This paper presents an empirical justification of participation of common people in different factors of administration through the policy of decentralization. The background structure of the paper mainly based on the developing country oriented social structure. Through this paper, we can also understand the heterogeneity in the administrative structure. Under this differentiate structure this paper tries to understand the extent of participation of the common people in the administrative decision. In the conclusion part, here in this paper, we try to define the term “Citizen Participation” through the idea of redistribution of administrative power among the civic society for getting an affluent society.
Significant changes with little progress: evaluation on the 3 rd year of the ...Tri Widodo W. UTOMO
Tri Widodo W. Utomo
Department of International Cooperation, Graduate School of International Development,
Nagoya University, 1 Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-0861, Japan
Proceeding Temu Ilmiah XII, 2003, Gifu University: held and published by Indonesian Student Association (PPI)
This document discusses the concept of good governance and its pillars. It defines governance as the decision-making process and implementation of decisions. Good governance means operating in a participatory, accountable, transparent, and consensus-based manner to advance citizens' rights and public interests. The key pillars of good governance discussed are: rule of law, participation, transparency, accountability, responsiveness, equity and inclusion, effectiveness and efficiency, and strategic vision. Good governance ensures fairness, empowerment, and efficient public service delivery through balancing these pillars.
The document summarizes problems with Indonesia's recent decentralization policy and proposes solutions to address these issues. Specifically:
1) The policy has largely devolved power to district/city governments rather than empowering local institutions like village governments, leading to issues like lack of resources and services at lower levels.
2) To prevent failures, the document proposes "internal decentralization" that distributes power from district/city governments to sub-district and village levels. It also recommends strengthening local institutions like neighborhood associations to participate in decision making.
3) These changes would create a "new format" of regional autonomy with power focused at the lowest governmental levels rather than district/city, democratizing governance from within local
The document discusses the New Public Service movement, which asserts that the primary role of public servants is to help citizens articulate and meet their shared interests through democratic processes rather than attempting to control society. It outlines the theoretical roots of the NPS in democratic citizenship, community and civil society models, organizational humanism, and postmodernism. The document then describes seven principles of the NPS, including serving citizens rather than customers, seeking the public interest, valuing citizenship over entrepreneurship, thinking strategically while acting democratically, having a nuanced view of accountability, serving rather than steering society, and valuing people over just productivity.
Good governance is important for a country's development but has been lacking in Pakistan due to several factors. These include political instability, a lack of accountability, disregard for the rule of law, limited public participation, non-transparency in decision making, inefficient institutions, weak leadership, rampant corruption, human rights issues, and economic crises. Good governance is measured by participation, rule of law, transparency, responsiveness, consensus building, equity, effectiveness, and accountability, but Pakistan struggles in these areas due to ongoing problems with its governance system and structures.
This is a recap report on the seminar organized by JFRC on 18 April 2015 about the policies of tripartite partnership between the public sector, the civil society and private sector.
This document discusses the importance of local government. Local government administrates towns, cities, counties and districts and works to govern a particular geographic area. Self-government allows citizens to rule themselves and control their own affairs without external control. The success of national democracy depends on strong local democracy, as local governments ensure good governance and solve local problems according to local needs. Local governments also efficiently manage local affairs to promote socio-economic development and strengthen democracy while reducing the workload of state and central governments.
Significant changes with little progress: evaluation on the 3 rd year of the ...Tri Widodo W. UTOMO
Tri Widodo W. Utomo
Department of International Cooperation, Graduate School of International Development,
Nagoya University, 1 Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-0861, Japan
Proceeding Temu Ilmiah XII, 2003, Gifu University: held and published by Indonesian Student Association (PPI)
This document discusses the concept of good governance and its pillars. It defines governance as the decision-making process and implementation of decisions. Good governance means operating in a participatory, accountable, transparent, and consensus-based manner to advance citizens' rights and public interests. The key pillars of good governance discussed are: rule of law, participation, transparency, accountability, responsiveness, equity and inclusion, effectiveness and efficiency, and strategic vision. Good governance ensures fairness, empowerment, and efficient public service delivery through balancing these pillars.
The document summarizes problems with Indonesia's recent decentralization policy and proposes solutions to address these issues. Specifically:
1) The policy has largely devolved power to district/city governments rather than empowering local institutions like village governments, leading to issues like lack of resources and services at lower levels.
2) To prevent failures, the document proposes "internal decentralization" that distributes power from district/city governments to sub-district and village levels. It also recommends strengthening local institutions like neighborhood associations to participate in decision making.
3) These changes would create a "new format" of regional autonomy with power focused at the lowest governmental levels rather than district/city, democratizing governance from within local
The document discusses the New Public Service movement, which asserts that the primary role of public servants is to help citizens articulate and meet their shared interests through democratic processes rather than attempting to control society. It outlines the theoretical roots of the NPS in democratic citizenship, community and civil society models, organizational humanism, and postmodernism. The document then describes seven principles of the NPS, including serving citizens rather than customers, seeking the public interest, valuing citizenship over entrepreneurship, thinking strategically while acting democratically, having a nuanced view of accountability, serving rather than steering society, and valuing people over just productivity.
Good governance is important for a country's development but has been lacking in Pakistan due to several factors. These include political instability, a lack of accountability, disregard for the rule of law, limited public participation, non-transparency in decision making, inefficient institutions, weak leadership, rampant corruption, human rights issues, and economic crises. Good governance is measured by participation, rule of law, transparency, responsiveness, consensus building, equity, effectiveness, and accountability, but Pakistan struggles in these areas due to ongoing problems with its governance system and structures.
This is a recap report on the seminar organized by JFRC on 18 April 2015 about the policies of tripartite partnership between the public sector, the civil society and private sector.
This document discusses the importance of local government. Local government administrates towns, cities, counties and districts and works to govern a particular geographic area. Self-government allows citizens to rule themselves and control their own affairs without external control. The success of national democracy depends on strong local democracy, as local governments ensure good governance and solve local problems according to local needs. Local governments also efficiently manage local affairs to promote socio-economic development and strengthen democracy while reducing the workload of state and central governments.
11.problems and possibilities of good governance in bangladesh hurdles to ach...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper on problems and possibilities of good governance in Bangladesh. It discusses how Bangladesh has gradually improved in political stability but development has not been stable due to a lack of political will and commitment. Good governance in Bangladesh is still plagued by issues like violence, corruption, outdated laws, human rights abuses, lack of rule of law, lack of accountability, and politicization of government institutions. The document recommends that strong political leadership is needed to fight deep-rooted corruption, lack of accountability, lack of transparency, and inefficiency in order to establish good governance and ensure sustainable development in Bangladesh.
