective blogʼs declining activity or, in some cases, blog stoppage. However, such indicators are only present in a clear minority of publicly available, yet inactive blogs. These preliminary findings offer implications for both personal and programmatic preservation approaches, including, notably, issues related to selection and appraisal.
Presentation given on April 18, 2012 for the Promotion & Tenure Brown Bag Lecture Series at the School of Library and Information Science at Indiana University Bloomington.
The Changing nature of scholarly communication: what does this mean for resea...ALISS
The Changing nature of scholarly communication: what does this mean for researchers?
A paper given by Branwen Hide, Liaison and Partnership Officer at the (Research Information Network).
(July 2011) One Less "To-Do:" Perceptions on the Role of Archives and Librari...Carolyn Hank
Event:
Archival Educators Research Institute (AERI)
July 12, 2011, Boston, MA
Abstract:
The neologisms, bloggership and blogademia, have emerged in recent years, reflecting the adoption of blogs as channels for scholarly communication; the former in reference to legal scholarship blogs, or blawgs, and the latter to blogs across disciplines. This presentation reports select findings from a descriptive study of scholars who blog in the areas of history, economics, law, biology, chemistry and physics. The study examined scholars’ attitudes and perceptions of their blogs in relation to the system of scholarly communication, their preferences for digital preservation, and their respective blog publishing behaviors and blog characteristics influencing preservation action. Drawing from 153 questionnaires, 24 interviews, and content analysis of 93 blogs, this presentation will provide a focused analysis of findings related to preservation preferences. Results from the questionnaire portion of the study show that scholars who blog are generally interested in blog preservation with a strong sense of personal responsibility. Most feel their blogs should be preserved for both personal and public access and use into the indefinite, rather than short-term, future. Respondents identify themselves as most responsible for blog preservation. Concerning capability, they perceive blog service providers, hosts, and networks as most capable. National and institutional-based libraries and archives, as well as institutional IT departments, are perceived as least responsible and least capable for preservation of scholars’ respective blogs. During the subsequent interview portion of the study, participants did not dismiss the value of these organizations. If anything, for some, it is exactly this value that contributes to perceptions of libraries and archives’ low responsibility and capability. This presentation will conclude by offering implications from these findings on the potential role, or lack of role, for archives and libraries in the preservation of scholars’ blogs.
Presentation for "PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION AND TRANSLATION STUDIES"
International Conference, 8TH EDITION, Timisoara, Romani, 4-5 April 2013 - http://www.cls.upt.ro/cercetare/manifestari-stiintifice/conferinte/conferences
Using social media tools for academic communicationGabriela Grosseck
Presentation for "PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION AND TRANSLATION STUDIES"
International Conference, 8TH EDITION, Timisoara, Romani, 4-5 April 2013 - http://www.cls.upt.ro/cercetare/manifestari-stiintifice/conferinte/conferences
Thanks facebook.com/Micky.Io for the her beautiful profile pictures.
A presentation to the San Jose State University Library faculty and staff about the Open.Michigan initiative and how it ties into supporting access to low/no cost resources in the classroom and focuses on participation in education.
Investigating Blogs and Facebook in Academe: Research Approaches and Consider...Carolyn Hank
Presentation given on October 11, 2012 at the Social Media Lab at Dalhousie University.
Abstract: This presentation provides an overview of the decisions, strategies and protocols informing the research design for four studies recently completed or underway. Funded in part through a Eugene Garfield Dissertation Fellowship awarded by Beta Phi Mu, the first is a descriptive study of blogging scholars, and their blogs, in the areas of history, economics, law, biology, chemistry and physics. Data was collected through questionnaires, interviews and blog analysis. Sampling for this study resulted in the identification of many blogs found to be publicly available but no longer actively published to. This led to the second study, “Dispatches from Blog Purgatory.” It entails content analysis of the final posts published to scholars’ publicly available, but inactive blogs. The third study utilizes questionnaires, interviews, and blog and CV analysis to examine and contrast two subsets of bibliobloggers: blogging academic librarians and blogging information and library science faculty and researchers. The final study adopts a multiple-case approach to examine library and information science faculty and students’ practices, perceptions and expectations when interacting informally through Facebook. Data is collected through focus group and individual interviews, questionnaires, and policy analysis.
LAK'12: Cyberlearners and Learning ResourcesLeyla Zhuhadar
Leyla Zhuhadar, Rong Yang , Cyberlearners and Learning Resources, the Second International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (ACM): LAK12, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 29 April – 2 May, 2012.
Director Lee Rainie will give the “Networked libraries” speech at the Biblionext conference in Rome, Italy at the "Digital Omnivores: Libraries and New Learning Communities" event.
The use of Social Bookmarking by Health Care Students to create Communities ...Ed de Quincey
Teaching and learning health and social care in a digital age produces many challenges for students and their teachers. A common hurdle for healthcare students and practitioners is the sheer amount of information that they have to make sense of. Another challenge is where this information is captured and stored, with people utilising personal, as well as institutionally owned devices. A potential solution to these problems is the use of social bookmarking applications such as “delicious”, where users can create a centralised repository of online resources, share them with other users, and view what others are bookmarking. This paper describes research conducted at the University of Greenwich involving 160 participants across three Schools and 5 modules, including Health and Social Care who were encouraged to integrate social bookmarking into their learning and teaching. Participants were instructed to tag their resources with an appropriate module code tag e.g. NURS1297 so that a repository of module specific bookmarks was created. Over a 4 month period, 160 users created 1430 bookmarks with 5032 tags. Further analysis of the bookmarking behaviour is discussed along with reflections on the suitability of social bookmarking to create digitally literate health care communities of practice.
