Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Evolution to Microprocessor Chapter 3 Classification of Microprocessor Chapter 4 Integrated Circuits Chapter 5 History of Integrated Circuits Chapter 6 Digital Logic Families Chapter 7 Positive and Negative Logic Chapter 8 Characteristics of Logic Families Chapter 9 Conclusions

1. A Presentation On:
Microprocessor and
Positive and Negative Logic
Presented By:
Rakesh Talukdar
Anil Kr Singha

2.  Introduction
 Evolution of Microprocessor
 Classification Of Microprocessor
 Integrated Circuit
 History of Integrated Circuits
 Digital Logic Families
 Positive and Negative Logic
 Characteristics of IC Logic Families
 Conclusion
 References

3.  A microprocessor is a computer processor which
incorporates the functions of a computer's central
processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit (IC).
 The microprocessor, also known as the Central Processing
Unit (CPU), is the brain of all computers and many
household and electronic devices.

4.  4-bit Microprocessor: Intel 4004
 Introduced in 1971.
 It was the first microprocessor by Intel.
 Ran at a clock speed of 108KHz.
 It had 2,300 transistors.
 Maximum addressable memory was only 640 bytes.
8-bit Microprocessor: Intel 8008
 Introduced in 1972.
 Originally ran at a clock speed of 200KHz.
 It had 3,500 transistors.
 Maximum addressable memory was up to 16 kb

5. Intel 8080
 Introduced in 1974.
 Its clock speed was 2MHz
 It had 6,000 transistors.
 It could address up to 64KB of memory
Z-80 processor
 It introduced in 1976
 It could run all 8080 programs.
 Initially the clock speed 2.5MHz (later versions ran up to 10MHz)
 It had8,500 transistors
 It could access 64KB of memory

6. Intel 8085
 Introduced in 1976.
 Its clock speed was 5 MHz.
 Its data bus is 8-bit.
 It had 6,500 transistors.
 It could access 64 KB of memory.
MOS Technology 6502
 It was introduced in 1976
 It was an 8-bit processor like 8080
 Its clock speed was 1-2 MHz

7. Intel 8086
 Introduced in 1978
 Its clock speed is 4.77 MHz, 8MHz and 10 MHz, depending on the version.
 Its data bus is 16-bit
 It had 29,000 transistors.
 It could access 1 MB of memory.
 It had 29,000 instructions.

8. 32-bit Microprocessor: Intel 80386
 Introduced in 1986.
 Its data bus is 32-bitandaddress bus is 32-bit.
 It could address 4 GB of memory.
 It had 2,75,000 transistors.
 Its clock speed varied from 16MHz to 33 MHz depending upon the various versions.
Intel Pentium
 Introduced in 1993.
 It was originally named 80586.
 Its clock speed was 66 MHz.
 Its data bus is 32-bit and address bus is 32-bit.
 It could address 4 GB of memory.
 It could execute 110 million instructions per second.

9. 64-bit microprocessor:
 Intel Core 2
 Introduced in 2006.
 Its clock speed is from 1.2 GHz to 3 GHz.
 It has 291 million transistors.
Intel Core i5
 Introduced in 2010.
 It has 4 physical cores.
 Its clock speed is from 2.40 GHz to 3.60 GHz.
 It has 781 million transistors.
Intel Core i3
 Introduced in 2010.
 It has 2 physical cores.
 Its clock speed is from 2.93 GHz to 3.33 GHz.
 It has 781 million transistors.

10.  Introduced in 2009.
 It has 4 physical cores.
 Its clock speed is from 2.66 GHz to 3.33 GHz.
 It has 781 million transistors.

11. RISC Processor: RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computer. It is designed to reduce
the execution time by simplifying the instruction set of the computer
SISC Processor: CISC stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer. It is designed to
minimize the number of instructions per program, ignoring the number of cycles per instruction.
The emphasis is on building complex instructions directly into the hardware.

