Significant changes with little progress: evaluation on the 3 rd year of the implementation of decentralization framework and its impacts on socio-economic local development
Tri Widodo W. Utomo
Department of International Cooperation, Graduate School of International Development,
Nagoya University, 1 Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-0861, Japan
Proceeding Temu Ilmiah XII, 2003, Gifu University: held and published by Indonesian Student Association (PPI)
vision to construct new format of regional autonomy in Indonesia: keeping local authorities democratic through empowerment of local institution
The-12th Indonesian Scientific Meeting, Osaka University, September 6-7, 2003, held and published by Indonesian Student Association (PPI)
Tri Widodo W. Utomo
Department of International Cooperation, Graduate School of International Development, Nagoya University, 1 Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-0861, Japan
Local Government System After the Implementation of Law No.
22 of 1999
Indonesian Scientific Meeting 2003 in Central Japan
December 20, 2003, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Japan
Tri Widodo W. Utomo
Department of International Cooperation, Graduate School of International Development, Nagoya University, 1 Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-0861, Japan
Toward a world class bureaucracy in digital areaDr. Zar Rdj
GENERAL REASONS OF PUBLIC DISTRUST
1. Power Abuse Or Misuse
2. Policy Failure
3. Lack Of Public Service Quality
4. Outdated Government Systems
5. Scandals Or Corruptions
6. Official’s Mistake, Improper Words
Importance of Local Government in Democracy and Good GovernanceBilal yousaf
This presentation has discuss the importance of local government in democracy and good governance. The brief introduction of Local Government, Democracy and Good Governance are included with special focus on the importance of Local government.
vision to construct new format of regional autonomy in Indonesia: keeping local authorities democratic through empowerment of local institution
The-12th Indonesian Scientific Meeting, Osaka University, September 6-7, 2003, held and published by Indonesian Student Association (PPI)
Tri Widodo W. Utomo
Department of International Cooperation, Graduate School of International Development, Nagoya University, 1 Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-0861, Japan
Local Government System After the Implementation of Law No.
22 of 1999
Indonesian Scientific Meeting 2003 in Central Japan
December 20, 2003, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Japan
Tri Widodo W. Utomo
Department of International Cooperation, Graduate School of International Development, Nagoya University, 1 Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-0861, Japan
Toward a world class bureaucracy in digital areaDr. Zar Rdj
GENERAL REASONS OF PUBLIC DISTRUST
1. Power Abuse Or Misuse
2. Policy Failure
3. Lack Of Public Service Quality
4. Outdated Government Systems
5. Scandals Or Corruptions
6. Official’s Mistake, Improper Words
Importance of Local Government in Democracy and Good GovernanceBilal yousaf
This presentation has discuss the importance of local government in democracy and good governance. The brief introduction of Local Government, Democracy and Good Governance are included with special focus on the importance of Local government.
In the failure of the formal accountability channels, social accountability is slowly becoming an effective response to governance deficit. Understanding good governance is a prerequisite to understand social accountability. Social Accountability is an approach towards enforcing & building accountability that relies on civic engagement in which citizens participate directly or indirectly in demanding accountability from service providers and public officials.
Accountability is no longer between the state only and citizens. Non state, national and transnational actors are now, heavily involved in all stages of the production of public goods.
The influence of corporate interests in the provision of public goods and services, as well as the entry of several unregulated providers poses a big threat to accountability and inclusion.
The strategies below represent the practical ways in which CSOs have applied the notion of social accountability to the context and issues of concern to their members, constituents and beneficiaries.
Strategic Litigation
Participatory Budgeting
Mobilisation and Networking
Social Audit, Monitoring and Evaluation
Information Communication Technology
Participatory Planning and Decision-making
Consultations and Stakeholder Participation
Accountability Reporting/Investigative Journalism
Participatory Procurement and Financial Management
Social Accountability is a journey.
The work of social accountability is not a sprint but marathon.
Good Governance : Origin, concepts and componentsNayana Renukumar
The presentation speaks about the origin of Good Governance, its major definitions, key components and strategies. The presentations also dwells upon the Good Governance scenario in India as well that in the state of Andhra Pradesh
Organizational culture change in the decentralization practice boyolali budi...Researcher Syndicate68
Abstract In Indonesia, decentralization came in one package with the democratization process. Therefore, local governments should reform their internal structures to accommodate the huge increase in responsibility and personnel that were transferred from the central government, and simultaneously, they should create their policies based on the spirit of transparency, good governance, and democracy. These dramatic changed has, theoretically, a great impact to the organizational culture of local government institutions.
This paper presents an empirical justification of participation of common people in different factors of administration through the policy of decentralization. The background structure of the paper mainly based on the developing country oriented social structure. Through this paper, we can also understand the heterogeneity in the administrative structure. Under this differentiate structure this paper tries to understand the extent of participation of the common people in the administrative decision. In the conclusion part, here in this paper, we try to define the term “Citizen Participation” through the idea of redistribution of administrative power among the civic society for getting an affluent society.
Problems and challenges of public administration in Bangladesh: pathway to su...Premier Publishers
The paper seeks to find out the major problems and prospects of public administration in Bangladesh and pathway to Sustainable Development. The Public Administration in Bangladesh still faced by corruption, violence, absence of rule of law, outdated laws, non transparency, lack of professionalism, abuse of human rights, non accountability, and serious politicization of all government institutions even the judicial system. The study is descriptive in nature which is based on extensive literature review and secondary sources. It is observed that we need a group of educated expert administrator and strong political leadership with commitment to fight against corruption, non accountability, non transparency and inefficiency. The implementation of rule of law with strong moral ground is necessary for ensuring good governance and sustainable development. The findings of the study will help administrator, public, student, researcher, political leaders and policy makers for designing future sustainable development policy and program.
This presentation is about good governance and bad governance in Bangladesh. This presentation also include the definition of governance, good governance and government.
Building Good Governance through Decentralization in IndonesiaTri Widodo W. UTOMO
Book Chapter dari buku berjudul "Limits of Good Governance in Developing Countries", by Hirotsune Kimura et.al. (Ed),
Diterbitkan oleh Gadjah Mada University Press, 2011
Local Government Reforms as Instrument for National Development in Nigeriaijtsrd
The study examined local government reforms as instrument for national development in Nigeria using qualitative data that rely on content analysis of extant literature that supports the aim of establishing and reforming the local government as the third tier of government to act as a veritable instrument for national development in Nigeria. However, available empirical literature has argued that despite the important role of local government as the third tier of government and an instrument of development, there is a glaring evidence of serious inadequacies. They posits that the current state of Local Government in Nigeria is characterized by unbridled interference of the State Government which is quite dismal largely due to poor management of resources, lack of autonomy, inadequate local leadership among others. Thus, to realize fully the intended development using Local governments as instrument, Local governments should be democratized and adequate measures provided to check the siphoning tendencies of its managements. Ezeozue, Chidozie "Local Government Reforms as Instrument for National Development in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30331.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/30331/local-government-reforms-as-instrument-for-national-development-in-nigeria/ezeozue-chidozie
In international development, good governance is a subjective term that describes how public institutions conduct public affairs and manage public resources in a preferred way.