Similar to (Sept 2011) SIS Homecoming 2011: Research Agenda (20)
Presentation given January 23, 2013 at ALISE 2013 (Seattle, WA), reporting select findings from the ALISE-funded study, Teaching in the Age of Facebook and Other Social Media: LIS Faculty and Students Friend'ing and Poking in the Social Sphere
Presentation given on October 10, 2012 at the School of Information Management, Faculty of Management at Dalhousie University.
Abstract: Ensuring persistent access to digital content is a challenge confronting contemporary institutions of all types and sizes, regardless of professional, disciplinary or organizational context. Introduced in 2002, the term digital curation describes an array of principles, strategies and technical approaches for enabling the use and re-use of reliable and trusted digital content into the indefinite future. Trusted digital repositories have emerged as one strategy in response to today's digital curatorial challenges. Successful digital repository development and deployment necessitates coordination and collaboration among an array of actors, resources, and diverse, potentially divergent requirements. The literature contains an assortment of digital repository planning and best practice recommendations and resources, though reports on actual, as opposed to perceived or potential, roadblocks and obstacles are less reported. Drawing from a first-hand account of an extensive, multi-year digital curation and repository project at a major research university, this presentation provides an overview of what was done, including what worked and what didn’t, and resulting recommendations for advancing digital repository planning, implementation, and research.
Presentation made on June 9, 2012 at the Archival Educators Research Institute (AERI) 2012 (UCLA, US). Research supported by a 2012 award from the OCLC/ALISE Library and Information Science Research Grant Program.
There are Birds in the Library (Poster)Carolyn Hank
Poster presented at EGSS 2012 Conference. Citation: Thurlow, N., & Hank, C. (2012). There are birds in the library. Examining adoption and use of Twitter by Canadian academic libraries. Poster presented at the Education Graduate Students’ Society (EGSS) 11th Annual Conference, McGill University, Montreal, QC.
Removing Records Documenting Acts of Violence and Atrocities from the Archive...Carolyn Hank
Poster presented at the 2012 iConference (with Emily Kozinski). For short paper, see: Kozinski, E., & Hank, C. (2012). Removing records documenting acts of violence and atrocities from the archive. In
Proceedings of the 2012 iConference, Toronto, ON (pp. 58-59). New York, NY: The Association for Computing Machinery. doi: 10.1145/2132176.2132287.
Presentation made at the 2012 ALISE Conference, Dallas, TX, January 18, 2012. Title: "Teaching in the Age of Facebook and other Social Media: LIS Faculty and Students “Friending” and “Poking” in the Social Sphere." Collaborators: Drs. Cassidy Sugimoto and Jeffrey Pomerantz.
(June 2011) Practical Approaches to Policy Development in InstitutionsCarolyn Hank
Event: Opening presentation at Preservation Policy-based Infrastructure for Digital Library Research Environments Workshop at the 11th ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries, Ottawa, ON, June 16, 2011. With David Pcolar.
(Feb 2011) Scholars in the Blogosphere: Blogs, the Scholarly Record, and Impl...Carolyn Hank
Event: Guest lecture in Ross Harvey's LIS 531W: Digital Stewardship, Graduate School of Library and Information Science, Simmons College, February 24, 2011.
(Jan 2011) Digital Curation (Guest Lecture)Carolyn Hank
Event: Guest lecture on introduction to digital curation for Prof. Elaine Menard's GLIS 639: Introduction to Museology class, School of Information Studies, McGill University (January 28, 2011)
(Apr 2009) Comparing Curricula for Digital Library and Digital Curation Educa...Carolyn Hank
Event: Comparing Curricula for Digital Library and Digital Curation Education panel at DigCCurr2009: Digital Curation: Practice, Promise, and Prospects, Chapel Hill, NC, April 4, 2009. With Barbara Wildemuth and Jeffrey Pomerantz.
(Nov 2008) Preparing Future Digital CuratorsCarolyn Hank
Event: Practical Applications of Digital Curation Education panel at the Fall 2008 Meeting of the Mid-Atlantic Regional Archives Conference, Silver Spring, MD, November 7, 2008. With Helen R. Tibbo, Sayeed Choudhury, and Kenneth Thibodeau
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
6. SCHOLARSHIP
Public 100%
Allows use and
Scholarly exchange 94%
record
80%
Subject to
critical
review 68%
66% agree with
all three criteria
Association of Research
Libraries (1986).
Braxton, J.M., Luckey, W.,
BLOGGER PERCEPTIONS & Helland, P. (2002).
7. SCHOLARY LIFE
PROMOTION
GREATER VISIBILITY
WORK ENJOYMENT
TEACHING QUALITY
SHARING PRE-PUBS IMPROVED
WRITING EFFICIENCY NEITHER
WRITING QUALITY IMPAIRED
RESEARCH QUALITY
RESEARCH CREATIVITY
RESEARCH PRODUCTIVITY
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
BLOGGER PERCEPTIONS
8. PRESERVATION
Personal access/use 16%
Short-term future
Personal access/use 19%
Short-term future
Personal access/use 76%
Indefinite future
Public access/use 80%
Indefinite future
0% 100%
BLOGGER PREFERENCES
14. CURATION
CURRENT WORK: SCHOLARS, BLOGS & PRESERVATION
SCHOLARLY RECORD
PRESERVATION PREFERENCE BLOGS AS SCHOLARSHIP
IMPLICATIONS & FUTURE DIRECTIONS
FORMAL & INFORMAL CHANNELS & UNITS
CO-PRODUCER DEPENDENCIES
SOCIAL, LEGAL & REGULATORY
CURRENT & FUTURE USE FRAMEWORKS IN WHICH THESE
COMMUNICATIONS TAKE PLACE
ORGANIZATONAL INVESTMENT
PERSONAL COMMITMENT