The document provides information about pile foundations and their construction process. It states that pile foundations involve long concrete cylinders that are driven into the ground to support structures built above weak soil layers. It describes the two main types of pile foundations as end bearing piles and friction piles. It then explains the multi-step process of constructing pile foundations which involves casting piles on site, using a pile driver to vertically insert the piles into the ground until refusal.

1. SIKKIM MANIPAL INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY
MAJOR PROJECT REPORT
ON
MASS HOUSING AT SHUKHOBRISHTI SITE,
NEWTOWN KOLKATA
SHUBHAM PRADHAN
REG NO: 20130055
ROLL NO: 07

2. PILE FOUNDATIONS
• A pile is basically a long cylinder of a strong material such as concrete that is pushed
into the ground to act as a steady support for structures built on top of it.
• Pile foundations are used in the following situations:
When there is a layer of weak soil at the surface. This layer cannot support the weight of
the building, so the loads of the building have to bypass this layer and be transferred to
the layer of stronger soil or rock that is below the weak layer.
• When a building has very heavy, concentrated loads, such as in a high rise structure,
bridge, or water tank.
• Pile foundations are capable of taking higher loads than spread footings.
There are two types of pile foundations, each of which works in its own way.

3. TYPES OF PILE FOUNDATION

4. DIFFERENCE IN LOAD TRANSFER
 End bearing piles
 Friction pile
DIFFERENCE
Frictional Piles works on the static friction developed between the surface of the pile and
soil where it is placed. Where as End-Bearing Piles are driven till hard strata of soil is
achieved.

5. PROCESS OF PILING

6. HOW PILES ARE CONSTRUCTED
1. Piles are first cast at ground level and then hammered or driven into the ground using a pile
driver.
2. This is a machine that holds the pile perfectly vertical, and then hammers it into the ground
blow by blow.
3. Each blow is struck by lifting a heavy weight and dropping it on the top of the pile - the pile
is temporarily covered with a steel cap to prevent it from disintegrating.
4. The pile driver thus performs two functions - first, it acts as a crane, and lifts the pile from a
horizontal position on the ground and rotates it into the correct vertical position, and second,
it hammers the pile down into the ground.
5. Piles should be hammered into the ground till refusal, at which point they cannot be driven
any further into the soil.

7. MIVAN Shuttering
• The system of aluminum forms (MIVAN) has been used widely in the construction of
residential units and mass housing projects.
• It is fast, simple, adaptable and cost – effective.
• It produces total quality work which requires minimum maintenance and when durability is
the prime consideration.
• This system is most suitable for Indian condition as a tailor–made aluminum formwork for
cast–in–situ fully concrete structure.
• It does not require much laboures.
• The concrete is produced in RMC batching plants under strict quality control and convey it
to site with transit mixers.
• Aluminum Formwork system is a comparatively a new technology in India.
MIVAN SHUTTERING

8. • It saves cost, time and improves the quality of construction.
• It was used by L&T for the first time in India in its projects in Mumbai, Delhi & South India
(South city, Bangalore) in 2003 for the construction of both low and high raises apartments
and buildings.
• Aluminum formwork is very cost effective for repetitive Buildings layouts and for above the
plinth work.

9. It is suitable for:
• Mass housing
• Typical floors
• Fast construction required
• No of repetition are more
• High quality

10. HISTORY AND BACKGROUND
• Mivan is basically an aluminum formwork system developed by one of the
construction company from Europe. In 1990, the Mivan Company Ltd
from Malaysia started the manufacturing of such formwork systems.
• Now a days more than 30,000 sq. m of formwork used in the world are under their
operation.
• In Mumbai, India there are number of buildings constructed with the help of the
above system which has been proved to be very economical and satisfactory for
Indian Construction Environment.
• The technology has been used extensively in other countries such as Europe, Gulf
Countries, Asia and all other parts of the world.
• All the activities are planned in assembly line manner and hence result into more
accurate, well – controlled and high quality production at optimum cost and in
shortest possible time.