Corporate Governance in Local Governments of the Public Sector for Sustainabl...ijtsrd
Corporate governance in the public sector, particularly, in local governments is crucial to quality service delivery, citizen participation and sustainable development. Using Integrative Review approach, the study sought to review literature on corporate governance in local governments of the public sector. The results, according to the frame of the study based on selected literature revealed that most studies focused on one rather than two or more countries, there appeared to be less quantitative studies than qualitative studies, there seemed to be more reviews on the subject than empirical studies. The study confirms that public sector corporate governance as a concept is receiving some attention in both practice and literature. Isaac Jerry Kwabena Asare | Yusheng Kong "Corporate Governance in Local Governments of the Public Sector for Sustainable Development: An Integrated Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33504.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/public-sector-management/33504/corporate-governance-in-local-governments-of-the-public-sector-for-sustainable-development-an-integrated-review/isaac-jerry-kwabena-asare
In the failure of the formal accountability channels, social accountability is slowly becoming an effective response to governance deficit. Understanding good governance is a prerequisite to understand social accountability. Social Accountability is an approach towards enforcing & building accountability that relies on civic engagement in which citizens participate directly or indirectly in demanding accountability from service providers and public officials.
Accountability is no longer between the state only and citizens. Non state, national and transnational actors are now, heavily involved in all stages of the production of public goods.
The influence of corporate interests in the provision of public goods and services, as well as the entry of several unregulated providers poses a big threat to accountability and inclusion.
The strategies below represent the practical ways in which CSOs have applied the notion of social accountability to the context and issues of concern to their members, constituents and beneficiaries.
Strategic Litigation
Participatory Budgeting
Mobilisation and Networking
Social Audit, Monitoring and Evaluation
Information Communication Technology
Participatory Planning and Decision-making
Consultations and Stakeholder Participation
Accountability Reporting/Investigative Journalism
Participatory Procurement and Financial Management
Social Accountability is a journey.
The work of social accountability is not a sprint but marathon.
Good Governance : Origin, concepts and componentsNayana Renukumar
The presentation speaks about the origin of Good Governance, its major definitions, key components and strategies. The presentations also dwells upon the Good Governance scenario in India as well that in the state of Andhra Pradesh
Organizational culture change in the decentralization practice boyolali budi...Researcher Syndicate68
Abstract In Indonesia, decentralization came in one package with the democratization process. Therefore, local governments should reform their internal structures to accommodate the huge increase in responsibility and personnel that were transferred from the central government, and simultaneously, they should create their policies based on the spirit of transparency, good governance, and democracy. These dramatic changed has, theoretically, a great impact to the organizational culture of local government institutions.
This paper presents an empirical justification of participation of common people in different factors of administration through the policy of decentralization. The background structure of the paper mainly based on the developing country oriented social structure. Through this paper, we can also understand the heterogeneity in the administrative structure. Under this differentiate structure this paper tries to understand the extent of participation of the common people in the administrative decision. In the conclusion part, here in this paper, we try to define the term “Citizen Participation” through the idea of redistribution of administrative power among the civic society for getting an affluent society.
Problems and challenges of public administration in Bangladesh: pathway to su...Premier Publishers
The paper seeks to find out the major problems and prospects of public administration in Bangladesh and pathway to Sustainable Development. The Public Administration in Bangladesh still faced by corruption, violence, absence of rule of law, outdated laws, non transparency, lack of professionalism, abuse of human rights, non accountability, and serious politicization of all government institutions even the judicial system. The study is descriptive in nature which is based on extensive literature review and secondary sources. It is observed that we need a group of educated expert administrator and strong political leadership with commitment to fight against corruption, non accountability, non transparency and inefficiency. The implementation of rule of law with strong moral ground is necessary for ensuring good governance and sustainable development. The findings of the study will help administrator, public, student, researcher, political leaders and policy makers for designing future sustainable development policy and program.
This presentation is about good governance and bad governance in Bangladesh. This presentation also include the definition of governance, good governance and government.
Building Good Governance through Decentralization in IndonesiaTri Widodo W. UTOMO
Book Chapter dari buku berjudul "Limits of Good Governance in Developing Countries", by Hirotsune Kimura et.al. (Ed),
Diterbitkan oleh Gadjah Mada University Press, 2011
Local Government Reforms as Instrument for National Development in Nigeriaijtsrd
The study examined local government reforms as instrument for national development in Nigeria using qualitative data that rely on content analysis of extant literature that supports the aim of establishing and reforming the local government as the third tier of government to act as a veritable instrument for national development in Nigeria. However, available empirical literature has argued that despite the important role of local government as the third tier of government and an instrument of development, there is a glaring evidence of serious inadequacies. They posits that the current state of Local Government in Nigeria is characterized by unbridled interference of the State Government which is quite dismal largely due to poor management of resources, lack of autonomy, inadequate local leadership among others. Thus, to realize fully the intended development using Local governments as instrument, Local governments should be democratized and adequate measures provided to check the siphoning tendencies of its managements. Ezeozue, Chidozie "Local Government Reforms as Instrument for National Development in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30331.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/30331/local-government-reforms-as-instrument-for-national-development-in-nigeria/ezeozue-chidozie
In international development, good governance is a subjective term that describes how public institutions conduct public affairs and manage public resources in a preferred way.
Similar to Significant changes with little progress: evaluation on the 3 rd year of the implementation of decentralization framework and its impacts on socio-economic local development
Corporate Governance in Local Governments of the Public Sector for Sustainabl...ijtsrd
Corporate governance in the public sector, particularly, in local governments is crucial to quality service delivery, citizen participation and sustainable development. Using Integrative Review approach, the study sought to review literature on corporate governance in local governments of the public sector. The results, according to the frame of the study based on selected literature revealed that most studies focused on one rather than two or more countries, there appeared to be less quantitative studies than qualitative studies, there seemed to be more reviews on the subject than empirical studies. The study confirms that public sector corporate governance as a concept is receiving some attention in both practice and literature. Isaac Jerry Kwabena Asare | Yusheng Kong "Corporate Governance in Local Governments of the Public Sector for Sustainable Development: An Integrated Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33504.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/public-sector-management/33504/corporate-governance-in-local-governments-of-the-public-sector-for-sustainable-development-an-integrated-review/isaac-jerry-kwabena-asare
Fiscal Decentralization and Special Local Autonomy: Evidence from an Emerging...Suwandi, Dr. SE.,MSi
The quest of searching the endogeny variables of financial decentralization in emerging markets have become a serious topic due to the increasing wave of decentralized regions in many countries. The paper aimsto examine the effects of fiscal decentralization and specific local autonomy on economic growth, employment, poverty, and welfare in the special province Papua (Indonesia). The study exploited the main data of the decentralization fund by using a panel data of eight regencies and municipals, particularly the regional autonomy fund, direct and indirect government expenditure, and economic growth. The paper used the path analysis to explore the relationships of the observed variables. The results revealed that the decentralization fund influenced significantly on government’s direct expenditure and economic growth. The special local autonomy's fund has influenced considerably on government’s indirect expenditure. Its effect has increased, through economic growth as the intermediating variable, meaningfully on employment, poverty, and welfare. The results are in line with the prior studies, which explore the consequences of decentralization and specific autonomy to spur the economic growth in certain regions. It implies that the economic development strategies in Indonesia’s less-developed regions should be started with a bigger autonomy transfer program to those regions and simultaneously enhanced it by special budget allocation to trigger and support the development.
