Now a days digital image processing is rapid emerging field with fast growing
applications in sciences and engineering technologies. Digital image processing has broad
spectrum of applications such as remote sensing, medical processing, radar, sonar,
robotics, sport field and automated processes [1-2]. Edge detection techniques are
employed for the detecting the edges of the primitive picture. Earlier some primitive
methods were used for the image processing. H. C. Andrew et.al. gave the method of
digital image restoration [3-5], A. K. Jain and et.al put forwarded the partial difference
equations and finite differences in image processing [6]. Image process, image models and
estimation regarding the edge detection has been flourished during last decade [7-9]. Most
modules in practical vision system depend, directly or indirectly, on the performance of an
edge detector and digital image processing.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
A Comparative Study of Histogram Equalization Based Image Enhancement Techniq...Shahbaz Alam
Four widely used histogram equalization techniques for image enhancement namely GHE, BBHE, DSIHE, RMSHE are discussed. Some basic definitions and notations are also attached. All analysis are done by using MATLAB . Pictures are taken from the book "Digital Image Processing" by Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Woods. The presentation slide was made for my B.Sc project purpose.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
A Comparative Study of Histogram Equalization Based Image Enhancement Techniq...Shahbaz Alam
Four widely used histogram equalization techniques for image enhancement namely GHE, BBHE, DSIHE, RMSHE are discussed. Some basic definitions and notations are also attached. All analysis are done by using MATLAB . Pictures are taken from the book "Digital Image Processing" by Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Woods. The presentation slide was made for my B.Sc project purpose.
Digital Signal and Image Processing - FAQ
BE -Sem 7, University of Mumbai
Frequently asked questions in BE Sem 7 examinations of University of Mumbai, with marks for each question, month and year of exam.
Histogram equalization is a method in image processing of contrast adjustment using the image's histogram. Histogram equalization can be used to improve the visual appearance of an image. Peaks in the image histogram (indicating commonly used grey levels) are widened, while the valleys are compressed.
Comparison of Histogram Equalization Techniques for Image Enhancement of Gray...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Image Acquisition and Representation
A Simple Image Formation Model
Image Sampling and Quantization
Image Interpolation
Image quantization
Nearest Neighbor Interpolation
SURVEY ON POLYGONAL APPROXIMATION TECHNIQUES FOR DIGITAL PLANAR CURVESZac Darcy
Polygon approximation plays a vital role in abquitious applications like multimedia, geographic and object
recognition. An extensive number of polygonal approximation techniques for digital planar curves have
been proposed over the last decade, but there are no survey papers on recently proposed techniques.
Polygon is a collection of edges and vertices. Objects are represented using edges and vertices or contour
points (ie. polygon). Polygonal approximation is representing the object with less number of dominant
points (less number of edges and vertices). Polygon approximation results in less computational speed and
memory usage. This paper deals with comparative study on polygonal approximation techniques for digital
planar curves with respect to their computation and efficiency.
ALEXANDER FRACTIONAL INTEGRAL FILTERING OF WAVELET COEFFICIENTS FOR IMAGE DEN...sipij
The present paper, proposes an efficient denoising algorithm which works well for images corrupted with
Gaussian and speckle noise. The denoising algorithm utilizes the alexander fractional integral filter which
works by the construction of fractional masks window computed using alexander polynomial. Prior to the
application of the designed filter, the corrupted image is decomposed using symlet wavelet from which only
the horizontal, vertical and diagonal components are denoised using the alexander integral filter.
Significant increase in the reconstruction quality was noticed when the approach was applied on the
wavelet decomposed image rather than applying it directly on the noisy image. Quantitatively the results
are evaluated using the peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) which was 30.8059 on an average for images
corrupted with Gaussian noise and 36.52 for images corrupted with speckle noise, which clearly
outperforms the existing methods.
ANALYSIS OF INTEREST POINTS OF CURVELET COEFFICIENTS CONTRIBUTIONS OF MICROS...sipij
This paper focuses on improved edge model based on Curvelet coefficients analysis. Curvelet transform is
a powerful tool for multiresolution representation of object with anisotropic edge. Curvelet coefficients
contributions have been analyzed using Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT), commonly used to study
local structure in images. The permutation of Curvelet coefficients from original image and edges image
obtained from gradient operator is used to improve original edges. Experimental results show that this
method brings out details on edges when the decomposition scale increases.
