Arrhythmia refers to an irregular heartbeat that can be too fast, too slow, or have an extra or missed beat. Arrhythmias are classified as normotopic or ectopic based on whether the sinoatrial node is the pacemaker. Normotopic arrhythmias include sinus arrhythmia, sinus tachycardia, and sinus bradycardia. Ectopic arrhythmias occur when another part of the heart acts as the pacemaker, such as atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, or ventricular fibrillation. An artificial pacemaker can be implanted to regulate abnormal heart rhythms through electrodes that deliver electrical pulses to the heart.
Angina pectoris is the medical term for chest pain or discomfort due to coronary heart disease. It occurs when the heart muscle doesn't get as much blood as it needs. This usually happens because one or more of the heart's arteries is narrowed or blocked, also called ischemia.
Angina usually causes uncomfortable pressure, fullness, squeezing or pain in the center of the chest. You may also feel the discomfort in your neck, jaw, shoulder, back or arm. (Many types of chest discomfort — like heartburn, lung infection or inflammation
Angina pectoris is the medical term for chest pain or discomfort due to coronary heart disease. It occurs when the heart muscle doesn't get as much blood as it needs. This usually happens because one or more of the heart's arteries is narrowed or blocked, also called ischemia.
Angina usually causes uncomfortable pressure, fullness, squeezing or pain in the center of the chest. You may also feel the discomfort in your neck, jaw, shoulder, back or arm. (Many types of chest discomfort — like heartburn, lung infection or inflammation
CARDIAC TAMPONADE ( Cardiac emergency) • Cardiac Tamponade is a life threatening complication caused by excessive accumulation of fluid in the pericardium. Or • Compression of all cardiac chambers due to excessive accumulation of pericardial fluid leading to compromised cardiac out put.
Coronary artery Disease [CAD] is the most common , serious, chronic life threatening diseases in the USA.
More than 11 million Persons have CAD in USA.
Myocardial Ischemia [Reduced blood & oxygen supply to Heart Muscle ], Caused by
Lack of oxygen due to Inadequate perfusion which result from an Imbalance
Between oxygen supply & Demand.
CARDIAC TAMPONADE ( Cardiac emergency) • Cardiac Tamponade is a life threatening complication caused by excessive accumulation of fluid in the pericardium. Or • Compression of all cardiac chambers due to excessive accumulation of pericardial fluid leading to compromised cardiac out put.
Coronary artery Disease [CAD] is the most common , serious, chronic life threatening diseases in the USA.
More than 11 million Persons have CAD in USA.
Myocardial Ischemia [Reduced blood & oxygen supply to Heart Muscle ], Caused by
Lack of oxygen due to Inadequate perfusion which result from an Imbalance
Between oxygen supply & Demand.
In this ppt, you will learn about cardiac arrhythmia their types, symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatments and prevention. I hope these slides will help you get good marks in your studies, thank you!
Definition: Cardiac arrhythmias refer to abnormal heart rhythms, where the heartbeat may be too slow (bradycardia), too fast (tachycardia), or irregular.
These irregularities disrupt the normal electrical signaling in the heart.
Arrhythmia is also known as irregular heart beats. If SA node is not the pacemaker, any other part of the heart such as atrial muscle, AV node and ventricular muscle becomes the pacemaker. the beats may be fast, slow or miss beats.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
2. DEFINITION
• Arrhythmia refers to irregular heartbeat or
disturbance in the rhythm of heart.
• In arrhythmia, heartbeat may be fast or slow
or there may be an extra beat or a missed
beat.
3. CLASSIFICATION
• In arrhythmia, SA node may or may not be the
pacemaker.
• If SA node is not the pacemaker, any other part of
the heart such as atrial muscle, AV node and
ventricular muscle becomes the pacemaker
• Accordingly, arrhythmia is classified into two
types:
A. Normotopic arrhythmia
B. Ectopic arrhythmia.
4. NORMOTOPIC ARRHYTHMIA
• Normotopic arrhythmia is the irregular
heartbeat, in which SA node is the pacemaker.
• Normotopic arrhythmia is of three types:
1. Sinus arrhythmia
2. Sinus tachycardia
3. Sinus bradycardia.
5. SINUS ARRHYTHMIA
• Sinus arrhythmia is a normal rhythmical
increase and decrease in heart rate, in relation
to respiration.