The impact of fiscal decentralization and budgetary deconcentration on region...iosrjce
This paper investigates the effects of the fiscal decentralization and the budgetary deconcentration
on the regional disparities in Morocco using an econometric approach. Two aspects of finance of the public
action on the territories are involved. This approach allows comparing the effects of financing public entities
emanating from two separate State organizational processes. The analysis is realized over a period of 10 years
spreading out between 2002 and 2011. The result revealed that, the impact of financing territorial action on the
regional disparities in Morocco is related rather to budgetary deconcentration when it’s combined with the
fiscal decentralization
The village government has an substantial responsibility in managing human resources to produce regional economic benefits. This research aims to identify the stakeholder collaboration to support accountability in village fund management and rural development. This study used an interactive approach with data collection methods such as structured interviews, documentation, and observation. The object of the study is village officials in Pranggang Village,
Plosoklaten District, Kediri Regency, East Java Province. The results of the study showed that the village government has not optimally carried out its role in involving more stakeholders. Collaborative stakeholders in managing village funds involved village government officials, activity management team and
community. They play a positive role in bringing about village accountability in managing village funds. An increased community participation contribute to program evaluation activities and effectiveness in the village financial management. The accountability of the village funds utilization has met the
Home Affairs Ministerial Regulation number 113 of 2014. In addition, social accountability has been applied in various forms of effective interactions between the community and village government. Much efforts are required to improve the quality of human resources through more stakeholder engagement, training activity and community empowerment.
Impact of People's Participation in the Decentralized Participatory Planning...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Multi-Stakeholders Coordination Practices in Public Services (Study on Child ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This study highlights the need to actualize the multi-stakeholder coordination process in a child
civil registration service. The idea of multi-stakeholder coordination in a public service arises from taking one of
the essences of the concept of collaborative governance. This research uses a quality approach with the locus
located in Bandar Lampung City. Coordination-based public services were initiated by the Bandar Lampung
Population and Civil Registration Service as an innovation in an effort to optimize civil registration for children.
The results of this study show that coordinating public service has succeeded in having a good impact on the
ownership of population administration at the age of the child.
KEYWORDS -Public Service, Coordination, Civil Registration, Children
Decentralization, Clientelism and Popular Participation: Is there a role for ...Soren Gigler
This case study investigates under which conditions ICTs can play a role in fostering the empowerment of rural communities to fully participate in the decision-making processes of local governments. The analysis using empirical evidence from rural communities in Bolivia focuses hereby on the following key questions: (i) to what extent can ICTs contribute to improving the efficiency and efficacy of local government? (ii) does ICTs have the potential to make local governments more transparent and responsive to the needs of rural communities and (iii) can ICTs support the core objectives of the Bolivian Law of Popular Participation to strengthen the role of local government in public-policy making and the implementation of development programs?
This study aims to analyze the effect of the human development
index and financial performance on accountability through
transparency of the Indonesian government. The main theory
used in this research is Institutional Theory, supported by
Stakeholder Theory, and Agency Theory. A purposive sampling
technique was used in this study, then the final sample was 330
from the number of provinces in Indonesia for the category
Indonesian open budget transparency within 10 years, data was
obtained by grouping through a method of Internet search from
government websites and the Central Bureau of Statistics in
Indonesia. Collected data were processed with the use of tool
analysis descriptive quantitatively using the SEM method. The
results of this study found that Human Development Index and
General Allocation Fund had a significant effect, while Original
Local Government Revenue did not have a significant effect on
accountability through transparency, this research became a
reference for further researchers, and as a reference material for
provincial governments in determining policy
Important Political Accountability and Citizen Building effort of IDEG GHANAAmos Anyimadu
Operation of the Institute of Democratic Governance, Ghana. www.ideg.org https://www.facebook.com/IDEGGhana https://twitter.com/IDEGGhana
Led by Commonwelath Eminent Person Dr. Emmanuel Akwetey.
Similar to Significant changes with little progress: evaluation on the 3 rd year of the implementation of decentralization framework and its impacts on socio-economic local development (20)
Disampaikan pada PKN Tingkat II Angkatan XVI, LAN RI
Jakarta, 6 Juni 2024
Dr. Tri Widodo W. Utomo, SH. MA.
Deputi Bidang Kajian Kebijakan dan Inovasi Administrasi Negara LAN RI
Disampaikan pada PKN Tingkat II Angkatan IV-2024 BPSDM Provinsi Jawa Tengah dengan Tema “Transformasi Tata Kelola Pelayanan Publik untuk Mewujudkan Perekonomian Tangguh, Berdayasaing, dan Berkelanjutan”
Dr. Tri Widodo Wahyu Utomo, S.H., MA
Deputi Kajian Kebijakan dan Inovasi Administrasi Negara LAN RI
Disampaikan dalam Drum-up Laboratorium Inovasi Kabupaten Sorong, 27 Mei 2024
Dr. Tri Widodo W. Utomo, S.H., MA.
Deputi Kajian Kebijakan dan Inovasi Administrasi Negara LAN-RI
Disampaikan pada Webinar Kebijakan Publik Series #4, Masyarakat Kebijakan Publik Indonesia (MAKPI)
Jakarta, 16 Mei 2024
Dr. Tri Widodo W. Utomo, SH. MA.
Deputi Bidang Kajian Kebijakan dan Inovasi Administrasi Negara LAN RI
Disampaikan pada Lokakarya Persiapan IKK 2024 dan Penganugerahan Hasil Pengukuran IKK Kemenkes Tahun 2023
Jakarta, 30 April 2024
Dr. Tri Widodo W. Utomo, SH. MA.