Edge detection is the name for a set of mathematical methods which aim at identifying points in a digital image at which the image brightness changes sharply or, more formally, has discontinuities.
Digital Signal and Image Processing - FAQ
BE -Sem 7, University of Mumbai
Frequently asked questions in BE Sem 7 examinations of University of Mumbai, with marks for each question, month and year of exam.
Histogram equalization is a method in image processing of contrast adjustment using the image's histogram. Histogram equalization can be used to improve the visual appearance of an image. Peaks in the image histogram (indicating commonly used grey levels) are widened, while the valleys are compressed.
Comparison of Histogram Equalization Techniques for Image Enhancement of Gray...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Image Acquisition and Representation
A Simple Image Formation Model
Image Sampling and Quantization
Image Interpolation
Image quantization
Nearest Neighbor Interpolation
SURVEY ON POLYGONAL APPROXIMATION TECHNIQUES FOR DIGITAL PLANAR CURVESZac Darcy
Polygon approximation plays a vital role in abquitious applications like multimedia, geographic and object
recognition. An extensive number of polygonal approximation techniques for digital planar curves have
been proposed over the last decade, but there are no survey papers on recently proposed techniques.
Polygon is a collection of edges and vertices. Objects are represented using edges and vertices or contour
points (ie. polygon). Polygonal approximation is representing the object with less number of dominant
points (less number of edges and vertices). Polygon approximation results in less computational speed and
memory usage. This paper deals with comparative study on polygonal approximation techniques for digital
planar curves with respect to their computation and efficiency.
ALEXANDER FRACTIONAL INTEGRAL FILTERING OF WAVELET COEFFICIENTS FOR IMAGE DEN...sipij
The present paper, proposes an efficient denoising algorithm which works well for images corrupted with
Gaussian and speckle noise. The denoising algorithm utilizes the alexander fractional integral filter which
works by the construction of fractional masks window computed using alexander polynomial. Prior to the
application of the designed filter, the corrupted image is decomposed using symlet wavelet from which only
the horizontal, vertical and diagonal components are denoised using the alexander integral filter.
Significant increase in the reconstruction quality was noticed when the approach was applied on the
wavelet decomposed image rather than applying it directly on the noisy image. Quantitatively the results
are evaluated using the peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) which was 30.8059 on an average for images
corrupted with Gaussian noise and 36.52 for images corrupted with speckle noise, which clearly
outperforms the existing methods.
ANALYSIS OF INTEREST POINTS OF CURVELET COEFFICIENTS CONTRIBUTIONS OF MICROS...sipij
This paper focuses on improved edge model based on Curvelet coefficients analysis. Curvelet transform is
a powerful tool for multiresolution representation of object with anisotropic edge. Curvelet coefficients
contributions have been analyzed using Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT), commonly used to study
local structure in images. The permutation of Curvelet coefficients from original image and edges image
obtained from gradient operator is used to improve original edges. Experimental results show that this
method brings out details on edges when the decomposition scale increases.
Edge detection is the name for a set of mathematical methods which aim at identifying points in a digital image at which the image brightness changes sharply or, more formally, has discontinuities.
DESPECKLING OF SAR IMAGES BY OPTIMIZING AVERAGED POWER SPECTRAL VALUE IN CURV...ijistjournal
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images are inherently affected by multiplicative speckle noise, due to the coherent nature of scattering phenomena. In this paper, a novel algorithm capable of suppressing speckle noise using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique is presented. The algorithm initially identifies homogenous region from the corrupted image and uses PSO to optimize the Thresholding of curvelet coefficients to recover the original image. Average Power Spectrum Value (APSV) has been used as objective function of PSO. The Proposed algorithm removes Speckle noise effectively and the performance of the algorithm is tested and compared with Mean filter, Median filter, Lee filter, Statistic Lee filter, Kuan filter, frost filter and gamma filter., outperforming conventional filtering methods.
