2. OBJECTIVE
• To know the cardiac arrythmias and their
classification clearly.
• To explain sinus and atrial arrhythmias clearly
• To list the mechanism regarding to sinus and
atrial arrthymias
• To relate the sinus and atrial arrhythmias to the
electrocardiogram
3. WHAT IS CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS ?
• Disorder to rythmicity property of heart (rhythm
abnormality) – DYSRRHYTHMIA
• Electrical impulses that coordinate your
heartbeats don't work properly, causing your
heart to beat too fast, too slow or irregularly.
• CLASSIFICATION………
5. • Bradycardia: slow heart rhythm (less than 60
beats per minute)
• Tachycardia: fast heart rhythm (greater
than 100 beats per minute)
6. INTRODUCTION (sinus arrythmias)
• Normal physiological phenomeneon
• Do not experience cardiovascular symptoms
• Alteration heart rate in respiratory cycle hence
called respiratory sinus arrythmias
• Heart rate increase (inspiration) heart rate
decreased (expiration)
• Common in young adults and child
7.
8. SINUS ARRYTHMIAS
• The sinus node rate can change with
inspiration/expiration, especially in younger
people. The heart rate speeds up with inspiration
(since it inhibits your vagal nerve) and decreases
with expiration (stimulates your vagal nerve).
10. SINUS ARRYTHMIAS MECHANISM
Irradiation from
inspiration center
Irradiation from
inspiratory center
increase to
vasomotor center
Increase heart rate
Atrial stretch
reflex activator
Increase venous
return stimulate
type-B atrial
stretch receptor
Increase heart rate
11. INTRODUCTION (atrial arrythmias)
• An atrial arrhythmia is an abnormality that occurs
in one of the two upper chambers of the heart, the
left or right atrium.
• Most common type of irregular heartbeat.
• Its frequency increases with age.
• At least 10 to 15 percent of people older than 70
years experience arrhythmias.
• CLASSIFICATION….
13. 1. ATRIAL PREMATURE BEATS
• Due to premature discharge from ectopic atrial
focus.
• Atrial extrasystole
• Seen in physiology phenomenon like anxiety,
consumption, of excess tea of coffea, coronary
artery diseases and cardiomyopathies.
15. NODAL PST
AV nodal reentry due to dual
AV nodal pathway
Last a few minutes to hours
P wave difficult to identifies
because atria and ventricle
depolarized almost
simultaneously
ATRIAL PST
Atrial
discharge
regularly
16. 3 ATRIAL FLUTTER
Flutter wave appear in ECG
Saw tooth appearance
All impulse from atrial fail
from transmitted to ventricle
Due to intra-atrial reentry
4. ATRIAL
FIBRILLATION
Atria beat rapidly
but irregularly
Due to fibrilatory
wave
Presence of multiple
reentrant excitation
wave in atrial