Deputi Bidang Kajian Kebijakan dan Inovasi Administrasi Negara LAN RI
Disampaikan pada “Evaluasi Dampak Diklat”, diselenggarakan
oleh BPSDM Provinsi Jawa Timur
Dr. Tri Widodo W. Utomo, SH., MA
Deputi Bidang Kajian Kebijakan dan Inovasi Administrasi Negara
Lembaga Administrasi Negara RI
Surabaya, 7 Maret 2024
Disampaikan pada “Rapat Koordinasi BPSDM se Kalimantan Utara
Tarakan, 29 Februari 2024
Dr. Tri Widodo W. Utomo, SH., MA
Deputi Bidang Kajian Kebijakan dan Inovasi Administrasi Negara
Lembaga Administrasi Negara RI
Materi Drum-up Kelas Inovasi, diperuntukkan bagi Tim Adhiganapraya LAN
Dr. Tri Widodo W. Utomo, SH.,MA
Deputi Kajian Kebijakan dan Inovasi Administrasi Negara LAN-RI
Disampaikan pada Rapat Koordinasi Teknis Kementerian Hukum dan HAM dengan tema “Mewujudkan Kebijakan yang Berkualitas untuk Kinerja Kemenkumham yang Berdampak”
Jakarta, 22 Februari 2024
Dr. Tri Widodo W. Utomo, SH. MA.
Deputi Kajian Kebijakan dan Inovasi Administrasi Negara LAN RI
Keynote Speech Deputi Bidang Kajian Kebijakan dan Inovasi Administrasi Negara LAN RI
Dr. Tri Widodo W. Utomo, SH.,MA
Deputi Kajian Kebijakan dan Inovasi Administrasi Negara LAN-RI
Jakarta, 15 November 2023
Dr. Tri Widodo W. Utomo, MA
Deputi Kajian Kebijakan dan Inovasi Administrasi Negara LAN-RI
Disampaikan pada Temu Inovator (Innovation Summit) Kabupaten Bogor
30 Januari 2024
Dr. Tri Widodo W. Utomo, MA
Deputi Kajian Kebijakan dan Inovasi Administrasi Negara LAN-RI
Disampaikan pada Webinar Seri 2 ASN Belajar BPSDM Jawa Timur
18 Januari 2024
Belajar Bersama Widyaiswara LAN
Diselenggarakan oleh Pusbangkom TSK LAN
Dr. Tri Widodo W. Utomo, MA
Deputi Kajian Kebijakan dan Inovasi Administrasi Negara LAN-RI
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
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Significant changes with little progress: evaluation on the 3 rd year of the implementation of decentralization framework and its impacts on socio-economic local development
1. Significant changes with little progress: evaluation on the 3rd
year
of the implementation of decentralization framework and its
impacts on socio-economic local development
(Case of Bandung City, Indonesia)
Tri Widodo W. Utomo
Department of International Cooperation, Graduate School of International Development,
Nagoya University, 1 Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-0861, Japan
Abstract
By January 1st
, 2004, Law 22/1999 will be entering into the fourth year of implementation.
Unfortunately, it does not produce expected results yet, both at local and national context of
development. From literature studies and cross-country evidences, however, policy on regional
autonomy promises many significant improvements in varying sectors of development. This paper
examines the correlation between decentralization framework and socio-economic development in
Bandung City, Indonesia, with special reference to the six development fields: investment, physical
infrastructure, education and human development, environmental protection, development
planning and people participation, and public service delivery. The general conclusion is that there
are many significant changes but only little progress. This might be caused either by incorrect
implementation or insufficient time to implement the law. Whatever the causes are, this paper
supports idea of revising some parts of the law in order to create a better atmosphere of local
politics.
Keywords: decentralization, socio-economic development, Bandung city
Introduction
Since its effective implementation on January 1, 2001, the decentralization law of 1999 has
erected many hopes in realizing more democratic local governance and improving public welfare.
Unfortunately, such expectations have not clearly materialized when Law 22/1999 is entering the
fourth year of implementation. On the contrary, some negative practices of government
management are perceived to be the direct impact of the law. However, it is fair enough to notice
that 3 years or even 5 years is impractical to fully execute such fundamental policy. In other words,
it should be considered the first 5 years of implementation of a basic law as a transition period. In
the case of Law 22/1999, it is quite natural that during transition time local governments undergo
some difficulties in executing new decentralization framework. Such situation should not
necessarily lead to a conclusion of the significance of law amendment. The most important thing is
how to recognize the obstacles and to consider the counter efforts in order to minimize the negative
impact of such situation.
In the case of Bandung City Government (hereinafter is referred as to BCG), it is also true
that the performance of socio-economic development was quite low within some years before and
after the implementation of decentralization framework. In other words, decentralization has failed
to foster a better and higher developmental performance. In this sense, there are two possibilities of
the inability to produce significant progress. First, decentralization policy is incorrectly
implemented and managed; or second, it is still a transition period from old system (centralized) to
new decentralized system of governance.
2. The Impacts of Decentralization: A Cross-Country Evidences
From cross country data and experiences, decentralization may produce higher performance
of certain field of development. Keith McLean and Elizabeth King (1999: 55) conduct research on
decentralization and its impacts on the education sector. The initial evidence suggests that
decentralization to sub-national governments may increase autonomy for communities and school
actors to improve school and learning. By increasing the participation of the parents,
community-managed school in El Salvador show significantly low rates of student and teacher
absenteeism. In Nicaragua, controlling for similar household background and school inputs, students
in school that make more of their own decisions about school functions perform better in tests.
Similarly, as declared by Anne Mills (Kolehmainen-Aitken, 1999: 57), decentralization in
health sector offers some advantages, those are: more rational and unified health service that caters to
local preferences; improvement of health programs implementation; lessened duplication of services
as the target of populations is defined more specifically; reduction of inequalities between rural and
urban areas; cost containment from moving to streamlined, targeted programs; greater community
financing and involvement of local communities; greater integration of activities of different public
and private agencies; and improvement of intersectoral coordination, particularly in local
government and rural development activities.
However, without careful planning of appropriate organizational roles, relationship and
structures, decentralization in health service may produce unproductive results, as occur in some
countries like the Philippines, Zambia, and Papua New Guinea (Kolehmainen-Aitken, 1999: 59).
In the infrastructure sector, Seddon (1999: 70) serves studies that indicate that decentralization
can have varied effects on the infrastructure sector. For example, both aggregate and sub-national
infrastructure expenditure increases as decentralization proceeds, particularly in developing
countries. This could be an indicator that local government prefer more infrastructure than would
have been provided by the central government. In addition, performance indicators generally
improve slightly or stay the same when infrastructure sectors are decentralized, although they do
observe a few negative effects.
A brief summary of nine countries case studies on the impact of decentralized governance on
service delivery for the poor is served by Work (2002). He points out that decentralization lead to
the improvement of health services in Belo Horizonte, Brazil; improvement of Municipal service
delivery in Sinuapa, Honduras; successful project implementation in Jamunia Tank Gram Panchayat,
India; improvement of education services in Ma’n and Irbid, Jordan; upgrading of squatter
settlements in Pakistan; improvement of health services in three cities in the Philippines; generating
local economic development in three Polish Cities; improvement of revenue generation in Ivory
Park, South Africa; and improvement of market services through private partnership in Jinja,
Uganda.