DESPECKLING OF SAR IMAGES BY OPTIMIZING AVERAGED POWER SPECTRAL VALUE IN CURV...ijistjournal
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images are inherently affected by multiplicative speckle noise, due to the coherent nature of scattering phenomena. In this paper, a novel algorithm capable of suppressing speckle noise using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique is presented. The algorithm initially identifies homogenous region from the corrupted image and uses PSO to optimize the Thresholding of curvelet coefficients to recover the original image. Average Power Spectrum Value (APSV) has been used as objective function of PSO. The Proposed algorithm removes Speckle noise effectively and the performance of the algorithm is tested and compared with Mean filter, Median filter, Lee filter, Statistic Lee filter, Kuan filter, frost filter and gamma filter., outperforming conventional filtering methods.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
An Efficient Algorithm for Edge Detection of Corroded SurfaceIJERA Editor
Inspection process in industrial applications plays a vital role as it directly hinders the outages of industry. Thereby the inspection especially in case of corroded surfaces is to be fast, precised and accurate. Visual inspection has been very liable to mistakes because of numerous facts. The automatic inspection systems remove subjective aspects and can provide fast and accurate inspection. Inspection of corroded surfaces is very important concern, thus it is required to detect corroded surfaces. A new algorithm is developed by certain changes in mask and thresholding selection to detect corroded surfaces. The paper is about how we can amend the weak edges of input images and discarding false edges to overcome the problem of traditional techniques in this field. Proposed operator also compared with two commonly used edge detection algorithms which are Canny and Sobel.
An Efficient Algorithm for Edge Detection of Corroded SurfaceIJERA Editor
Inspection process in industrial applications plays a vital role as it directly hinders the outages of industry. Thereby the inspection especially in case of corroded surfaces is to be fast, precised and accurate. Visual inspection has been very liable to mistakes because of numerous facts. The automatic inspection systems remove subjective aspects and can provide fast and accurate inspection. Inspection of corroded surfaces is very important concern, thus it is required to detect corroded surfaces. A new algorithm is developed by certain changes in mask and thresholding selection to detect corroded surfaces. The paper is about how we can amend the weak edges of input images and discarding false edges to overcome the problem of traditional techniques in this field. Proposed operator also compared with two commonly used edge detection algorithms which are Canny and Sobel.
Comparative Analysis of Common Edge Detection Algorithms using Pre-processing...IJECEIAES
Edge detection is the process of segmenting an image by detecting discontinuities in brightness. Several standard segmentation methods have been widely used for edge detection. However, due to inherent quality of images, these methods prove ineffective if they are applied without any preprocessing. In this paper, an image pre-processing approach has been adopted in order to get certain parameters that are useful to perform better edge detection with the standard edge detection methods. The proposed preprocessing approach involves median filtering to reduce the noise in image and then edge detection technique is carried out. Finally, Standard edge detection methods can be applied to the resultant pre-processing image and its Simulation results are show that our pre-processed approach when used with a standard edge detection method enhances its performance.
A new approach for generalised unsharp masking alogorithmeSAT Journals
Abstract We propose a new generalized algorithm using the exploratory data model as unified frame work. Enhancement of contrast and sharpness of an image is required in many applications. In applications like medical radiography enhancing movie features and observing the planets it is necessary to enhance the contrast and sharpness of an image. Unsharp masking is good tool for sharpness enhancement; it is an anti blurring filter. By using unsharp masking algorithm for sharpness enhancement, the resultant image suffering with two problems, first one is a hallo is appear around the edges of an image, and second one is rescaling process is needed for the resultant image. The aim of this paper is to enhance the contrast and sharpness of an image simultaneously and to solve the problems. In the proposed algorithm, we can adjust the two parameters controlling the contrast and sharpness to produce the desired output. The proposed algorithm is designed to address issues:1) simultaneously enhancing contrast and sharpness by means of individual treatment of the model component and the residual,2)reducing the halo effect by means of an edge-preserving filter using Bilateral filter. Experimental results, which comparable to recent published results, shows that proposed algorithm is able to significantly improve the sharpness and contrast of an image. This makes the proposed algorithm practically useful. Index Terms: Bilateral filter, edge-preserving filter, exploratory data model, Image Enhancement, Unsharp Masking
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Similar to SINGLE‐PHASE TO THREE‐PHASE DRIVE SYSTEM USING TWO PARALLEL SINGLE‐PHASE RECTIFIERS (20)