This document provides an overview and introduction to issues surrounding local democracy that may need to be addressed in a constitution-building process. It discusses different approaches constitutions can take in constitutionalizing local democracy, including specifying the formal structure of local government systems, electoral systems, terms of office, selection of local executives, and representation policies. The document also addresses constitutionalizing the substantive powers that can be allocated to local authorities. Overall, it aims to help constitution drafters navigate the choices around establishing and protecting local democracy through a constitution.
People's Forum - a decentralized participatory democratic model for IndiaJos Conil
The document proposes establishing a "People's Forum" as a fourth pillar of Indian democracy to strengthen participatory governance. It would consist of a Social Service League and Citizen's Ombudsman at national, state, and local levels. The key aspects include: 1) Mandating government to publish all bills and budgets for public feedback; 2) Empowering citizens to initiate referendums on laws and policies; 3) Giving citizens oversight of all government projects and institutions; 4) Allowing citizens to dismiss underperforming governments via referendum; 5) Establishing an Ombudsman to investigate corruption complaints against public officials. The aim is to make the government more answerable and responsive to the
Applying Organisation Development principles to Effect Change-A Case Study (P...Madhavi Rajadhyaksha
1) Community based organizations (CBOs) work with local governments (Panchayati Raj Institutions or PRIs) to advance the interests of the poor, despite deficiencies in state laws and inadequate resources for both CBOs and PRIs.
2) The politics of representation and social inequities have impaired the ability of women and scheduled communities to actively participate in PRIs, hindering their ability to advocate for their interests.
3) While CBOs carve out an alternative space to focus on marginalized groups, they lack democratic processes and accountability to the entire community, raising concerns about patronage and not being representative of all.
The document summarizes a case study on improving the relationship between politicians and the public in Uttar Pradesh, India. It discusses how a software company, Viplav Communications, developed constituency management software to better align the self-interests of politicians with the common interests of voters. By providing politicians data and feedback on voter needs, the software helped politicians direct resources to voter priorities, boosting voter turnout and support. This linked politician interests with voter development, reducing the influence of caste and criminal politics. The software is now being used by politicians across parties to strengthen democracy through a more responsive people-politician relationship.
1.IMPACT OF PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY
2.SERVICE DELIVERY
3.PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY
4.PRIVATE SERVICE DELIVERY
5.WHY WE NEED PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY
6.SOME OF KEY PUBLIC SERVICE
7.DIGITAL SERVICE 'E'
8.POSITIVE IMPACT
9.NEGATIVE IMPACT/ CHALLENGES THAT IMPEDE THESE REFORMS INCLUDE
10.AFFECTING GOVERNMENT REFORMS
RTI
11.CITIZENS CHARTER
12.E-GOVERNANCE
13.THANK YOU
Inclusive process, rigourous methodology and policy uptake are the key issues raised in this power point presentation by Paul van Hoof, senior advisor on local governance with IDASA, at the Cairo workshop on assessing governance in sectors, June 2009.
Praja is a non-partisan voluntary organization enabling accountable governance. It empowers citizens to participate in
governance by providing knowledge and perspective so that they can become politically active and involved beyond the
ballot box. It undertakes extensive research and highlights civic issues to build the awareness of and mobilize action by the
government and elected representatives.
The document discusses issues with public services in Indonesia, including low quality, bureaucratic problems, and unclear systems. It notes criticisms that services are slow, expensive, closed, and discriminatory. Suggestions are made to improve transparency and consistency in public services through better information delivery between government units and the community.
Local Government System After the Implementation of Law No.
22 of 1999
Indonesian Scientific Meeting 2003 in Central Japan
December 20, 2003, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Japan
Tri Widodo W. Utomo
Department of International Cooperation, Graduate School of International Development, Nagoya University, 1 Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-0861, Japan
Good Governance Challenge for the Local Authorities Summary of the UN HabitatDr Lendy Spires
Governance is defined as the exercise of authority over a country's affairs at all levels, including mechanisms for citizens to articulate interests and mediate differences. Good urban governance is characterized by principles of sustainability, subsidiarity, equity, efficiency, transparency, accountability, civic engagement, and security. These principles include long-term strategic visions, equitable access to decision making and basic services, efficient public service delivery, and transparent/accountable local authorities.
This document discusses personnel administration and the civil service. It begins by defining key terms like civil service, which refers to non-technical government services. It then discusses the roles of the civil service in areas like development administration, political development, economic development, modernization, and internal government functioning. It also covers topics like classification of civil service positions to group similar roles and the steps involved in developing a position classification plan. Overall, the document provides an overview of the civil service and its various functions and responsibilities within government.
Accountability & transparency 26 05-2014Shamsul Arefin
The document discusses accountability, transparency, and anti-corruption measures in public administration. It provides background on why transparency and accountability are essential in government. It outlines some major initiatives to enhance transparency, such as right to information acts, citizens' charters, and e-government programs. The document also discusses accountability, including identifying responsible authorities, penalizing non-performance, and grievance redress mechanisms. It examines implementation processes for accountability.
This presentation talks about what is governance and how has the meaning of Governance changed with the advent of economic reforms of 1990s. The boundary between public and private has become blurred. There has been an increase in the role of Civil Society and Private players , this has led to several public-private-partnerships.
Good governance involves decision making processes and their implementation. It requires legitimacy, accountability, competence, and respect for human rights. Domestic reform strategies to reduce corruption include reforming incentives, enforcement, and civil service. E-governance requires fundamental government changes like online services. Good corporate governance evaluates leadership, ethics, social responsibility, and performance. Examples of good Indian governance include Tata Steel and Infosys' practices. India can improve through agriculture, energy, and public-private partnerships.
The document discusses the evolving definitions and scope of public administration as a field. It explores three meanings of "public" - as government, as provider of public goods/services, and as governance for the public interest. It argues voluntary/non-profit sector organizations exhibit both public and private characteristics, existing along a continuum of publicness to privateness. While having private initiative and funding, their role in advocacy and provision of indivisible goods means they also serve the public interest. As such, the management of voluntary organizations can rightly have a place within public administration.