Another interesting research conducted by Moore and Putzel (1999: 12) supposes that
decentralization is a popular prescription for the governance problems affecting poor countries in
particular. It is widely believed that decentralization will also have pro-poor impacts. The most
common argument is that, because decentralization by definition involves bringing government
closer to the governed in both the spatial and institutional senses, government will be more
knowledgeable about and hence more responsive to the needs of the people. This is expected to lead
to pro-poor policies and outcomes. However, it is difficult to evaluate these kinds of arguments,
because decentralization covers a very diverse range of phenomena. That is the reason why
decentralization produces both positive impact in a particular region (West Bengal), but it also
creates negative impacts in other regions (other than West Bengal).
To summarize the impact of decentralization, UNDP Poverty Report 2000 confidently
asserts that decentralized governance, when carefully planned, effectively implemented, and
appropriately managed, can lead to significant improvement in the welfare of people at the local
level, the cumulative effect of which can lead to enhanced human development. In addition, if
decentralization involves real devolution of power to local levels, the enabling environment for
poverty reduction is likely to be stronger. On the contrary, badly planned decentralization can
worsen regional inequalities. Left to their own devices, richer regions are likely to develop faster
3. than poor ones. And a system of matching grants, intended by central government to motivate local
government to raise funds, typically exacerbates regional disparities. The richer regions can raise
more funds – and thus receive more in matching grants (UNDP, 2000: 60-61).
In the political aspect, there is also a direct link between decentralization and democracy, as
exposed by Hadiz (2003: 16). He argues that decentralization imagines the enhancement of levels of
transparency and accountability and the development of good governance practices. The idea is that
local needs will be better identified as a result of decentralization, given higher priority, and that
local leaders will be more directly under the scrutiny of their communities. Local initiative and
creative energies will be unleashed as well due to the lifting of stifling centralized control over
various aspects of local life. Moreover, democratic governance requires solid foundations in well
functioning local institutions that could conceivably thrive in a decentralized environment.
In the case of Indonesian decentralization, the Asia Foundation (2002: 10-17) finds out that
decentralization is able to endorse the following three current directions. First of all, there is an
increasing awareness and appreciation of peoples’ participation. In the sites covered, there are strong
indications of increasing peoples’ participation, transparency and accountability. People are
demanding better performance and in response, some local governments have become more
‘customer oriented’ and open to public discussion and dialogue about their performance and how
they can improve. In Bandung, for example, the Bupati (Head of District) and technical staff have
held weekly public dialogues with constituents at the sub district level for the past year. The
dialogues give the public an opportunity to provide feedback on local government performance
related to service delivery and social, political, economic and environmental problems. These forums
have favorably impacted peoples’ image of local government and their perceptions of government
accountability and transparency.
Another finding is that local government agencies are committed to improve service delivery
and are feeling the pressure to do so from citizens. Since public service delivery in the hands of
closer and more accessible local governments, citizens have found it easier too express concerns
about the quality of service and demand more. The quantity and quality of services has improved in
some areas, but it has deteriorated in others. Generally speaking, however, local governments have
managed to maintain the level of service that the central government used to provide. For instance, a
perda (regional regulation) was passed in Pontianak in April 2001 to improve the quality of public
services. Considering local potentials, community needs, and work efficiency, the Pontianak City
established a benchmark of 5.6 (out of 8) working hours as minimum amount of time that should be
devoted to service delivery. The remaining time is for administrative matters. Units that fail to meet
this standard will be evaluated and face the possibility of being merged with other units.
Finally, the last finding concerns with the fact that regional governments are cooperating and
sharing information with one another and with provincial government to solve a variety of shared
problems. A common interest in improving public service delivery, increasing revenue and resolving
problems and conflicts arising from decentralization have motivated local governments to help each
other. Though the roles and responsibilities between different levels of government remain unclear,
and the central government has provided insufficient support for local problem solving and conflict
management, local governments are being proactive in forming association to share information and
approaches to common problems and to advocate policy reforms.
Nevertheless, some negative impacts seem unable to be avoided. In their research report,
SMERU (2002: 21-22) depicts that Cirebon District is preparing to launch 18 new tax / levies (pajak
/ retribusi) regulation; while Garut District has issued 24 new tax / levies regulation, 17 of which
concerns with financial charges. The similar can be found in Ciamis, where it has 35 types of
revenues: taxes (6), levies (27), and third party grants (2). These phenomena have propensities
impeding economic investments and domestic businesses in the future if the government does not
anticipate through proper policies. According to Soesastro (2001), one of the most hazardous
impacts of such regulations is obstruction of inter-regional trade and the weakening
competitiveness of local commodities.
Likewise, Hadiz (2003: 16) observes that decentralization in Indonesia has given rise to
highly diffuse and decentralized corruption, rule by predatory local officials, the rise of money
politics and the consolidation of political gangsterism. In the Indonesian context, the main questions
4. to ask are, therefore, ‘who has benefited most from decentralization?’ and ‘who have been the main
beneficiaries of the advent of democratic system that is primarily driven by the logic of money
politics and of political violence? In fact, it is not difficult at all to identify who these are. By and
large, they have been individuals and groups who had earlier functioned as the old New Order’s local
operators, small/medium but politically connected businesspeople with big ambitions, as well as an
array of the regime’s former henchmen and enforcers.
But the Indonesian case is not unique. There are many countries that offer examples of
decentralized democratic political life in which predatory elements of civil society – including
political gangsters – have been major players. Post-Soviet Russia provides one of the better
examples, as does the Philippines case mentioned earlier, and Thailand (Hadiz, 2003: 17).
Decentralization and Socio-Economic Development in Bandung City
Generally, it can be showed that in all sectors, many policy changes have been accomplished
but such changes do not lead to substantial growth of socio-economic development. Therefore, we
can compose an initial conclusion that “decentralization policy is able to produce essential changes,
but not significant progress”. In the following part, 6 sectors of local development performance
under a decentralized system will be examined.
1. Investment (Domestic and FDI)
There are many studies indicate that the impact of decentralization on investment is not so
significant. According to Jaringan Nasional Pendukung UKM (National Network for Supporting
SMEs) and Perkumpulan Untuk Peningkatan Usaha Kecil (Association for SMEs Improvement),
decentralization does not lead to the betterment of investment atmosphere. From their study in
Bandung City and District of Bandung, they found three conditions or reasons why local
regulations (Perdas) tend to impede investment activities: 1) there is no consultation mechanism
with local entrepreneurs in the formulation of Perdas; 2) there is no study of advantage and
disadvantage of a given Perda on the investment climate; and 3) there is no review and control
mechanism over the Perdas (Bank of Muamalat).
As a matter of fact, it becomes public opinion that in the wide-autonomy era local
governments in Indonesia have promulgated many regulations, which are discouraging companies
to invest and entrepreneurs to innovate. To some extent, local autonomy is even seen as a calamity
(Media Indonesia, April 1, 2003).