Since so many years a problem occurs in KSB Pump Va mbori for casting process i.e. cracks occurs in the castings & it is repeated one. Therefore the compan y has given opportunity to me to solve this problem . In case of steel casting there are mainly cracks & also blo w holes induced due to the casting procedure. There are many factors for the casting defects .The factor is unev en material feeding in casting & also due to the mo uld material & also the core material. These cracks finally brea k directly the component of the casting i.e. in cas e of pump the casting component is like Impeller,Volute casing & casing cover. At the time of feeding of steel material in to the casting the material is in liquid us form i.e. it i s hot material & this material is feeding into casting at the time o f feeding it develop different region of heat. At o ne side the temp is high &at other side the temp is low this also pr oduce cracks. To simulate that casting we use the M AGMA SOFTWARE for simulation & validate it using NDT.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DESIGN OF SIMPLE SPUR GEAR TRAIN AND HELICAL GEAR TRAI...ijiert bestjournal
In recent times,the gear design has become a highl y complicated and comprehensive subject. A designer of modern gear drive system must have to r emember that the main objective of gear drive is to transmit higher power with comparatively smaller overall dim ensions of the driving system which can be construc ted with minimum possible manufacturing cost,runs reas onably free of noise and vibration and which requir es little maintenance. In this paper single stage spur gear t rain and helical gear train with a idler gear are d esigned by American Gear Manufacturing Association (AGMA) stan dard. A idler gear is placed between two gearwheel to obtained the same direction of rotation. AGMA stres s equation is used to determined the tooth bending strength and surface contact strength. As a result,dimensio ns of gears are find out and comparative study is c arried out to select the optimum design of gear train for a give n input parameter
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CONVENTIONAL LEAF SPRING AND COMPOSITE LEAFijiert bestjournal
A leaf spring is a simple form of spring,commonly used for the suspension in wheeled vehicles. It is also one of the oldest forms of spring. Sometimes referred to as a semielliptical l eaf spring (SELS) it takes the form of a slender ar c-shaped length of spring steel of rectangular cross section. The centre of the arc p rovides location for the axle,while tie holes are provided at either end for attaching to the vehicle body. In the present work,a seven-leaf steel spring use d in passenger cars is replaced with a composite mu lti leaf spring made of glass/epoxy composites. The dimensions sand the num ber of leaves for both steel leaf spring and compos ite leaf springs are considered to be the same. The primary objective is to compare their load carrying capacity,stiffness and weight savings of composite leaf spring. Finally,fatigue life of steel and com posite leaf spring is also predicted using life dat a
Brimmed diffuser is collection�acceleration device which shrouds a wind turbine.For a given turbine di ameter,the power augmentation can be achieved by brimmed diffuser,p opularly known as wind lens. The present numerical investigation deals with the effect of low pressure region created by wind l ens and hence to analyze the strong vortices formed by a brim attached to the shroud diffuser at exit. Also in this analysis,a c omparative numerical prediction of mass flow rates through the wind turbine has been carried out with various types of wind lens wh ich in turn helps to optimize the torque augmentati on. It has been numerically proved that there is significant increase in the wa ke formation & vortex strength when brimming effect is added to a diffuser
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF CONNECTING ROD OF MG-ALLOY ijiert bestjournal
The automobile engine connecting rod is a high volume production,critical component. It co nnects reciprocating piston to rotating crankshaft,transmitting the thrust of the piston to the crankshaft. Every vehicle that uses an internal combustion engine requires at least one connecting rod depending upon the number of cylinders in the engine. As the purp ose of the connecting rod is to transfer the reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary motion of the crankshaft. Connecting ro ds for automotive applications are typically manufactured by forging from either w rought steel or powdered metal. the material used f or this process is Mg-Alloy and also finite element analysis of connecting rod
REVIEW ON CRITICAL SPEED IMPROVEMENT IN SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE VALVE TRAINijiert bestjournal
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This paper consist of working of reciprocating pump which is driven by a compound pendulum. It provide s the energy required to lift the water from a tank placed approximately several meter below the ground level. Basic application of the mechanism will be for watering the garden which will be operated by means of operation opening and closing of entrance gate. Paper consists of basic concept,design of pump and compound pendulum mecha nism and fabricationed model. The concept can also be implemented in the rural areas,having the problem of electric supply. We aim at making a prototype for providing some me an for pumping of water by the pump which requires less human efforts,conside ring cost effectiveness,easy to operate and portab le mechanism.