AN OVERVIEW OF THE TRANSFORMATION AGENDA:
THE EKITI STATE, NIGERIA EXPERIENCE
by
His Excellency Dr. Kayode FAYEMI
Governor, Ekiti State, Nigeria
During the Study Tour by Course 35 Of the
National Institute for Policy and Strategic Studies, Kuru
Citizens participation and local democracy in zimbabwean local government systemDr Lendy Spires
Citizen participation and local democracy are important concepts in local government. This document discusses ways citizens can participate in Zimbabwe's local government system, including through local elections, participatory budgeting, consultative forums, civil society organizations, and formal structures like village development committees. Meaningful citizen involvement, such as having a say in decisions and access to resources, is necessary for an effective democratic local government that represents community needs.
This document discusses governance in India and proposes ways to improve it. It covers several topics:
- India retained the British governance system after independence but reforms were needed.
- Attempts at reforms did not succeed due to inertia and resistance to change.
- The judiciary has helped advance accountability and rights but faces issues like delays and corruption.
- Civil society organizations promote social causes but some lack professional management.
- Improving emotional intelligence through training may help change attitudes and mindsets, enabling better governance. Developing self-awareness, self-regulation, and other emotional skills could complement existing technical training programs.
This document discusses local governance and the role of associations in collective management in the city of Agadir, Morocco. It examines how local governance that promotes participation of associations can improve management of public affairs. The study hypothesizes that effective collective management requires involvement of local people through associations. It analyzes definitions of participation and levels of citizen involvement. Associations in Agadir contribute to management by supporting initiatives for human development, strengthening social ties, and inventorying their roles. While associations play a strategic role, their participation in management remains limited due to lack of resources and support from local authorities.
This document discusses citizen participation in budgeting processes, specifically participatory budgeting. It covers several key points:
1) Participatory budgeting aims to involve citizens in the budgeting process to allocate resources in a more democratic way. This can foster good governance, transparency, social justice, and better-informed citizens.
2) Effective participation requires representation from all citizens, not just certain groups, and that governments genuinely consider citizens' input.
3) Case studies show how participatory budgeting has been implemented successfully in places like Porto Alegre to distribute resources more evenly and give citizens more influence.
4) Initiatives to improve transparency and accountability through citizen participation can make budget information more accessible
11.problems and possibilities of good governance in bangladesh hurdles to ach...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper on problems and possibilities of good governance in Bangladesh. It discusses how Bangladesh has gradually improved in political stability but development has not been stable due to a lack of political will and commitment. Good governance in Bangladesh is still plagued by issues like violence, corruption, outdated laws, human rights abuses, lack of rule of law, lack of accountability, and politicization of government institutions. The document recommends that strong political leadership is needed to fight deep-rooted corruption, lack of accountability, lack of transparency, and inefficiency in order to establish good governance and ensure sustainable development in Bangladesh.
This document provides an overview and introduction to issues surrounding local democracy that may need to be addressed in a constitution-building process. It discusses different approaches constitutions can take in constitutionalizing local democracy, including specifying the formal structure of local government systems, electoral systems, terms of office, selection of local executives, and representation policies. The document also addresses constitutionalizing the substantive powers that can be allocated to local authorities. Overall, it aims to help constitution drafters navigate the choices around establishing and protecting local democracy through a constitution.
People's Forum - a decentralized participatory democratic model for IndiaJos Conil
The document proposes establishing a "People's Forum" as a fourth pillar of Indian democracy to strengthen participatory governance. It would consist of a Social Service League and Citizen's Ombudsman at national, state, and local levels. The key aspects include: 1) Mandating government to publish all bills and budgets for public feedback; 2) Empowering citizens to initiate referendums on laws and policies; 3) Giving citizens oversight of all government projects and institutions; 4) Allowing citizens to dismiss underperforming governments via referendum; 5) Establishing an Ombudsman to investigate corruption complaints against public officials. The aim is to make the government more answerable and responsive to the
Applying Organisation Development principles to Effect Change-A Case Study (P...Madhavi Rajadhyaksha
1) Community based organizations (CBOs) work with local governments (Panchayati Raj Institutions or PRIs) to advance the interests of the poor, despite deficiencies in state laws and inadequate resources for both CBOs and PRIs.
2) The politics of representation and social inequities have impaired the ability of women and scheduled communities to actively participate in PRIs, hindering their ability to advocate for their interests.
3) While CBOs carve out an alternative space to focus on marginalized groups, they lack democratic processes and accountability to the entire community, raising concerns about patronage and not being representative of all.
The document summarizes a case study on improving the relationship between politicians and the public in Uttar Pradesh, India. It discusses how a software company, Viplav Communications, developed constituency management software to better align the self-interests of politicians with the common interests of voters. By providing politicians data and feedback on voter needs, the software helped politicians direct resources to voter priorities, boosting voter turnout and support. This linked politician interests with voter development, reducing the influence of caste and criminal politics. The software is now being used by politicians across parties to strengthen democracy through a more responsive people-politician relationship.
1.IMPACT OF PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY
2.SERVICE DELIVERY
3.PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY
4.PRIVATE SERVICE DELIVERY
5.WHY WE NEED PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY
6.SOME OF KEY PUBLIC SERVICE
7.DIGITAL SERVICE 'E'
8.POSITIVE IMPACT
9.NEGATIVE IMPACT/ CHALLENGES THAT IMPEDE THESE REFORMS INCLUDE
10.AFFECTING GOVERNMENT REFORMS
RTI
11.CITIZENS CHARTER
12.E-GOVERNANCE
13.THANK YOU
Inclusive process, rigourous methodology and policy uptake are the key issues raised in this power point presentation by Paul van Hoof, senior advisor on local governance with IDASA, at the Cairo workshop on assessing governance in sectors, June 2009.
Praja is a non-partisan voluntary organization enabling accountable governance. It empowers citizens to participate in
governance by providing knowledge and perspective so that they can become politically active and involved beyond the
ballot box. It undertakes extensive research and highlights civic issues to build the awareness of and mobilize action by the
government and elected representatives.
The document discusses issues with public services in Indonesia, including low quality, bureaucratic problems, and unclear systems. It notes criticisms that services are slow, expensive, closed, and discriminatory. Suggestions are made to improve transparency and consistency in public services through better information delivery between government units and the community.
Local Government System After the Implementation of Law No.