12.  An integrated circuit (IC), sometimes called a chip or microchip, is a
semiconductor wafer on which thousands or millions of tiny resistors,
capacitors, and transistors are fabricated. An IC can function as an
amplifier, oscillator, timer, counter, computer memory, or microprocessor.
A particular IC is categorized as either linear analog or digital, depending
on its intended application.

13.  Integrated circuits developed from transistor technology as scientists
sought ways to build more transistors into a circuit. The first integrated
circuits were patented in 1959 by two Americans-Jack Kilby, an engineer,
and Robert Noyce, a physicist-who worked independently.

14.  Extremely small size
 Lesser weight
 Low Cost
 Lower Power Consumption
 Easy replacement
 Greater ability of operating at extreme temperature

15.  Limited power rating as it is not possible to manufacture high power
 Need of connecting inductors and transformers exterior to the
semiconductor chip as it is not possible to fabricate inductor and
transformer on the semiconductor chip surface.
 Operation at low voltage as IC’s function at fairly low voltage.
 High grade P-N-P assembly is not possible.
 Low temperature coefficient is difficult to be achieved.
 Large value of saturation resistance of transistors.
 Voltage dependence of resistor and capacitors.

16. SSI-Small Scale Integration
MSI-Medium Scale Integration
LSI-Large Scale Integration
VLSI-Very Large Scale Integration

17. Logic Families indicate the type of logic circuit used in the IC. The main
types of logic families are:
 TTL(Transistor Transistor Logic)
 CMOS (Complementary MOS)
 ECL (Emitter Coupled Logic
 MOS(Metal-Oxide Semiconductor)

18.  Transistor–transistor logic (TTL) is a class of digital circuits built from
bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and resistors.

19.  CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) is the semiconductor
technology used in the transistors that are manufactured into most of
today's computer microchips.

20.  In electronics, emitter-coupled logic (ECL) is a high-speed integrated
circuit bipolar transistor logic family.

21.  It is a three-layer sandwich of a metal, an insulator and a Semiconductor
substrate, used in integrated circuits.

22.  The binary signal at the input and the output of any gate has one of the two
values, except during the transition one signal value represents logic 1
(one) and other logic 0 (zero), depending upon the positive and negative
logic the higher signal level ‘H’ and lower signal level ‘L’ differs.
Positive Logic Negative Logic
H = 1 H = 0
L = 0 L = 1

23. Truth Table of Positive and Negative Logic

24.  Fan-Out: It specifies the number of standard loads that the output of the
gate can drive without impairment of its normal operation.
 Power Dissipation: It refers the power consume by the gate which must be
available from the power supply.
 Propagation Delay: It is the average transition delay time for the signal to
propagate from input to output when the signals change in value.
 Noise Margin: It refers the limit of the noise voltage which may be present
without impairing the proper operation of the circuit.

25.  Microprocessor is one of the most significant inventions to technology
because of its effect on technologic engineering, different aspects of life,
and of course how it can store data larger than the size of the actual chip.
 The key to understanding the concept of positive and negative logic is to
recognize the difference between a logical Boolean operation and a
physical implementation.

26.  http://electriciantraining.tpub.com/14185/css/Positive-And-Negative-Logic-85.htm
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit
 http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/integrated-circuit-IC
 http://www.electrical4u.com/integrated-circuits-types-of-ic/
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor
 http://sce2.umkc.edu/csee/hieberm/281_new/lectures/basic-electrical-components/pos-neg-
logic.html
 http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://scanftree.com/microprocessor
 http://www.hobbyprojects.com/progression-of-electronics-technology/integrated-
circuits.html
 http://electronicspost.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-integrated-circuits-ics/
 http://www.electricaltechnology.org/2015/04/types-of-ics-classification-of-integrated-circuits-
and-their-limitation.html
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor-transistor_logic
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMOS
 M. Morris Mano, Digital logic and Computer Design.