The IC engine has seen numerous revolutionary and e volutionary modifications in technology and design over the past few decades. The sole motto behind the modifications wa s to increase the overall efficiency of the IC Engi ne including volumetric and thermal efficiency. Recently few benchmarking techn ologies like the CRDI,MPFI,HCCI,etc. in the Otto cycle and Diesel cycle engines have created an enormous revolution in the automobile industry. In spite of these technologica l and design advances,the efficiencies are not being more than a particular l imit. However,the concept of split cycle engines has dra stically increased the overall performance in all respect. The split cycle concept basically separates the fou r strokes of the conventional cycle. The Scuderi engine one of the best-in-class engine desi gns based on the split cycle concept. The Scuderi engine works on the split cycle and gives higher efficiency than the previous split cycle engines resulting overall high perform ance. It also eliminates the problems faced by previous engines based on the spl it cycle in terms of breathing (volumetric efficien cy) and thermal efficiency. This paper throws light on the greater volumetric,thermal and overall efficiency key points related t o the Scuderi Engines.
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The excessive rise of temperature in the journal be aring operating at boundary/mixed lubrication regim es. Journal bearing test set- up is used to measure the temperature along the cir cumference of the bearing specimen for different lo ading conditions. Here in this journal bearing of l/d ratio 1,diameter of jo urnal is 60mm and the bearing length is 60mm,clear ance is .06mm has been designed and tested to access the temperature rise of the bearing. The result shows that as the load o n the bearing is increasing temperature also increasing. Temperature analysis o f journal bearing is also done by the Ansys workben ch software
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Energy is one of the building blocks of the country . The growth of the country has been fueled by chea p,abundant energy resources. Solar energy is a form of renewable ener gy which is available abundantly and collected unre servedly. The parabolic concentrator reflects the direct incident solar rad iation onto a receiver mounted above the dish at it s focal point. The conversion of concentrated solar radiation to heat takes place in receiver. The heat transfer characteristics of the receiver changes during the rotation of the receiver which affects thermal performance. The working temperature may also influence the ther mal performance and overall efficiency of the system. Thermal as well as optica l losses affect the performance of a solar paraboli c dish-cavity receiver system. The thermal losses of a solar cavity receiver include c onvective and radiative losses to the air in the ca vity and conductive heat loss through the insulation used behind the helical tube surface. Convective and radiative heat losses form the major constituents of the thermal losses. The convection heat loss from cavit y receiver in parabolic dish solar thermal power sy stem can significantly reduce the efficiency and consequently the cost effectiveness of the system. It is important to assess this heat loss and subsequently improve the thermal performance of the receiver.
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Bumper is a energy absorbing protective element whi ch absorb the energy in front collision and protect valuable parts like radiator etc. Bumper is act like protect ive shield generally made of steel material. As eco nomic point of view and to reduce consumption of fuel manufacturin g of light weight vehicle is requirement of current situation. Application of composite material in automobile sec tor is now day common thing. Aluminum honeycomb san dwich panel is basically material from aerospace industri es and known for its high strength to weight ratio. Sandwich structure basically having its properties due to ge ometry. To determine various properties of sandwich structure conducting experiments is expensive,so generally F EA is used .However complex geometry is hurdle so t here are various theories are available for simplification o f model. These theories convert 3D model in to homo genous model .As far as concerning India manufacturing rate of s andwich structure is very less,so generally cost i s more. Greatest giant manufacturer is china we can observe their bu llet train and metro transport facility constructio n. Recently in march 2014 largest selling Indian cars are failed in NCap test in 100% frontal crash test. So requirement of more energy absorbing material with economy cons ideration is important.
Robotic welding requires specialized fixtures to ac curately hold the work piece during the welding operation. Despite the large variety of welding fix tures available today the focus has shifted in maki ng the welding arms more versatile,not the fixture. T he new fixture design reduces cycle time and operat or labor while increasing functionality;and allows co mplex welding operations to be completed on simple two axis welding arms
ADVANCED TRANSIENT THERMAL AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF DISC BRAKE BY USING ANS...ijiert bestjournal
In these paper structural fields of the solid disc brake during short and emergency braking with four different materials is studied. The distribution of the tempe rature depends on the various factors such as frict ion,surface roughness and speed. The effect of the angular velo city and the contact pressure induces the temperatu re rise of disc brake. The finite element simulation for three -dimensional model was preferred due to the heat fl ux ratio constantly distributed in circumferential direction . Here value of temperature,friction contact power,nodal displacement and deformation for different pressure condition using analysis software with four materi als namely cast iron,cast steel,aluminium and carbon fibre reinforced plastic are taken. Presently the D isc brakes are made up of cast iron and cast steel. With the v alue of simulation result best suitable material fo r the brake drum with higher life span is determined.