22 of 1999
Indonesian Scientific Meeting 2003 in Central Japan
December 20, 2003, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Japan
Tri Widodo W. Utomo
Department of International Cooperation, Graduate School of International Development, Nagoya University, 1 Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-0861, Japan
Good Governance Challenge for the Local Authorities Summary of the UN HabitatDr Lendy Spires
Governance is defined as the exercise of authority over a country's affairs at all levels, including mechanisms for citizens to articulate interests and mediate differences. Good urban governance is characterized by principles of sustainability, subsidiarity, equity, efficiency, transparency, accountability, civic engagement, and security. These principles include long-term strategic visions, equitable access to decision making and basic services, efficient public service delivery, and transparent/accountable local authorities.
This document discusses personnel administration and the civil service. It begins by defining key terms like civil service, which refers to non-technical government services. It then discusses the roles of the civil service in areas like development administration, political development, economic development, modernization, and internal government functioning. It also covers topics like classification of civil service positions to group similar roles and the steps involved in developing a position classification plan. Overall, the document provides an overview of the civil service and its various functions and responsibilities within government.
Accountability & transparency 26 05-2014Shamsul Arefin
The document discusses accountability, transparency, and anti-corruption measures in public administration. It provides background on why transparency and accountability are essential in government. It outlines some major initiatives to enhance transparency, such as right to information acts, citizens' charters, and e-government programs. The document also discusses accountability, including identifying responsible authorities, penalizing non-performance, and grievance redress mechanisms. It examines implementation processes for accountability.
This presentation talks about what is governance and how has the meaning of Governance changed with the advent of economic reforms of 1990s. The boundary between public and private has become blurred. There has been an increase in the role of Civil Society and Private players , this has led to several public-private-partnerships.
Good governance involves decision making processes and their implementation. It requires legitimacy, accountability, competence, and respect for human rights. Domestic reform strategies to reduce corruption include reforming incentives, enforcement, and civil service. E-governance requires fundamental government changes like online services. Good corporate governance evaluates leadership, ethics, social responsibility, and performance. Examples of good Indian governance include Tata Steel and Infosys' practices. India can improve through agriculture, energy, and public-private partnerships.
The document discusses the evolving definitions and scope of public administration as a field. It explores three meanings of "public" - as government, as provider of public goods/services, and as governance for the public interest. It argues voluntary/non-profit sector organizations exhibit both public and private characteristics, existing along a continuum of publicness to privateness. While having private initiative and funding, their role in advocacy and provision of indivisible goods means they also serve the public interest. As such, the management of voluntary organizations can rightly have a place within public administration.
AN OVERVIEW OF THE TRANSFORMATION AGENDA:
THE EKITI STATE, NIGERIA EXPERIENCE
by
His Excellency Dr. Kayode FAYEMI
Governor, Ekiti State, Nigeria
During the Study Tour by Course 35 Of the
National Institute for Policy and Strategic Studies, Kuru
Citizens participation and local democracy in zimbabwean local government systemDr Lendy Spires
Citizen participation and local democracy are important concepts in local government. This document discusses ways citizens can participate in Zimbabwe's local government system, including through local elections, participatory budgeting, consultative forums, civil society organizations, and formal structures like village development committees. Meaningful citizen involvement, such as having a say in decisions and access to resources, is necessary for an effective democratic local government that represents community needs.
This document discusses governance in India and proposes ways to improve it. It covers several topics:
- India retained the British governance system after independence but reforms were needed.
- Attempts at reforms did not succeed due to inertia and resistance to change.
- The judiciary has helped advance accountability and rights but faces issues like delays and corruption.
- Civil society organizations promote social causes but some lack professional management.
- Improving emotional intelligence through training may help change attitudes and mindsets, enabling better governance. Developing self-awareness, self-regulation, and other emotional skills could complement existing technical training programs.
This document discusses local governance and the role of associations in collective management in the city of Agadir, Morocco. It examines how local governance that promotes participation of associations can improve management of public affairs. The study hypothesizes that effective collective management requires involvement of local people through associations. It analyzes definitions of participation and levels of citizen involvement. Associations in Agadir contribute to management by supporting initiatives for human development, strengthening social ties, and inventorying their roles. While associations play a strategic role, their participation in management remains limited due to lack of resources and support from local authorities.
This document discusses citizen participation in budgeting processes, specifically participatory budgeting. It covers several key points:
1) Participatory budgeting aims to involve citizens in the budgeting process to allocate resources in a more democratic way. This can foster good governance, transparency, social justice, and better-informed citizens.
2) Effective participation requires representation from all citizens, not just certain groups, and that governments genuinely consider citizens' input.
3) Case studies show how participatory budgeting has been implemented successfully in places like Porto Alegre to distribute resources more evenly and give citizens more influence.
4) Initiatives to improve transparency and accountability through citizen participation can make budget information more accessible
Panchayati Raj: Towards Good Governance “Just as the whole universe is contai...inventionjournals
This paper discussed about the Rationale of Good governance in present era of Globalization at Grassroot level. It discuss about the Rural India and 73rd Amendment act of 1992 and how Panchayati raj Institutions and the need of transparency and accountability through good governance . For the upliftment of rural village there is a esurience of delivering better service by using information technology and giving better quality of life at grass roots. For this there is need to strengthen democracy through good governance. The issue of governance at the forefront of the development agenda and states “good governance is one of most crucial factor for development”. Governance is wider than government which ensures the responsibility and accountability of various community i.e government, the civil society and the corporate sector
The document discusses citizen participation in governance in the Philippines. It defines citizen participation and identifies different types of citizens and organizations involved. It then outlines the background of citizen participation in the Philippines, including key events that promoted participation. The document also lists the legal framework for citizen participation as established by Philippine laws and identifies avenues for participation. Finally, it discusses the relevance of participatory governance, including benefits such as more responsive policies and increased transparency and accountability.
Politics, informality and clientelism - exploring a pro-poor urban politicsDr Lendy Spires
This document discusses clientelism in urban politics in the global south and how organized groups of urban poor have sought to transform clientelist relationships. It begins by providing context on urban poverty, politics, and the prevalence of informal settlements. It then discusses definitions of clientelism and perspectives on it, noting it is typically characterized by an unequal exchange between political elites and urban poor communities for resources. The document explores four goals of organized urban poor groups: negotiating bureaucratic changes; managing conflict; mitigating vertical political relations; and transforming resource-based approaches. It argues these ultimately aim for greater legitimacy of the urban poor and increased political accountability.
