Complete Flow of how mere silicon convert to integrated circuit. including ASIC/FPGA/SoC design flow.

1. Silicon to Software
Presented by :
Narendra J S Patel
Email ID : njspatel1@gmail.com
Twitter : https://twitter.com/njspatel
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/njspatel

2. Outlines :
• Transistors.
• MOSFET.
• VLSI Goal.
• ASIC/FPGA/SoC.
• Hardware description language.
• Silicon to software and software to silicon flow.
• VLSI Future trends and technology.
• Live demo on FPGA/SoC Application design(Up/Down Counter).

3. Transistor:
• A transistor is a semiconductor device used
to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power.
• It is composed of semiconductor material usually with at least
three terminals for connection to an external circuit. i.e Emitter, Base,
Collector or Source, gate drain.
• The thermionic triode, a vacuum tube invented in 1907, enabled
amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony.
• Mainly use as a switch in digital circuit.

4. From Here To Here
Transistors

5. • Transistor Types :
1. Bipolar Junction transistor (BJT) :
- Bipolar Junction Transistors are transistors which are built up of 3 regions,
the base, the collector, and the emitter.
- Bipolar Junction transistors, different FET transistors, are current-controlled
devices.
- A small current entering in the base region of the transistor causes a much
larger current flow from the emitter to the collector region.
- Bipolar junction transistors come in two major types, NPN and PNP.
2. Field effect transistor (FET) :
- Field Effect Transistors are made up of 3 regions, a gate, a source, and a
drain.
- Different bipolar transistors, FETs are voltage-controlled devices.
- A voltage placed at the gate controls current flow from the source to the
drain of the transistor.

6. 3. Darlington Transistor : A Darlington transistor sometimes called as a “Darlington pair” is a transistor
circuit that is made from two transistors.
4. Schottky Transistor : A Schottky transistor is a combination of a transistor and a Schottky diode that
prevents the transistor from saturating by diverting the extreme input current. It is also called a Schottky-
clamped transistor.
5. Multiple-Emitter transistor : A multiple-emitter transistor is specialize bipolar transistor frequently
used as the inputs of transistor transistor logic (TTL) NAND logic gates.
6. Dual Gate MOSFET : One form of MOSFET that is a particularly popular in several RF applications is
the dual gate MOSFET.
7. Junction Field Effect Transistor : JFET has no PN-junctions but in its place has a narrow part of high
resistivity semiconductor material forming a “Channel” of either N-type or P-type silicon for the majority
carriers to flow through with two ohmic electrical connections at either end normally called the Drain and
the Source respectively.

7. MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-
effect transistor) :
• The basic principle of the field-effect transistor was first patented
by Julius Edgar Lilienfeld in 1925.
• The main advantage of a MOSFET is that it requires almost no
input current to control the load current.
• MOSFET is by far the most common transistor in digital circuits,
as billions may be included in a memory chip or microprocessor.
• MOSFETs can be made with either p-type or n-type
semiconductors, complementary pairs of MOS transistors can be
used to make switching circuits with very low power
consumption, in the form of CMOS logic.

8. MOSFET Operation :

9.  Moore’s law and VLSI Goal
Moore's law is the observation that the number of transistor in a
dense integrated circuit doubles about every two years.
VLSI Goal :
• Low power
• Small size
• High Speed
• Low cost

10.  What is ASIC/FPGA/SoC
1. ASIC (Application specific integrated circuit) :
• An application-specific integrated circuit is an integrated circuit (IC)
customized for a particular use, rather than intended for general-
purpose use.
• For example, a chip designed to run in a digital voice recorder or a high-
efficiency bitcoin miner is an ASIC.
• As feature sizes have shrunk and design tools improved over the years,
the maximum complexity (and hence functionality) possible in an ASIC
has grown from 5,000 logic gates to over 100 million.
• Designers of digital ASICs often use a hardware description
language (HDL), such as Verilog or VHDL, to describe the functionality of
ASICs.
• High performance, low power, small size, low cost.