REVIEW ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NON-ASBESTOS COMPOSITE MATERIAL USED IN BR...ijiert bestjournal
Metallic matrix composites are combinations of two or more different metals inter metallic compounds or second phases in which dispersed phases are embe dded within the metallic matrix. They are produced by controlling the morphologies of the constituents to achieve optimum combination of properties. Properties of the composites depend on the properti es of the constituent phases,their relative amount,and dispersed phase geometry including particle siz e,shape and orientation in the matrix. In this pap er,The mechanical properties,behaviour and micro stru ctural evolution of aluminium metal matrix metallic composites fabricated under various process conditi ons were investigated to understand their process- structure�property relations by optimization proces s. Addition of silicon carbide to aluminum has show n an increase in its mechanical properties.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF COTTON SEED OIL FOR MULT...ijiert bestjournal
A lubricant is a substance that reduces friction an d wear by providing a protective film between two moving surfaces. Good lubricants possess the proper ties such as low toxicity,high viscosity index,hi gh load carrying capacity,excellent coefficient of fr iction,good anti-wear capability,low emission int o the environment,high ignition temperature. So tribolog y related problems can be minimized by proper selection of lubricant from wear consideration. Tod ay,the depletion of reserves of crude oil,the gro wing prices of crude oil and concern about protecting th e environment against pollution have developed the interest towards environment-friendly lubricants. B ecause of these the purpose of this work is to eval uate the anti-wear characteristics of cottonseed oil and to check the suitability of cottonseed oil as a lu bricant for multi-cylinder engine. Four ball testing machin e is used for anti-wear testing as per ASTM D 4172. The wear preventive characteristic of cottonseed oi l is obtained by measuring wear scar diameter. The present study shows the potential of cotton seed oi l as an alternating lubricant.
Magnetic abrasive finishing is a machining process where the tooling allowance is remove by media wi th both magnetic and abrasive properties,with a magnetic f ield acting as a binder of a grain. Such machining falls into the category of erosion by abrasive suspension and lend itself to the finishing of any type of surface . The possibility of finishing complex surfaces is a spec ial benefit of this machining. Magnetic abrasive fi nishing process is most suitable for obtaining quality fini sh on metallic and non-metallic surfaces. Magnetic abrasive finishing used for complicated product finishing & Roughness and tolerance band achieved that is diffi cult using conventional machine process. The product dimension al requirement easily possible with taking trial wi th MAF parameters.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
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CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
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Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
SINGLE‐PHASE TO THREE‐PHASE DRIVE SYSTEM USING TWO PARALLEL SINGLE‐PHASE RECTIFIERS
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SINGLE‐PHASE TO THREE‐PHASE DRIVE SYSTEM USING
TWO PARALLEL SINGLE‐PHASE RECTIFIERS
Nazneen Choudhari
Department of Electrical Engineering,
Solapur University, Solapur, India.
Nida Shaikh
Department of Electrical Engineering,
Solapur University, Solapur, India.
ABSTRACT
Now a days digital image processing is rapid emerging field with fast growing
applications in sciences and engineering technologies. Digital image processing has broad
spectrum of applications such as remote sensing, medical processing, radar, sonar,
robotics, sport field and automated processes [1-2]. Edge detection techniques are
employed for the detecting the edges of the primitive picture. Earlier some primitive
methods were used for the image processing. H. C. Andrew et.al. gave the method of
digital image restoration [3-5], A. K. Jain and et.al put forwarded the partial difference
equations and finite differences in image processing [6]. Image process, image models and
estimation regarding the edge detection has been flourished during last decade [7-9]. Most
modules in practical vision system depend, directly or indirectly, on the performance of an
edge detector and digital image processing. The edge detection process tends to simplify
the analysis of the image by drastically reducing the amount of data to be processed and at
the same time preserving the useful structural information about object boundaries. An
edge-detector is employed to detect edges, in particular boundaries of objects in images
which is very important in image processing. Since edges are regarded as primitives of
pictures. An edge is said to be occur at a point in an image, if some image attributes
changes discontinuously. Edge detection techniques are employed by many researchers
with the help of different operators.
In the present investigation edge detection process is employed for different operators and
threshold values and its images for 128 x 128 image was obtained by trial and error
method i.e. comparing the results below and above the threshold by using higher level ‘C’
language, which is a user friendly. The comparison of the obtained and the original values
of the threshold values is also studied with the percentage of errors occurred in the
processing present detection.