• It is also called respiratory sinus arrhythmia
(RSA).
• Normal sinus rhythm means the normal
heartbeat with SA node as the pacemaker.
• Heart rate increases during inspiration and
decreases during expiration.
6.
7. SINUS TACHYCARDIA
• Sinus tachycardia is the increase in discharge
of impulses from SA node, resulting in
increase in heart rate.
• Discharge of impulses from SA node is very
rapid and the heart rate increases up to
100/minute and sometimes up to 150/minute
9. Features of Sinus Tachycardia
1. Palpitations (sensation of feeling the
heartbeat)
2. Dizziness
3. Fainting
4. Shortness of breath
5. Chest discomfort (angina).
10. SINUS BRADYCARDIA
• Sinus bradycardia is the reduction in discharge
of impulses from SA node resulting in
decrease in heart rate.
• Heart rate is less than 60/minute.
11. Conditions when Sinus Bradycardia
Occurs
Physiological conditions
1. Sleep
2. Athletic heart
Pathological conditions
1. Disease of SA node
2. Hypothermia
3. Hypothyroidism
4. Heart attack
5. Congenital heart disease
6. Atherosclerosis. Bradycardia due to atherosclerosis of
carotid artery, at the region of carotid sinus is called
carotid sinus syndrome.
12. Features of Sinus Bradycardia
1. Sick sinus syndrome
2. Fatigue
3. Weakness
4. Shortness of breath
5. Lack of concentration
6. Difficulty in exercising.
Sick sinus syndrome
• Sick sinus syndrome is the common feature of
sinus bradycardia.
• It is the condition characterized by dizziness and
unconsciousness.
13. ECTOPIC ARRHYTHMIA
• Ectopic arrhythmia is the abnormal heartbeat,
in which one of the structures of heart other
than SA node becomes the pacemaker.
• Impulses produced by these structures are
called ectopic foci.
14. Subtypes of Ectopic Arrhythmia
1. Homotopic arrhythmia, in which the impulses
for heartbeat arise from any part of
conductive system
2. Heterotopic arrhythmia, in which the
impulses arise from the musculature of heart
other than conductive system.
15.
16. ATRIAL FLUTTER
• Atrial flutter is an arrhythmia characterized by
rapid ineffective atrial contractions, caused by
ectopic foci originating from atrial musculature.
• It is often associated with atrial paroxysmal
tachycardia.
• Both the atria beat rapidly like the wings of a
bird, hence the name atrial flutter.
• Atrial rate is about 250 to 350/minute
• Atrial flutter is common in patients suffering from
cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and
coronary artery disease
17. ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
• Atrial fibrillation is the type of arrhythmia
characterized by rapid and irregular atrial
contractions at the rate of 300 to 400
beats/minute.
• It is mostly due to circus movement of impulses
within atrial musculature
• Atrial fibrillation is common in old people and
patients with heart diseases.
• If it continues for long time, it may cause blood
clot and blockage of blood flow to vital organs.
18. VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION
• Ventricular fibrillation is the dangerous cardiac
arrhythmia, characterized by rapid and irregular
twitching of ventricles.
• The rate reaches 400 to 500/minute.
• This type of arrhythmia is serious as it leads to
death, since the ventricles cannot pump blood.
• Ventricular fibrillation is very common during
electric shock, coronary occlusion and chloroform
anesthesia ( during cardiac surgeries)
19. ARTIFICIAL PACEMAKER
• Artificial pacemaker is a small electronic device
that is surgically implanted to regulate abnormal
heartbeat.
• It contains a battery powered pulse generator,
that produces electrical impulses capable of
stimulating the heart.
• This pacemaker is implanted under the skin over
the chest of the patient. Pulses generated by this
device are transmitted to the heart through
electrodes.
20. • Electrodes connected to the device are
inserted and passed through a vein and
positioned in the heart chambers.
• The device has a lithium battery that may last
for 10 to 15 years.
• The outer casing of the pacemaker is usually
made of titanium, which is rarely rejected by
body’s immune system.
Editor's Notes
Extrasystole is the premature contraction of the heart before its normal contraction.
Paroxysmal tachycardia is the sudden attack of increased heart rate due to ectopic foci arising from atria, AV node or ventricle. It is also called BouveretHoffmann syndrome.
