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1. SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
TOPIC- SAMPLING
PRESENTED BY-
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
SECOND YEAR
1. ARPITA BANERJEE
2. PARSOMI PAL
3. DIPAK SINGH

2. SAMPLING
EXAMPLE
ALIASING
DECIMATION
NYQUIST RATE
NYQUIST THEOREM
APERTURE EFFECT
NATURAL SAMPLING
FLAT-TOP SAMPLING
IDEAL SAMPLING

3. SAMPLING
• SAMPLING IS DEFINED AS, “THE
PROCESS OF MEASURING THE
INSTANTANEOUS VALUES OF
CONTINUOUS-TIME SIGNAL IN A
DISCRETE FORM.”

4. EXAMPLE

5. ALIASING

6. DECIMATION
• “DECIMATION” IS THE PROCESS OF
REDUCING THE SAMPLING RATE.

7. NYQUIST THEOREM
• “A SIGNAL CAN BE EXACTLY
REPRODUCED IF IT IS SAMPLED AT THE
RATE fs WHICH IS GREATER THAN
TWICE THE MAXIMUM FREQUENCY W.”

8. NYQUIST RATE
fs=2W
WHERE,
fs IS THE SAMPLING RATE
W IS THE HIGHEST FREQUENCY
THIS RATE OF SAMPLING IS CALLED
AS Nyquist rate.

9. APERTURE EFFECT
• THE SAMPLED SIGNAL IN THE FLAT TOP
SAMPLING CONSISTS OF ATTENUATED
HIGH FREQUENCY COMPONENTS AND
THIS EFFECT IS KNOWN AS APERTURE
EFFECT.

10. NATURAL SAMPLING

11. FLAT-TOP SAMPLING

12. IDEAL SAMPLING

13. THANK YOU.