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EDGE ‐ DETECTION OPERATORS
The idea underlining most edge detection techniques is the computation of local derivative
operator. The first derivative of an edge modeled in this manner is 0 in all reasons of
constant gray level. and assumes a constant value during the gray level transition. The
second derivative on the other hand is 0 in all locations, except at the onset and termination
of the gray level transition.
So it is exigent that the magnitude of the first derivative can be used to detect the presence
of the edge, while the sign of the second derivative can be used to determined whether an
edge pixel lies on the dark ( background ) or light ( object ) side of an edge.
1) GRADIENT OPERATORS :
The gradient of an image f ( x , y ) at location ( x , y ) is defined as the two dimensional
vector
G [ F ( x , y ) ] = { GX / GY} = ( df / dx) / ( df / dy)
For edge detection magnitude of this vector is generally refereed to simply as the gradient
and also denoted by
G [ f ( x , y ) ] = [ Gx2
+ Gy2
]1 / 2
equals the detection, we are interested in the magnitude of this vector, generally refereed to
simply as the gradient and also denoted by
G [ f ( x , y ) ] = | Gx | + | Gy |
The direction of gradient vector is also important quantity.
i.e. ( x , y ) = tan -1
( Gy / Gx )
Angle is measured with respect to x axis , it is a useful tool for linking edge points that
have been detected by using the gradient.
2) SOBEL OPERATOR
Consider the window shown below
X1 X2 X3 -1 -2 -1 -1 0 1
X4 X5 X6 0 0 0 -2 0 2
X7 X8 X9 1 2 1 -1 0 1
(a) (b)
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(a) and (b) are masks available for Sobel operator. Component of gradient vector in the x
and y direction are
Gx = ( X7 + 2X8 + X9 ) - ( X1 + 2X2 + X3 )
Gx = ( X3 + 2X6 + X9 ) - ( X1 + 2X4 + X7 )
Gx [ ( x , y ) = | Gx | + | Gy | or G [ f ( x , y ) ]
= [ Gx2
+ Gy2
]1 / 2
In any window, we determine the gradient and compare this with a appropriate threshold.
The center of the window is detected as edge only if the gradient in the window exceeds
the threshold.
g ( x , y ) = | 255 if G [ f ( x , y )] ≥ T |
| 0 otherwise |
Using the 3 x 3 area in the computation of the gradient has an advantage over 2 x 2 area.
Since it tends to make derivative operation less sensitive to noise. Convolving these masks
with an image f (x,y) yields the gradient at all points in the image, the result often. The
Sobel mask operation is omnidirectional which means that all black-to-white and white-to-
black edge transition are highlighted, regardless of their direction in an image. Sobel
operation is more immune to image noise than laplacian operation and it provides stronger
edge discrimination.
3) ROBERT’S OPERATOR
This operator has 2 x 2 mask
-1 0 0 -1
0 1 1 0
(r1) (r2)
g = X2
+ X2
Since it operates on small neighborhoods, this operator is very sensitive to noise.
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-3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3
-3 0 -3 -3 0 5
5 5 5 -3 5 5
( K6 ) ( K7 )
7) SHIFT AND DIFFERENCE OPERATORS :
The three common shift and difference masks are
0 0 0 0 -1 0 -1 0 0
-1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(Vertical) ( Horizontal ) ( Diagonal )
The shift and difference operators extracts the vertical, horizontal and diagonal edges in an
image. Each pixel is subtracted from its adjacent neighboring pixel in the chosen direction.
The resulting image appears as a directional outline of the object in the original image.
This operation is directional, which means that black to white edge transmission are
highlighted only in a single direction of travel across the image. The shift and difference
operation is the most computationally efficient of all edge enhancement operations, but it
trends to accentuate noise in an image.
The shift and difference operation can produce results that are less than 0. This underflow
condition occurs when a bright pixel is subtracted from a dark pixel. In these underflow
cases, the resulting value is forced to 0. The net effect is that edges going from black to
white are brightly highlighted. Edges going from white to black are not, because the bright
value is subtracted from dark value. So the underflow condition yields a black result.
8) ISOTROPIC OPERATOR
-1 0 1 -1 2 -1
- 2 0 2 0 0 0
-1 0 1 1 2 1
( I1 ) ( I2 )
g = [ I1
2
+ I2
2
] 1 / 2
This is the gradient operator. It causes thick edges in output images.