In addition, levying additional taxes disregarding the connection with government specific
services for the tax is simply no good deed and just the violation of customer satisfaction principles,
which is the essence of NPM (New Public Management). In this sense, KADIN of Bandung City
criticized Local Regulation on tourism charge (No. 31/2001) and labor affairs (No. 18-19/2001) as
burdensome for local entrepreneurs.1
Countering to this issue, a member of Bandung City
Parliament claims that during the last four years BCG has issued 90 Perdas, of which only 10% is
dealing with taxes and charges (Media Indonesia, April 1, 2003).
Under such circumstances, it is somewhat logical that investment growth in Indonesia,
particularly in West Java area (including Bandung City) is decreasing. During 2002, 341 projects
have been approved on the total investment of Rp. 8.32 trillion. It composes of 34 domestic
projects at total investment of Rp. 1.19 trillion, and 307 foreign direct investment projects at total
amount of Rp. 7.03 trillion. Compared to 2001’s figure, the number of projects is increasing by
57.1% but the value of investment has reduced by 35.3%, of which 74.4% is deprivation of
domestic investment. The biggest four sectors of the investment are metal industry, chemical
industry, food industry, and textile industry, while the most preferred areas are District of Bekasi,
District of Bandung, District of Karawang, District of Bogor, and City of Bandung. Entering the
1
Interview with Mr. Herman Muhtar, Head of Chamber of Commerce and Industry (KADIN), City of Bandung.
Although he disclosed that there are some obstacles encountered by local entrepreneurs, he admitted that in general,
the investment climate is getting better under the recent decentralization. He pointed out that the current system on
investment permit is much easier than the previous time.
5. first quarter of 2003, however, there is a promising trend, which is demonstrated by the
improvement of approved projects and total amount of investment by 62.5% and 106.96%,
respectively (See West Java Province Government – hereinafter is referred as to WJG – official
website).
Even though there is a good fashion of investment climate, it is rather dubious to say that
decentralization plays a central role in promoting domestic and foreign direct investment (FDI). If
decentralization is well managed and implemented, it is assumed, it would produce a conducive
business atmosphere from which it would able to accelerate a bigger and faster investment growth.
In other words, the better situation of investment in many local areas is a result of better macro
political economy such as stable currency, finer security, good relation with donor countries, etc.
Local Investment Office of Bandung City has also confirmed on the inability of
decentralization to speed-up the transaction of investment. Some conditions might be engaged in
this problem. First of all, District/City Investment Office has authority to manage and promote
domestic investment only, while foreign investment remains the authority of central government. In
addition, since fiscal affairs are also central government’s domain District/City government has no
power to deliver fiscal incentives to vitalize the condition of local investment. Secondly, the
Presidential Decree on investment authorities has not been launched yet, so that Province
government and District/City Government have in many cases, encountered a kind of confusing
mechanism, not to say overlap, investment authorities. The last reason is about technical aspect in
which Local Investment Office of Bandung City was established just in 2001. Consequently, it
focuses its programs on internal consolidation such as collecting data on local investment,
discussing and establishing local regulation on investment, and even constructing building and
providing equipments to support the new office.2
2. Physical Infrastructure
The dysfunctional of infrastructure system in Bandung City is very widespread. Not only can
this situation be observed under the current decentralization era, but it also happened in the
previous system, which was very centralized. This is to say that neither centralization nor
decentralization system can provide with a well-developed physical infrastructure networks. In
other words, there is an insignificant correlation between the local government system and the
quality and quantity of infrastructure development. The more influential factors affecting
infrastructure development are budget sufficiency, participatory effective development planning,
and commitment of local officers to implement the development planning consistently. Lacking of
these three qualifications will lead to the devastation of physical development.
As reported by the Head of Dinas Bina Marga (Road Service Department), about 50% or
1,000 km of 2,000 km drainage construction in Bandung City is damaged the most severe damage
has been found in the trade and business centers and expanding areas such as Ujungberung,
Gedebage, Bandung Selatan, Cigondewah, and Caringin. In addition, only a little portion of road
infrastructure has been geared up with drainage networks. This situation contributes much to the
incidence of flood during the rainy season (Pikiran Rakyat, September 19, 2003).
Similar feature is also occurred in road infrastructure aspect. From the 2000’s data, of the
total of 932,701 km, 242,570 km (26%) of road is sensibly damaged; 39,823 km (4.3%) is
damaged; and 2,400 km (0.3%) is heavy damaged. It means that only less than 70% of total roads
is considered to be satisfactory. Ironically, the new road construction was extremely sluggish, as
indicated by the length of road in Bandung City area in 2000 and 2001, which were 932,701 km
and 1,078 km, respectively (Bandung City in Figure, 2001).
The Mayor of Bandung City has also confirmed that one of the most crucial problems in
Bandung is the limited carrying capacity of roads. The average growth of new road constructions is
only 1% per year, whereas the average growth of automobiles is around 11% per year. As a result,
traffic congestions in Bandung City are becoming more severe day by day. This situation is
aggravated by abandoned informal traders and traditional markets, which in many cases occupy
2
Interview with Mr. Yosep Heriansyah, Head of Information and Promotion of Investment Section, Local Investment
Office (KPMD) of BCG.
6. some parts of highway (Pikiran Rakyat, August 24, 2002).
There is another critical point contributing to such problem i.e. unsupportive endeavors from
local parliament (DPRD). For example, in the FY 2002 BCG has proposed infrastructure projects at
total cost of Rp. 45 billion, but only Rp. 7 billion was approved by DPRD. In this sense, there is a
contradictive vision between the parliament members who did not see infrastructure development
as a priority in Bandung area and executive officers that have different viewpoints.3
In fact, BCG
needs more than Rp. 50 billion to construct new infrastructures and to maintain the existing one. To
compensate the lack of funds, the government of Bandung City has requested grants from WJG and
Central Government at total of Rp. 53 billion (Pikiran Rakyat, November 15, 2003).
In anticipating such kind of traffic complexity, the government of Bandung City has
underpinned three strategies of infrastructure development, those are, improving public
transportation system, arranging vile surface environment, and building highway network system
by manufacturing new highways, restructuring highway network, and broadening highway to
integrate the whole area of Tatar Bandung or Bandung Raya (The Greater Bandung). In realizing
those strategies, BCG is building flyovers (in Kiaracondong) and downtown toll roads (Paspati),
and operating an “Excellent Service Route”, a new service of executive bus way. Furthermore,
WJG in cooperation with PT Indonesia Transit Central has signed an agreement (MoU) to construct
monorail networks in Bandung (Pikiran Rakyat, August 24, 2002 and September 8, 2003).
3. Education and Human Development
As found in other sectors, decentralization framework does not produce significant progress
in human development and education sector. The improvement in human development indicators is
mainly because of recovery in macro economic aspects as well as political conditions. Economic
turn down and up has indeed affected government’s performance in education sector. In Bandung
City, for example, the number of schools has decreased during economic crisis from 1996/1997 –
1998/1999, and has started to improve in the period of economic recovery from 1999/2000 –
2001/2002.
