This document discusses sampling in signals and systems. It defines sampling as measuring the instantaneous values of a continuous-time signal in discrete form. It describes concepts like aliasing, decimation, the Nyquist rate, the Nyquist theorem, and the aperture effect. The Nyquist theorem states that a signal can be reproduced if sampled at a rate greater than twice the maximum frequency. It also discusses types of sampling like natural sampling, flat-top sampling, and ideal sampling.

1. SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
TOPIC- SAMPLING
PRESENTED BY-
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
SECOND YEAR
1. ARPITA BANERJEE
2. PARSOMI PAL
3. DIPAK SINGH

2. SAMPLING
EXAMPLE
ALIASING
DECIMATION
NYQUIST RATE
NYQUIST THEOREM
APERTURE EFFECT
NATURAL SAMPLING
FLAT-TOP SAMPLING
IDEAL SAMPLING

3. SAMPLING
• SAMPLING IS DEFINED AS, “THE
PROCESS OF MEASURING THE
INSTANTANEOUS VALUES OF
CONTINUOUS-TIME SIGNAL IN A
DISCRETE FORM.”

4. EXAMPLE

5. ALIASING

6. DECIMATION
• “DECIMATION” IS THE PROCESS OF
REDUCING THE SAMPLING RATE.

7. NYQUIST THEOREM
• “A SIGNAL CAN BE EXACTLY
REPRODUCED IF IT IS SAMPLED AT THE
RATE fs WHICH IS GREATER THAN
TWICE THE MAXIMUM FREQUENCY W.”

8. NYQUIST RATE
fs=2W
WHERE,
fs IS THE SAMPLING RATE
W IS THE HIGHEST FREQUENCY
THIS RATE OF SAMPLING IS CALLED
AS Nyquist rate.

9. APERTURE EFFECT
• THE SAMPLED SIGNAL IN THE FLAT TOP
SAMPLING CONSISTS OF ATTENUATED
HIGH FREQUENCY COMPONENTS AND
THIS EFFECT IS KNOWN AS APERTURE
EFFECT.

10. NATURAL SAMPLING

11. FLAT-TOP SAMPLING

12. IDEAL SAMPLING

13. THANK YOU.