11. 2. FPGA (Field Programmable gate array) :
• A field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is an integrated circuit designed
to be configured by a customer or a designer after manufacturing –
hence the term "field-programmable".
• The FPGA configuration is generally specified using a hardware
description language (HDL).
3. FPGA-SoC(System on chip) :
• Latest FPGA has processor subsystem embedded along with
• programmable logic blocks
• Most commonly a single or dual ARM cortex processors
• Peripherals like PCIE controller, high speed transceivers, accelerators etc.
• This helps in building a programmable SOC chip with all FPGA
advantages
• Example - Altera Cyclone V with dual core Cortex A9 processor

12. FPGA-SoC Architecture :

13. Hardware description language :
AND Gate :
module and_gate( input a,
input b,
output y
);
assign y = a&b;
endmodule

14. Silicon to Software
1. Architecture Review

15. 2. Front end designing

16. 4. Software to Silicon (Embedded Design)
int x = 2;
int y = 2;
int sum;
sum = x + y;
cout << sum;
Compiler
LDX 02
LDA 02
ADC X
STA 3e8
Linker
1010111011
1100000110
1010101110
1010110110
1011101111
00000110
Integrated Circuit

17. VLSI future trends and technology :
1. Neuromorphic or AI Chip :
• A neuromorphic chip is an analog data processor inspired by the biological brain.
• This concept of design allows these chips to interpret sensory data and respond in
ways that are not specifically programmed.
• Presently, computers utilize the von Neumann architecture for processing data. This method sends information
back and forth between the central processor and memory chips, following a very linear pattern.
• In contrast to this, neuromorphic chips encode and shuttle data in a series of electrical bursts, modeled after the
synapses of the brain. Synapses in biological brains respond to sensory stimuli and change their connections
based on learned experience.
2. Braingate :
• The idea of utilizing thought to move a mechanical gadget, a wheelchair, a prosthetic, or a computer was once
entirely the stuff of sci-fi, however no more.
• Braingate gathers and dissects the brainwaves of people with affirmed physical incapacities, transforming
considerations into activities.

18. 3. Cold Computing :
• old computing is the idea of decreasing the operating temperature of a computing
system to increase its computational efficiency, energy efficiency or density.
• most significant impact occurs when you run computing systems at cryogenic
temperatures. Its create high leakage current which tends.
• conventional processor and memory based data centers operate at temperatures well above room temperature,
at around 295k (21 C), but we’re looking at operating memory systems in liquid nitrogen at 77K (-250 C).
4. Compound Semiconductor :
• Compound semiconductors combine two or more elements from the periodic table
for example gallium and nitrogen, to form gallium nitride.
• these materials outperform silicon in the areas of speed, latency, light detection
and emission, which will help make possible applications like 5G and autonomous
vehicles.

19. 5. CRISPER (clusters of regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats):
A CRISPR-based Graphene-enhanced Field Effect Biosensor for Electronic Detection of Unamplified Target Genes.
6. Quantum bits/Quantum Computing :
• classical binary bit physically realized with a two-state device.
• qubit is a two-state (or two-level) quantum-mechanical system.
• one of the simplest quantum systems displaying the peculiarity of
quantum mechanics.
• the spin of the electron in which the two levels can be taken as spin up and spin down; or the polarization of a
single photon in which the two states can be taken to be the vertical polarization and the horizontal polarization.
• quantum mechanics allows the qubit to be in a coherent superposition of both states/levels simultaneously, a
property which is fundamental to quantum mechanics and quantum computing.
7. Foveros : Foveros is the technology to build CPUs vertically, as opposed to the
more traditional CPU x-y axis layout.

20. Thank You
Narendra J S Patel
Email ID : njspatel1@gmail.com
Twitter : https://twitter.com/njspatel
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/njspatel