Citizen and Administration - Plutus IAS.pdfPlutus IAS
Specificity refers to the strictly limited zone of interaction between administration and the clients as formally defined by the organisation. In a public transport, the passenger pays the fare and
the conductor assures him a travel up to a definite distance.
Citizen engagement plays a crucial role in local governance as it empowers individuals to actively participate in decision-making processes that directly impact their communities. When citizens are engaged in local governance, it fosters transparency, accountability, and inclusivity, ultimately leading to a more effective and responsive government.
A Reflection On Public Administration Essay
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The Thoeries Of Local Government In Nigeria.Nicole Fields
The document discusses local government in Nigeria and its role in rural development. It notes that local government was created as the third tier of government to ensure effective service delivery to citizens. However, local government faces difficulties in fulfilling this role. The paper aims to examine the factors responsible for these difficulties and how to address them. It provides historical context on the evolution of local government systems in Nigeria under British colonial rule.
Participation a Requisite for Grass Root Democracy. An Indian Overviewinventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document discusses governance and politics in Nigeria. It begins by defining governance as the processes and systems by which a government manages resources to address challenges, while government refers to elected and appointed bodies. Good governance is defined by accountability, transparency, participation, and predictability. It then examines each of these elements in depth and how they are important for a democratic system. However, it notes that an educated, engaged population is needed for good governance to function properly, and a population that does not participate can enable compromised governance.
The Constitution of India is the best known for its magnificent social treatise, begins with the glorious preamble which guarantees the key concepts as liberty, equality, justice and fraternity to the entire people of the country. These expressions postulate an unwritten pledge that everyone will do justice to one another especially for the common man – for the man on the street and in the farm, for the driver of the bullock cart and for other suppressed and neglected sections. This was the reason why the Founding Fathers had chosen to prefer justice to Liberty, Equality and Fraternity for placement in order again social justice was assigned a preferential place over economic and political. Otherwise the expression in the preamble – “We the people of India ……………… give unto our selves this Constitution” loses its meaning and import, as much as the promise in Article 38 – The State shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing and protecting as effectively as it may a social order in which justice – social, economic and political shall inform all institutions of national life. Thus, Social Justice in a comprehensive sense must penetrate in depth and permeate in its widest spectrum to all aspect of social life, including the stigmatized untouchability and the so called members of the Backward classes. The concept of Social Justice must take within its sweep the objective of removing all inequalities and affording equal opportunities to all citizens in social and economic affairs. Our country is not a utilitarian State, but a Democratic Republic with committed to welfarism. The problems enumerated above which concern the overwhelmingly large number of the citizens, could never be successfully tackled unless the State uses its most effective ameliorating devices against socio economic and socio legal instrumentalities that necessarily calls for a total reform for balancing economic structure and thereby relieve the body politic of the tension. In the process, the new era of Social Justice in the Democratic Republic of India could be surely ushered, when our condition favours introduction of democracy at the grass root level i.e., the creation of Panchayati Raj Institutions PRIs which embodied in Article 40 of the Constitution3. The basic conviction that Village Panchayats could play an important role in the social transformation and implementation of development programmes. In this paper, an attempt has made how far the Village Panchayat contributed for achieving the empowerment of women. Dr. Irsad Ali Khan "Social Justice in Panchayati Raj in India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd51818.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/51818/social-justice-in-panchayati-raj-in-india/dr-irsad-ali-khan
1) The document discusses the OECD Observatory of Civic Space, which aims to monitor civic space in OECD countries, promote and protect civic engagement, and act as a platform for dialogue between governments and civil society.
2) The Observatory conducts a global survey every 3 years and civic space scans to assess legal/policy frameworks for civic space. It identifies trends, collects best practices, and makes recommendations to strengthen civic space.
3) Activities include national/regional roundtables, an international conference, and a civic space portal to facilitate dialogue on trends and challenges to civic space. The Observatory seeks to deepen OECD engagement with civil society stakeholders.
Opening the Black Box, Contextual Drivers of Social Accountability: Engaging ...Making All Voices Count
This was presented as part of a research workshop held at the Institute of Development Studies (IDS) on 30 April 2015, in partnership with the Global Partnership for Social Accountability (GPSA) and the Transparency Accountability Initiative (TAI). The focus of the workshop was on "the quest for citizen-led accountability - looking into the state."
This presentation examined a framework to assess the contextual drivers for state action in social accountability initiatives.
The political state and public administration reforms required for brazilFernando Alcoforado
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Introduction
In life, there are universal laws that govern everything we do. These laws are so perfect that if you were to align yourself with them, you could have so much prosperity that it would be coming out of your ears. This is because God created the universe in the image and likeness of him. It is failure to follow the universal laws that causes one to fail. The laws that were created consisted of the following: ·
Law of Gratitude: The Law of Gratitude states that you must show gratitude for what you have. By having gratitude, you speed your growth and success faster than you normally would. This is because if you appreciate the things you have, even if they are small things, you are open to receiving more.
Law of Attraction: The Law of Attraction states that if you focus your attention on something long enough you will get it. It all starts in the mind. You think of something and when you think of it, you manifest that in your life. This could be a mental picture of a check or actual cash, but you think about it with an image.
Law of Karma: the Law of Karma states that if you go out and do something bad, it will come back to you with something bad. If you do well for others, good things happen to you. The principle here is to know you can create good or bad through your actions. There will always be an effect no matter what.
Law of Love: the Law of Love states that love is more than emotion or feeling; it is energy. It has substance and can be felt. Love is also considered acceptance of oneself or others. This means that no matter what you do in life if you do not approach or leave the situation out of love, it won't work.
Law of Allowing: The Law of Allowing states that for us to get what we want, we must be receptive to it. We can't merely say to the Universe that we want something if we don't allow ourselves to receive it. This will defeat our purpose for wanting it in the first place.
Law of Vibration: the Law of Vibration states that if you wish on something and use your thoughts to visualize it, you are halfway there to get it. To complete the cycle you must use the Law of Vibration to feel part of what you want. Do this and you'll have anything you want in life.
For everything to function properly there has to be structure. Without structure, our world, or universe, would be in utter chaos. Successful people understand universal laws and apply them daily. They may not acknowledge that to you, but they do follow the laws. There is a higher power and this higher power controls the universe and what we get out of it. People who know this, but wish to direct their own lives, follow the reasons. Successful people don't sit around and say "I'll try," they say yes and act on it.