The idea is that decentralization has not brought about positive results in education sector yet,
i.e. school facilities. However, decentralization allows local government to take strategic actions in
dealing with awful problems faced by local citizens. When the number of school age children’s
drop out was increasing, for instance, BCG and WJG has decided to abolish tuition fee for
elementary school.
From the available data, it can be seen that BCG’s performance in education is relatively
good, both before and after the implementation of Law 22/1999. In terms of human development,
for instance, Bandung City has experienced the best achievement in 1996, when it reached Human
Development Index (HDI) at 74.3 point. Since then, in line with economic and political crisis,
human development had also undergone deterioration up to 1999. Fortunately, in the following
years, some progress shed light on the human development characterized by the improvement on
HDI in 2000 and 2001 at 71.20 and 73.63, respectively. In addition, Bandung City’s HDI is always
the highest among other Districts and Cities in West Java region.
Even though the total index of human development was increasing, there was a slight
decrease in the educational index particularly mean year of schooling in 2001. It means that many
school age children had dropped out during that time. BCG and WJG reply this situation by
composing plan on the deletion of tuition fee for elementary school starting from 2004. For sure,
Bandung City’s budget will be very much depending on subsidy from central government to
execute such policy (Pikiran Rakyat, November 5, 2003). In this case, BCG allocates Rp 270.15
billion for education sector in 2003, 29.4% bigger than the last year’s allotment (Republika,
February 11, 2003). The other attempt to achieve BCG’s target of HDI at 80.00 point in 2010 is
recruiting 1,700 new teachers in FY 2003 (LIN, 2003). In fact, improving the quality and quantity
of teachers for all levels of school is only one of its policies.
However, it is not so easy to realize such policies. As quoted by STPDN (2002: 157), UNDP
3
Interview with Mr. Asep C. Cahyadi, Head of Local Autonomy Development Section, Division of Governmental and
Local Autonomy Affairs, BCG.
7. predicts that literacy rate of 100% in West Java region can only be achieved in the following 10
years, while nine-year basic education program can only be entirely completed in the next 13 years.
Likewise, households’ full access to clean water will be ready after 37 years.
4. Environmental Protection
It is rather deplorable that environmental quality has tended to decelerate in the
decentralization era. Such tendency is also happening in Bandung City. The former Mayor wanted
to build a modern apartment and business mall in Babakan Siliwangi, which is water-reservation
area. Some amount of local income is expected from the project, though it will lead to deforestation
of urban forest and depletion of ozone layers. At the same time, the Mayor also wanted to build
shops or kiosks for informal traders (Pedagang Kaki Lima) in Tegallega area, which should be
utilized as urban parks according to the local regulations. In this regard, the Local Regulation on
Green and Open Space (Perda Ruang Terbuka Hijau) provides that green and open space in
Bandung should be 20% of total area. The other violation of the rules is that all business
centers/buildings are built without space for car parking and any other kind of open space. In fact,
Local Regulation on Building Coverage Ratio (Perda Perbandingan Bangunan dan Lahan
Terbuka) provides that 40% of the land should not be built.4
The other critical factor contributing to environment degradation is the changing functions of
land uses. Many catchment areas have been altered into housing complexes and agricultural fields.
There are two kinds of catchment areas, i.e. forest and non-forest. In the Greater Bandung, forest
area comprises of 74,672.49 ha (45.87%), while non-forest area embraces 88,133.36 ha or 54.13%
of the total of catchment area. The condition of forest area is relatively fair, but non-forest area is
declining, both in quality and quality (Pikiran Rakyat, October 25, 2003).
It is not surprising then, that the quality of environment in Bandung City has been
dramatically dwindled. Otto Sumarwoto, an emeritus Professor in environmental science, said that
the environment quality of Bandung City has reached outrageous level now, which can be observed
from the increasing air and water pollution, and the shrinking of urban forest. It can be predicted
that serious health problems such as respiratory syndrome and mental retardation would occur in
the following 5-10 years (Kompas, July 14, 2003).
To prevent such problems, land rehabilitation is substantially required. In this case, Bandung
City needs at least 26,000 trees to be planted. Among those, 400 Mahoney and Golden Teak would
be planted at Babakan Siliwangi area (Kompas, July 14, 2003). In addition, the new Mayor has
declared his commitment to switch back the changing function of catchment area, including
Tegallega area. The Mayor has also suggested Bandung residents to plant at least 1 tree in their
surrounding house and to build a 1m-width and 2m-depth well as absorption of rainwater. This
campaign will be prompted from Village Government and other institutions’ offices (Pikiran
Rakyat, October 2, 2003).
The new concern of BCG to formulate and implement sound and environmental-friendly
policies is expected to improve not only the quality of environment, but also the quality of life for
Bandung inhabitants in the future.
5. Development Planning, People Participation and Community Development
In the recent era of decentralization, there are many promising phenomena of increasingly
active public participation in the development process in Bandung City. People tend to have a
willingness to, directly or indirectly, involve in a small or larger scale of developmental projects in
their communities. In Sub-District of Marga Cinta, for example, motivation and awareness of
inhabitants to realize a better environment is increasing. This is indicated by self-help capacity
(swadaya), which increases from time to time. In a case of ditch channel construction in
Rancabolang Street, it costs more than Rp. 86 million with only less than 15% (Rp. 11,5 million) is
borne by Sub-district government. More than 85% of total expenditure (around Rp. 75 million)
relies on charitable donation of local people. Astonishingly, the Head of Sub-District of Marga
4
Interview with Mr. Dada Rosada, Mayor of Bandung City.
8. Cinta asserts that the accumulation of swadaya in Marga Cinta reaches more than Rp. 800 million /
year. Similar features can be found in Gumuruh Village, Sub-district of Batununggal. Voluntary
private funds in this region during the last three years (2000-2002) totaled at Rp. 1,2 billon.5
In the business sector, local entrepreneurs admit that BCG always include and invite them in
the forum of formulating Local Government’s policies, especially regulation on levies and charges.
Moreover, there are no discrimination policies and treatments between indigenous local
businessmen and Indonesian Chinese descent. KADIN of Bandung City has even established a
Chinese Committee in its structure to accommodate Chinese-descent businessmen’s interests.6
The most surprising phenomenon is probably the establishment of social groups and
organizations as a basis for strengthening civil society. From 1998 now on, hundreds of social
organization were formed, varied from labor advocacy, small scale business promotion,
environmental protection, community forum, public service delivery, educational provision and
cultural encouragement, etc. In this sense, the case of Sawarung, an independent, non-partisan, and
non-profit organization, might be worth to explain the fact of emerging civil society power in
Bandung City. Sawarung was set up in 1999 and it has now built a network and coordinated 45
civic organizations. It was built aimed to fortify people’s bargaining power through the instigation
of civil organizations and the intensification of their roles as social control over governmental
bodies, provider of basic services, and development actor in local level. (Sawarung, 2003: 2).
Gerakan Lumbung Kota or GLK, one of the Sawarung’s members, is another outstanding
case. It played a crucial role in social development during most severe economic crisis (1999-2001).