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9) STOCHASTIC OPERATOR
SNR = 1 SNR = 9
0.97 0 0.97 0.776 0 -0.776
1 0 -1 1 0 -1
0.97 0 -0.97 0.776 0 -0.776
These masks are poor in presence of noise average low pass filter least square fitting
technique can yield some reduction of detrimental effects.
10) LAPLACIAN OPERATORS
Laplcian is a second order derivative operator defined as
L [ f ( x , y ) ] = d2
f / dx2
+ d2
f / dy2
This operation can be implemented by convolving the mask with an image f (x , y). Note
that the Laplacian is 0 in constant areas and on the ramp section of an edge, as expected of
a second order derivative.
The three common laplacian edge detection mask are
-1 -1 -1 0 -1 0 1 -2 1
-1 8 -1 -1 4 -1 -2 4 -2
-1 -1 -1 0 -1 0 1 -2 1
(Mask 1) (Mask 2) ( mask 3 )
The Laplacian edge detection operation extracts all the edges in an image regardless of
direction. The resulting image appears as an omidirectional outline of the objection the
original image. Constant brightness regions become black, white changing brightness
regions become highlighted.
ALGORITHMS AND SOFTWARE
In the present investigation development of algorithms for operation of edge detection
mask on 128 128 image is done. Applying edge detection mask of size 3 3 and
gradient magnitude is calculated at each pixel, which is stored in two dimensional
array. The gradient magnitude at each pixel is compared with appropriate threshold
and the pixel having magnitude greater than threshold is highlighted and other
pixels are made off in order to get the edge detected.
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PIXEL GROUP PROCESSING
The edge detection masks considered here is implemented through a process called
convolution, which is used to calculate what is going on with the pixel brightness
around the pixel being processed. It is a mathematical method used in signal
processing and analysis.
Each output pixels brightness is dependent on a group of input pixels surrounding
the pixel being processed. Weighted average of input pixel and its immediate
neighbours are used to calculate the output pixel brightness value called mask and the
array of 3 3 mask convolution coefficient is given below.
a b c
d e f
g h I
Every pixels in the input image is evaluated with its eight neighbours using this mask to
produce an output pixel value which is shown in Fig. 1.
a b C
d e F
g h I
Fig.1 Convolution mask
Fig. 1 The spatial convolution process for the Pixel at location I ( x , y ) creating output
Pixel at O ( x , y )
aI ( x - 1, y - 1 )+ bI ( x, y - 1 )
+ cI ( x + 1, y - 1 ) dI ( x - I , y )
+ eI ( x, y ) + fI ( x + 1, y ) + gI ( x - 1, y - 1 )
+ hI ( x, y + 1 ) + iI ( x + 1, y +1 )
= Output pixel
The mask is placed over an input pixel and its eight neighbours are multiplied by their
respective convolution coefficient and the multiplication’s are summed. The result is
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placed in the output image at the same centre pixel location. This process occurs pixel by
pixel for each pixel in the input image. The equation for the convolution process is
0 ( x , y ) = aI ( x - 1, y - 1 ) + bI ( x, y - 1 )
+ cI( x + 1, y - 1 ) + dI ( x - I , y )
+ eI( x, y ) + fI ( x + 1, y ) + gI ( x- , y - 1)
+ hI ( x, y + 1 ) + iI ( x + 1, y +1 )
In the case of a 128 128 line image the edge detection mask operation requires the
pixel by pixel process to occur 128 128 = 16384 times. Each process requires nine
multiplications and nine. Additions per input image pixel
ALGORITHM
Steps required in edge detection mask operation of 128 x 128 image are-
1. Open the image binary coded data file.
2. Read the data from the image file and store it into a two dimensional array for
processing.
3. Display the original image on screen.
4. Operate the mask on the input image as stated in previous article pixel group processing
operation and calculate value at each pixel.
5. Store value of each pixels in output two dimensional array
6. Display the image pixels stored in output array by appropriate threshold value of get
edge detected image
SOFTWARE PACKAGE
Edge detection software is developed in friendly package through C language. In this
menu operated package, original image, histogram of the image and results of different
edge-detection masks cam be seen. Threshold values for the edge detection are noted by
trial and error method for different images
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RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
In the present work, pixel group processing and algorithms for operation of mask on
images of different operators are studied and the threshold results are obtained which are
shown in the table 1. Table 2 shows the original and obtained threshold values of SOBEL
operator. while fig.1 shows the histograms of original and obtained.
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