Chapter - 1
The Law of Attraction
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1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org ||Volume 6 Issue 4|| April 2017 || PP. 66-70
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Participation in Urban Development and Governance
Surjasnata Chattopadhyay.
Abstract: This paper presents an empirical justification of participation of common people in different factors
of administration through the policy of decentralization. The background structure of the paper mainly based on
the developing country oriented social structure. Through this paper, we can also understand the heterogeneity
in the administrative structure. Under this differentiate structure this paper tries to understand the extent of
participation of the common people in the administrative decision. In the conclusion part, here in this paper, we
try to define the term “Citizen Participation” through the idea of redistribution of administrative power among
the civic society for getting an affluent society.
I. Introduction
One of the discussed items on administration among recent scholars is “participation of common man
in urban development and governance”. The policy of decentralization is very much related to such
discussion because only decentralization can bring the people or urban dwellers closer to the process of decision
making in civil governance. It is rightly believed that this basic rationale of decentralization can easily push the
government, mainly at local level, to develop the authority of power and control towards strengthening the
engagement of citizen/urban population in the process of governance.
Decentralization is a definite process of administering the locality, and its success depends on the
meaningful participation of common people in different factors of administration. We expect decentralization to
bring decision-making authority closer to the people/citizen more precisely to the beneficiaries of the
decision.We use this rationale to push government, mainly in developing countries, to develop central power
and authority towards strengthening civic engagement in local government processes. According to Dany
Ayida,a governance expert ,who shared his field experience in central and West Africa at a recent presentation
at the world bank (1)
,meaningful civic participation in a decentralized setting depends on various factors
,including: a)vitality of the public sphere or political environment ; b) the culture and political history of the
country; and c) the capacity and incentives of both civil society organization and local governments to interact
and interface meaningfully with one another.
First, let us discuss what we mean by civic participation in decentralization and local governance.
Ideally, decentralization would develop government functions and authorities to the local level, allowing
citizens to elect their representatives to manage local affairs. We typically expect that moving government
closer to the people will ease interaction and information flow between citizen and government. This process
theoretically aids in formulating a development agenda that corresponds to local needs and opportunities while
improving transparency and accountability in public service delivery.
Based on the field realities Aydia experienced in six francophone African countries (Benin, Burkina,
Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Mali, and Togo),and he concluded that, despite the fact that
decentralization is picking up momentum in these countries, there hasn‟t been a comparable increase in civic
participation and government accountability as a result. Ayida further claims he has not witnessed any natural
interaction evolving between civil society and the local governments. On the contrary, it has been donor‟s
interests and funding that appear to be the driving force in bringing civil society and government together.This
according to Aydia has, unfortunately –led to only episodic interaction between the two parties, without
adequately enunciating deep social, economic and political challenges.Moreover, the tradition of chieftaincy and
feudal culture, combined with low literacy rate (as low as 89% in rural areas)are seen as severe obstacles to the
effective participation of citizens in local governance processes.
Ayida‟s presentation was followed up by a brainstorming session, where a general consensus emerged
that civil engagement in decentralization has not been adequately internalized or institutionalized among both
government and civil organizations. Donor engagement has remained project based and is not equipped to deal
with fundamental problems associated with local politics and culture. On the other hand, opportunities do exist,
despite these shortfalls. Rather than taking an open-ended generalized approach to strengthening civil
engagement in local governance processes, the project-based support from donors can be turned into the issue
based civic participation with specific need based sectoral targets and outcomes (e.g. whether drugs have
reached the health clinics or whether a teacher is attending classes, Physicians attend their chambers for
attending patients etc).Basically, the issue identified should be driving force and an incentive for both the
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demand and supply side to meaningfully engaged with one another and improve the quality and standard of
public services.
In terms of tackling illiteracy and local power dynamics for meaningful civic participation, new
technological innovations are expected to assist the devolution process, increasing citizens „ access to pertinent
information.One of the participants also pointed out that facilitating skills are important in the galvanizing
participation of illiterates in government affairs. Similarly, building reform coordination and alliances around
specific issues and cultivating a spirit of competition among and between civil society actors and government
entities (including traditional chieftaincy) is expected to create incentives for all parties to interact and engage
effectively in local governance processes.
Observations of people such as Dany Ayida, especially those with solid field experience, are invaluable
as strategies and processes are refined in the field of decentralization and local development and beyond.
The tendency of social people of getting participation in the governance and social developmental
works are not something new. It was rooted back to the time of city polis during the time ancient Rome and
Greece administration. So this urge for the democratization of community development efforts and governance
of community affairs are very rudimentary as well as these are elementary demand and situation for establishing
human freedom. A typical democratic man wants to perceive the state as a basic embodiment of free society,
where the ruler will rule the people.
With this understaning we can critically look at the features of Municipal Governance in West Bengal:
The characteristic features or municipal governance in West Bengal are as follows:
The state Government constitutes Municipalities after taking into consideration the public opinion of the
concerned areas.
Municipal areas are divided into several wards mainly depending on the population size of the municipality
The term of the municipal board is fixed to 5 years.
Each ward is represented by a member being elected directly by the people of that ward.
One-third of the total seats of a municipality is reserved for a woman.
Seats are proportionately reserved for the weaker section viz Scheduled Caste (SC), Schedule Tribe (ST) of
that municipality.
The councilors elected directly by the people constitute the Board of Councillors, which governs
Municipalities.
Municipal elections are conducted at a regular interval of 5 years under the direct supervision of the State
Election Commission, which is a statutory body.
Mayors/Chairpersons of the municipal bodies are directly elected by the councilors.
The corporation and municipal towns are governed by a cabinet form of local self-government through the
mayor in council/Chairman in council model in the ULBs.
Mayor/Chairperson runs the municipal administration with the assistance of their respective council
members.
Chairman of the corporation conducts the business in the meetings of the corporation.
There is borough committee in municipal bodies having more than 0.3 million population & in the
Municipal Corporation to ensure further decentralization down below the municipal level.
Respective municipalities appoint their officers and employees with the approval of the state government.
The state government may appoint officers in the municipalities from its own cadre of officers to support
the municipal administration.
There are municipal Accounts committees in the municipalities to keep vigil on municipal accounts.
The Municipalities are required to conduct an internal audit.
The Municipal bodies are to perform obligatory and discretionary functions in the arena of providing Civic
service, development planning & the other socio-economic spheres enumerated in the 12th
schedule of the
Constitution of India.