By mobilizing around 400 heads and secretaries of neighborhood associations, it disseminated
three main social actions: initiating moral movement, collecting funds as scholarship for school age
children, and empowering micro enterprises by giving soft loan to local entrepreneurs. The method
of accumulating funds is by gathering and selling second-hand and recyclable things, which is
handled by Cepi Radio Station. On average, it could earn Rp. 6-8 million / year that would be
utilized to buy sembako or daily basic needs such as rice, sugar, cooking oil, wheat, etc. Those
sembakos are sold to the poor at a lower price, i.e. only 40% of normal price. The money collected,
then, would be granted to poor people through scholarship and micro finance program. At most,
each micro entrepreneur might get Rp 200.000.7
The other notable impact of decentralization on community development in Bandung City is
the potential of neighborhood associations to be entrepreneurial. The neighborhood association in
Cigadung Village Government, City of Bandung, is probably an extraordinary case. Previously, the
functions of neighborhood associations are simply related to social affairs such as conflict among
members, incidence of mourning, sport and religious activities, etc., and, to some extent, dealing
with population registration activities. Moreover, they often associated with government’s “agents”.
Surprisingly, they have an aptitude to be an entrepreneur society.
There is a piece of land in the area of Wijayakusuma housing complex in Cigadung. It was
used to collect and store garbage that not only bothered the inhabitants due to awful smell and
view; it was also harmful for health and environment. Under the agreement of all dwellers, the
operation method was changed. The association (RT) built some small kiosks and leased them
competitively to local businessmen that should pay monthly fees. The changed use of the land leads
to a cleaner, healthier atmosphere and wealthier neighborhood association. In turn, their financial
capacity is getting improved, which indirectly, supports local government’s financial capacity.
This is just an example of empowered community in the development management. The
basic notion is how to enlarge community groups’ rights and give them trust to manage their own
residence, interests, and all of their household affairs.
Despite the excellent picture of people participation appearance, there are at least two
remarks should be underlined. Firstly, it is true that City Government has practiced consultation
forum with all stakeholders before coming up with decision making. Head of Chamber of
5
Interview with Mrs. Tiny Rahayu, Head of Marga Cinta Sub-district and Mr. Medi Mahendra, former Head of
Gumuruh Village Government, Sub-district of Batununggal.
6
Interview with Mr. Herman Muchtar, Head of Chamber of Commerce and Industry (KADIN), City of Bandung.
7
Interview with Mr. Dedi Hidayat, Chairperson of Gerakan Lumbung Kota (GLK).
9. Commerce and Industry, City of Bandung, and some NGO activists has confirmed on this matter.
Unfortunately, the final decisions made by the City Government are oftentimes do not
accommodate discussion and agreement in the consultation stage.8
In that sense, local authorities
seem to deploy a “benign neglect”, where consultation forum is viewed merely as a formalized
democratic mechanism of developmental decision-making process.
The second highlighting is related to the sustainability and consistency of social
organizations’ movement and programs. Many programs are, in fact, temporary. In the case of GLK,
its missions are shrinking as its members are decreasing. Consequently, its programs on moral
enforce, scholarship for elementary students and empowerment of micro business might be halt in
the near future. In such a case, the power of civil society would weaken, whereas government’s
superiority would reenergize to dominate the local development process. In other words, the
building structure of local good governance would be failed to reconstruct a more balanced relation
between public and private sectors.
6. Public Service Delivery
There are at least two delightful phenomena concerning public service delivery in Bandung
City. Firstly, the services provided by the city office (public register and permits issuance) were in
need of improvements. One-stop service units (Kantor Pelayanan Satu Atap) were established,
where citizens could obtain identity cards, business permits, etc. at a single counter, at a fixed fee
within a fixed period of time. The establishment of these units resulted in the rationalization of
other local government business processes. This initiative has spread to other local government
organizations, and with that to the need for more professional staff, and better working procedures.
Some responded to these developments by preparing handbooks detailing local government
procedures, and introducing a system of “fit and proper” tests, often conducted by independent
outsiders, to select the best candidates for the managerial positions within the local government.
Secondly, many of community members and groups are enthusiastic to directly participate in
the basic service delivery particularly clean water. It is widely recognized that public participation
leads to a better picture of citizens’ satisfaction with service delivery and the need for
improvements in public efficiency and effectiveness. During field survey, two cases of
self-managed and self-delivered of clean water services were found, i.e. in Rukun Warga
(neighborhood association) No. 11 of Cibangkong Village, and in neighborhood association No. 1
of Gempol Sari Village. Generally, they dig a deep artesian well (around 60m) and sell the water to
the community members in the vicinity of the well at a cheaper price compared to that sold by the
government.
There are two reasons why community groups have initiated a self-help mechanism on
service delivery. On the one hand, from the government side, it is deemed that government has
failed to provide public services at satisfactory level. Clean water service might be the worst among
the other government services. People can barely obtain sufficient water in a day, so that many
times they must fulfill their daily needs from water peddler. On the other hand, people is getting
more conscious on their strengths and resources, so that they are becoming more eager to take part
in the process of local development activities. Based on these grounds, people is trying to optimize
the three basic roles of community organization, i.e. improving public pressure, expanding
alternative social institution, and accumulating local resources.
From this perspective, people are not only seen as customers or users of government’s
services, but rather, they have potential to be public service provider. At the same time, oftentimes
they also take part as concern groups or pressure groups to monitor the government policies and
performances in providing public services. The FP3 or Forum Pelanggan Pelayanan Publik (Public
Service Consumer Forum), for example, is a self-donated private organization aims at cultivating
public participation as well as compelling local government to improve its accountability in the
process of public service provision. The case of FP3 as well as community groups in Cibangkong
and Gempol Sari clarify the varied roles played by social organizations.
8
Interview with Mr. Hikmat N., staff of Program Division, Sawarung
10. Concluding Remarks
The above description implies that Law 22/1999 has successfully brought local government
to a right path to be democratic. In addition, Law 22/1999 brings about a new paradigm to
empower all social elements in order to accelerate good governance in the regions. Good
governance in this sense means a harmonious interaction and cooperation among governmental
elements and citizens in the region in order to build up participatory, transparent, and sustainable
regional development programs. Even though it does not reach an ideal stage of democracy yet, but
local citizens’ awareness to participate in the development process and local government’s
acquiesce to be more transparent and accountable are much better than those under centralized
regime of New Order. It can be judged that the era of “nominal democracy” has steadily been
passed through.
Nevertheless, it can also be implied from the previous parts that acceleration of development
process and performance are still far from satisfactory. In other words, there is a slight gap between
the rapidity of democratic movement and the velocity of development progress. In such
circumstance, the role of capacity building is very essential to bridge and minimize the gap. One
more thing, revision of Law 22/1999 is required in order to accelerate local development. This
should be accompanied by proper capacity of the legal drafters to revise it truthfully, and
dedication of government’s officials to implement it consistently.
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