11. COMPONENTS
MIVAN Formwork Assembly:
MIVAN aims in using modern
construction techniques and equipment
in all its projects. On leaving the MIVAN
factory all panels are clearly labeled to
ensure that they are easily identifiable
on site and can be smoothly fitted
together using the formwork modulation
drawings.

12. PROCEDURE
Pre – Concrete Activities:
I. Receipt of Equipment on Site – The equipment is received in the site as ordered.
II. Level Surveys – Level checking are made to maintain horizontal level check.
III. Setting Out – The setting out of the formwork is done.
IV. Control / Correction of Deviation – Deviation or any correction are carried out.
V. Erect Formwork – The formwork is erected on site.
VI. Erect Deck Formwork – Deck is erected for labours to work.
VII. Setting Kickers – kickers are provided over the beam

13. PRE – CONCRETE ACTIVITIES

14. On Concrete Activities:
i. Dislodging of pins/wedges due to vibration.
ii. Beam/deck props adjacent to drop areas slipping due to vibration.
iii. Ensure all bracing at special areas slipping due to vibration.
iv. Overspill of concrete at window opening etc.

15. Post – Concrete Activities:
i. Cleaning:
• All components should be cleaned with scrapers and wire brushes as soon as they are
struck. Wire brush is to be used on side rails only.
ii. Transporting:
• The heaviest and the longest, which is a full height of wall panel, can be carried up the
nearest stairway. Passes through void areas.
iii. Striking:
• Once cleaned and transported to the next point of erection, panels should be stacked at right
place and in right order.
iv. Erecting Of Formwork:
• After that formwork is erect again on the next floor.

16. ADVANTAGES
• Mivan formwork requires relatively less labour
• More seismic resistance
• Increased durability
• Lesser number of joints and reduced leakages
• Higher carpet area
• Smooth finishing of wall and slab
• Uniform quality of construction
• Negligible maintenance
• Faster completion

17. DISADVANTAGES
• Because of few small sizes finishing lines are seen on the concrete surfaces
• Services after completing become slightly difficult due to the small width of components
• It requires uniform planning as well as uniform elevations to be cost effective
• The formwork requires number of spacer, wall ties etc. which are placed @ 2ft c/c; these
produce problems such as seepage, leakages during monsoon
• Due to box-type construction, contraction cracks are likely to appear
• Heat of hydration is high due to shear walls
• It is rigid in design once placed, as any alteration becomes tough later

18. AAC BLOCKS
What is AAC?
• Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC), also known as autoclaved cellular concrete (ACC),
autoclaved lightweight concrete (ALC), autoclaved concrete, cellular concrete, porous
concrete, Ytong, Hebel Block, Aircrete, Thermalite.
When was AAC first developed?
• AAC was developed in 1924 by a Swedish architect, who was looking for an alternate
building material with properties similar to that of wood – good thermal insulation, solid
structure and easy to work with – but without the disadvantage of combustibility, decay
and termite damage. It has been refined into a highly thermally insulating concrete-based
material used for both internal and external construction.
• AAC products include blocks, wall panels, floor and roof panels, and lintels.

19. • AAC has been produced for more than 70 years, and it offers several significant
advantages over other cement construction materials, one of the most important being
its lower environmental impact.
• Improved thermal efficiency reduces the heating and cooling load in buildings.
• Workability allows accurate cutting, which minimizes the generation of solid waste during
use.
• Light weight saves cost & energy in transportation.
• Light weight saves labour expenses.
• Light weight increases chances of survival during seismic activity.

20. ADVANTAGES
• Termite/Pest Resistant
• Cost Effective
• Easy Workability and Design Flexibility
• Thermally Insulated & Energy Efficient
• Fire Resistant
• Eco-friendly

21. RAW MATERIALS
SR. NO. RAW MATERIALS RATIO
1 FLY ASH 65 – 70 %
2 LIME 8 – 12 %
3 CEMENT 10 – 15 %
4 GYPSUM 0.5 – 5 %
5 ALUMINIUM POWDER 0.5 %

22. PROCESS OF LAYING AAC BLOCKS

24. THANK YOU