But this theoretical proposition has to a large extent ascended down with the implementation of
“Representative Democracy”. It has obviously put political barriers of engaging oneself with the daily
functioning of the Government. It is often alleged that even in any powerful and participatory democratic
cultural the role of adult citizens reduced to voting in a periodic election and recording their passive consent of
the people once in every five years. Since then they again put under the chain of Administration.
Under this situation, the community participation through Panchayat, Municipality or Corporation in
the developing countries has gained considerable enthusiasms among the people of different sectors like Urban
and Rural. This institution has made the way of participation of the people in general with the developmental
activities of Government in delivering goods and services. Thus recently the general thrust of the government of
developing countries is to prepare the process of increasing participation of people in the process of Governance
and administration. Even various constitutional amendments and statutory changes have recently been adopted
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to ensure and facilitate the participation of people and power and responsibilities of community-based
institutions.
But the typical problem of developing countries is their heterogeneous social structure. As we live and
experienced in our society, it is divided along the lines of caste, class gender and so on, which is obviously not
congenial for the equal and democratic participation of the entire community. It may only ensure the
participation of a section, which appears to be traditionally numerous and established in the society, while other
remained ruled as usually by the powerful section of the society.
It creates visible barriers to the active empowerment of common citizen through participation in
governance and administration.This division or participation antipathy creates a feeling of disregard among a
section of the society. It also taps the energies and resources of an individual within the community. But on the
other hand, the spontaneous participation of the community ultimately enables the Government to eliminate
deficiencies in the Community and among the people.
The same proposition also holds good for the urban sector which also does not comprise a
homogeneous community. Each city and towns have a different history of their origin and cultural habit, which
are different from other towns or cities. Different studies have shown that each town or cities are shaped by
distinct primordial loyalties, economic disparities, and social culture. Thus to bring them under a common
acceptable social ambiance and culture, the Government is required to create or from an appropriate “group of
neutral “ organizational structure for expressing interest of a different segment of the society on their needs and
demand.
There are five different modes of community participation. Of which most of them are state-initiated
modes, but apart from that there may also be such initiative which stems from spontaneously of the social man.
But that too also accepted and utilized by the state for understanding and satisfying the social demands.
Constitutionally mandated Ward committee
Statutorily dictated Beneficiary Committees, work under the supervisions of ward committee;
Programmatically determined state planning for the betterment of middle and lower middle-class people;
such as “Swarna Jayanti Sahari Rozgar Yojana(SJSRY)”; these are generally formed and adopted by the
state to provide basic need of the urban poor(UBSP)
An activity based program like Bustee workers Management committee under KMDA area, Ward
education committee etc.
Spontaneously evolved citizen‟s forum, Sports club, Residents Committee, Social club etc.
This entire program emerged as an extension of Urban community development program launched
during 1958.Later to increase the participation of common urban dwellers, VII Five years plan introduced some
related program like providing basic services to the urban poor.The aim of this program was to increase the
standard of life pattern of urban poor and Middle-class people. Special care was also given to the improvement
of woman and children. The Urban Local Bodies were given the overall responsibility for implementing the
program. The fund was provided by the State Government under “plan Head”. These “Bodies” were taken care
of forming different neighboring Groups with the inhabitants of poor people of a particular area. At the top of all
those committees of the group, there was “Community Development Society (CDS)”, where the councilors were
members.
In the year 2005, Government took a new initiative for urban renewal through “Jawaharlal Nehru
National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM).The program was initiated by the Central Government for urban
renewal. It requires the preparation of “City Development Planning”(CDP) for which the consultation with the
community was made mandatory.The technical advice for preparing urban planning was given by the National
and State level Technical Advisory Bodies. These Bodies were asked to ensure the participation of the
community in preparing an urban development plan. The mission of the program was to provide assistance and
to motivate the citizen in urban development. Ward committees, Area Sabah‟s and voluntary technical groups
were the areas through which the participation was expected to be assured. The prime aim of the central
government was to constitute two-tiered structure for community participation: 1) Area Sabah, 2) Ward
committees. The plan was to use Area Sabah as “door Committee” and ward committees as “Statutory body”,
Representative of “civil society” from the ward accommodated in the ward committee as members.
Historically it is true that India after independence started to take up different method and programmers
related with pro-poor social development to reduce the increasing trends of social disparities. The Urban
Community Development (UDP) was one of the schemes, launched for the purpose of reducing the poverty.
This program was launched in 1958, with the assistance of Ford Foundation. The major thrust of the program
was to improve the life of the poor people of the urban area through involving them with different activities of
the community. Two ideas were the motor force of this program:1)Community development, and 2)
participation of people with the programs. It had obviously some positive effect on the slum dwellers and the
people of lower middle class. The success of such program laid the government to take up programs like “Urban
basic services for the poor”(UBSP) in 1985.The main focus of this program was to bring the participation of the
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poor directly with the activities of ameliorating their living condition and standard of social existence. These
programs gave special emphasis on woman and children to open up the access to the social services. The Urban
local Bodies (ULB) was given the responsibilities of implementing the program successfully. Again the late
nineties decade, Swarna Jayanti Sahari Rojgar Yojana (SJSRY) was launched through ULB. The trust of this
program was to find out the possible way of involving the community with the developmental program. The
ULB, being the nodal agency or authority of implementing the program, build up three-tier committees,
comprising women members belonging to the poor class. Nodal agency ULB, formed committees in different
localities with women belonging to the below poverty line, which was called “neighborhood groups”(NHG),
and these committees were asked to select their own representative, who would act as “Resident Community
Volunteer(RCV)”.RCVs of different localities elected their ward local bodies called “Neighbor Hood
Committee (NHC)”.At the top of the NHC(comprises with four members)there was Community Development
Society (CDS), where the counselor was also the member. The woman association was empowered to look
especially on two thrusting areas: a) the community development, b) individual development. The NHC was
responsible for implementing the plan and to monitor the implementation of their demands and observations.
They were also responsible for training up the women to develop their skill as well as to make necessary
arrangements for providing necessary funds through bank loans or by making „credit and cooperative societies
with them. A hierarchy of responsibility was set up in the following manner: Neighborhood committee (NHC)
was to report their progress to “Community Development Societies” (CDS).The primary plan was prepared by
the Community Development Societies(CDS), vetted accordingly by the Urban poverty Eradication
cell(UPEC).This actually aimed to empower women in two related ways; 1)It include women to decide their
way to improvement, and 2) it enables them to play a vital role in determining the plan for their locality.
After this a new program initiated by the central Government for urban development; “Jawaharlal Nehru Urban
Renewal Mission (JNNURM) in 2005.The primary thrust of the mission was to implement renewal program for
urban sector, ensuring participation of community with it. To get the benefit of the mission each community
were required to prepare a “city development plan” (CDP), after consulting and assessing the need for the
community and actual beneficiaries of the mission. The JNNURM also put up a definite guideline for getting
assistance through it. As per guideline, formations of two groups were essential: a) National Technical Advisory
Group (NTAG) and b) State Level Technical Advisory Group (STAG).These groups act as an advisory group to
the national and state level steering committees and Urban Local Bodies (ULB) regarding transparency and
accountability, It was also empowered to monitor the process participation and involvement of community with
the mission and its work. To ensure this guideline the community Programmers were virtually bound to form
Word Committee (WC) and Area Sabah (AS).Actually, this two-tier community structure was made as per the
design of a “Model Nagara Bill”. The bill tried to ensure the representation of all local residents and registered
voters, of one or more than one (but not exceeding five) polling booths, as a member of the area committee.The
member of the area committee will select or elect one representative to the Ward committee of the respective
Ward. As per the direction of the bill, at least two third of the members of Ward committee shall have to the
member of area committee. This system was implemented to ensure the democracy at the grass root level of the
urban sector. The aim of 74th
Amendment of the constitution was to create space for wider and deeper
democratization through enhanced participation of registered voters and social members in determining the plan
and program of local development. It tried to ensure such participation through area committee and Ward
committee, etc.The amendment breaks a new ground by providing an institutional framework for the citizen to
actively participate in their own administration and development through a two-tier system of local governance-
the municipality and the ward committee. The former is an elective body at the level of the municipality
consisting of elected representatives of the people (councilors) and the later is nominated body at the level of the
ward.The observation of K.C.Sivaramakrishnan on 74th
amendment is very relevant in this context, he opined
that, it provide a framework to enable a participation of citizens in urban governance.It contains an enabling
mechanism for decentralization from the city council to its ward and neighborhood.
The experience of decentralization of administration in West Bengal is no doubt happy and positive.
This state has a long tradition of participatory democracy and administration both in urban and rural sectors.
Even before independence, there were urban local Bodies. Even these bodies carried the tradition of
participating in National freedom movement during the colonial period.Even before implementation of the 74th
constitutional amendment, there was borough committee in Calcutta Corporation. Thus after promulgation of
the amendment, the corporation proceeded further by making the formation of ward committee mandatory for
all municipalities irrespective of their size and population.Even we have, in West Bengal, the system of
representation of Community Development Society (CDS) in ward committee. This was implemented for the
inclusion of civil society in the development program and for the development of the life pattern of slum
dwellers.The CDS is a statutory committee in west Bengal, which is again unique in the state. Being a statutory
committee the CDS ensures the representation of physician, educationalist, social workers etc, in it. This has
made this body truly representative body of city life.
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One thing here should be mentioned. West Bengal is basically a “politically influenced” state unlike
other states in Eastern Region. So the nomination of the members of these committees is also influenced and
dictated by the politics and political partisanship. Even then it enables the urban people to take an active part in
the developmental process lunched under different heads. The basic aim of any ruling party in West Bengal is to
make a link with the Ward Committee and Municipality so that their political aims are fulfilled. Thus the ruling
party wants to interfere into the issue of forming the beneficiaries of any program, because that may serve their
purpose of keeping and extending the support base in the society for the benefit of vote politics. Even in some
cases, it has been found that in the ward committee, the numerical representation of women was not as per the
norms. All these happen due to the interference of politics and party loyalties among the member.
It is further interesting that some of the sponsored programs of Central Government like “ Kolkata
urban basic services for the poor”(KUSP) are implemented by the urban local bodies(ULB) with the help of
Kolkata metropolitan development authority (KMDA).Being the nodal agency the KMDA prepared plan and
estimate for such programs. Very recently the state government has extended the area of such program beyond
the jurisdiction of KMDA. In those areas, ULB has included poor and slum dweller beneficiaries with the
program. Here KMDA may act as a contractor agency for implementing the plan and program.
In spite of this governmental effort, still, we are witnessing spatial neutrality a younger generation from
such developmental programs. Even they are not coming forward to take part in the governance of urban sector.
Sadly enough, even after more than a decade and a half of the 74th
Amendment of the constitution, the urban
citizen are still to realize that there is a constitutionally mandated structure in the form of Ward Committee for
ensuring community participation.The idea of WCs and their meeting are rarely focused in media which is one
of the major sources of information for the urban.
The beaten controversy over “citizen participation”, “citizen control” and “maximum feasible
involvement of the poor “, has been waged largely to encourage a more enlightened dialogue, a typology of
citizen participation is offered using examples from three federal social programs: urban renewal, antipoverty
and Model Cities. The typology, which is designed to be provocative, is arraigned in a ladder pattern with each
rung corresponding to the extent of citizen‟s power in determining the plan and /or program.
The idea of citizen participation is a little like eating spinach: no one is against it in principle because it
is good for you. Participation of the governed in their government is, in theory, the cornerstone of democracy a
revered idea that is vigorously applauded by virtually everyone. The applause is reduced to polite handclaps,
however, when this principle is advocated by the have not‟s define participation as redistribution of power.
There has been much recent documentation of why the have-nots have become so offended and
embittered by their powerlessness to deal with the profound inequalities and injustices pervading that daily
lives. But there has been a very little analysis of the content of the current controversial slogan: “citizen
participation “ or “maximum feasible participation.” In short: what is citizen participation and what is its
relationship to the social imperatives of our time?
Our answer to the critical what question is simply that citizen participation is a categorical term for
citizen power. It is the redistribution of power that enables the have-not citizens, presently excluded from the
political and economic processes, to be deliberately included in the future. It is the strategy by which the have-
nots join in determining how information is shared, goals and policies are set, tax resources are allocated,
programs are operated, and benefit like contracts and patronage are parceled out.In short, it is the means by
which they can induce significant social reform which enables them to share in the benefit of the affluent
society.
References
(1) Dany Kolma Ayida: Resident Director of NDI; Democratic Republic of Congo. He gave his lecture in a public presentation on 27th
.
April, 2006, in a conference called „National Endowment for Democracy‟. His lecture was on “Building Democracy on the Ruins of
Post colonial Dictatorship”.