* CARBON is the chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. As a member of group IV on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds.
* Bonding in Carbon-Covalent Bond
* Allotropes of Carbon
* Graphite
* Diamond
* Fullerenes
* Organic Chemistry
* Isomerism
* Soaps
Myself being as a class 10 CBSE student; I understand the difficulties faced by the students.
so refer this presentation to have a well understanding over a difficult chapter.
PLEASE DO FOLLOW ME FOR FURTHER UPDATES!!
This presentation is prepared in view of engineering chemistry syllabus. It is useful for Engineering, Sciences and their research to understand basics of chemistry.
* CARBON is the chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. As a member of group IV on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds.
* Bonding in Carbon-Covalent Bond
* Allotropes of Carbon
* Graphite
* Diamond
* Fullerenes
* Organic Chemistry
* Isomerism
* Soaps
Myself being as a class 10 CBSE student; I understand the difficulties faced by the students.
so refer this presentation to have a well understanding over a difficult chapter.
PLEASE DO FOLLOW ME FOR FURTHER UPDATES!!
This presentation is prepared in view of engineering chemistry syllabus. It is useful for Engineering, Sciences and their research to understand basics of chemistry.
Carbon can exist in different structural states known as allotropes..pdfaquastore223
Carbon can exist in different structural states known as allotropes. Two well-known allotropes
are graphite, one of the softest substances, and diamond, the hardest naturally occurring mineral.
Graphite has a crystalline structure in which the carbon atoms are arranged in layers of flat
sheets. Each sheet consists of a network of hexagonal (six-membered) rings in which each
carbon atom is bonded to three other atoms.
Diamond, which is formed in the Earth at very high pressures, adopts a different crystalline
structure. Each carbon atom is bonded to four others, which together form a tetrahedral shape
surrounding the central carbon
Diamond is transparent and hard; it acts as an excellent electrical insulator, and can be used as
an abrasive. By contrast, graphite is opaque and soft. It conducts electricity, and is a good
lubricant. Diamond crystallizes in the cubic system but graphite crystallizes in the hexagonal
system.
Carbon that lacks an overall crystalline structure is known as amorphous carbon. Although it is
possible to produce carbon that is entirely amorphous (non-crystalline), material that is described
as amorphous usually includes small crystals of graphite or diamond. Amorphous carbon is the
main constituent of charcoal, soot (lampblack or carbon black), and activated carbon.
In addition, several exotic allotropes have been synthesized or discovered, including fullerenes,
carbon nanotubes, lonsdaleite, carbon nanofoam, and aggregated diamond nanorods. The carbon
atoms in these allotropes have different structural arrangements.
Fullerene C540. A lattice of five- and six-membered rings of carbon atoms, forming an overall
spherical shape.A fullerene is composed of a sheet of carbon atoms linked together in hexagonal
and pentagonal rings to take the overall form of a hollow sphere or ellipsoid. A spherical
fullerene is also called a buckyball. The most well-known buckyball is Buckminsterfullerene
(containing 60 carbon atoms per sphere), named after Richard Buckminster Fuller, the architect
who developed the geodesic dome.
A carbon nanotube likewise consists of a sheet of carbon atoms linked in hexagonal and
pentagonal rings, but the overall shape is that of a hollow cylinder. Sometimes called a
buckytube, it is classified as part of the fullerene family of carbon compounds.
Lonsdaleite is thought to form when meteoric graphite falls to Earth. The impact\'s heat and
stress transform the graphite into a structure similar to diamond, but graphite\'s hexagonal crystal
lattice is retained. Also known as hexagonal diamond, lonsdaleite is transparent and brownish
yellow in color.
Carbon nanofoam was unexpectedly produced by scientists in Australia in 1997*. It consists of
low-density clusters of carbon atoms that are bonded in six- and seven-membered rings.
Surprisingly, the material is attracted to magnets and can be magnetized at temperatures below -
183°C.
Aggregated diamond nanorods (ADNRs) are denser and harder than diamond, and they ap.
Carbon and its Compounds, Class 10 Overview:
In the realm of chemistry, carbon stands as a versatile and unparalleled element, forming the cornerstone of organic compounds. This branch of chemistry explores the structure, properties, and reactions of carbon-containing compounds. Here's a brief insight into the key aspects covered in Class 10:
For more information, visit. www.vavaclasses.com
Carbon being the most versatile element on this earth is also the most important element for mankind. Carbon (from Latin: carbo "coal") is a chemical element with the symbol C and atomic number 6. It is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. It belongs to group 14 of the periodic table. Carbon makes up only about 0.025 percent of Earth's crust.
NON METALS AND THEIR COMPOUNDS-2
CARBON
Carbon is the non- metal with electronic configuration C= 2: 4, found in the group four and second level. Carbon is insoluble. Carbon can be found on the rocks e.g. chalk – CaCO3 and common in the organic food substance e.g. Glucose – C6H12O6.
Properties of carbon 1. Carbon monoxide 2. Carbon monoxide (CO)
Ceramic materials are inorganic , nonmetallic
materials
made from compounds of a metal and a non metal.
Ceramic materials may be crystalline or partly crystalline.
The word ceramic comes from the Greek word keramiko
of pottery" or for pottery from keramos.
Ceramics materials are the phases containing a
compounds of metallic and nonmetallic
elements. In short
ceramics are the inorganic non metallic materials such as
silicates, aluminates, oxides, carbides, borides and
hydroxides. Since there are many possible combinations
of metallic and nonmetallic
atoms and there are many
several structural arrangement of each combination.
Ceramics always composed of more than one element.
Bonds are partially or totally ionic, can have combination
of ionic and covalent bonding (electronegativity)
Ceramic materials are inorganic, non-metallic materials made from compounds of a metal and a non metal. Ceramic materials may be crystalline or partly crystalline.
The word ceramic comes from the Greek word keramiko of pottery" or for pottery from keramos
Ceramic materials are inorganic, non-metallic materials made from compounds of a metal and a non metal. Ceramic materials may be crystalline or partly crystalline.
The word ceramic comes from the Greek word keramiko of pottery" or for pottery from keramos.
Ceramic materials are inorganic , nonmetallic
materials
made from compounds of a metal and a non metal.
Ceramic materials may be crystalline or partly crystalline.
The word ceramic comes from the Greek word keramiko
of pottery" or for pottery from keramos.
Ceramics materials are the phases containing a
compounds of metallic and nonmetallic
elements. In short
ceramics are the inorganic non metallic materials such as
silicates, aluminates, oxides, carbides, borides and
hydroxides. Since there are many possible combinations
of metallic and nonmetallic
atoms and there are many
several structural arrangement of each combination.
Ceramics always composed of more than one element.
Bonds are partially or totally ionic, can have combination
of ionic and covalent bonding (electronegativity)
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
![Group -> 14 ↓ Period 2 6 C 3 14 Si 4 32 Ge 5 50 Sn 6 82 Pb 7 114 Uuq Catenation of chemical bonds leads to the formation of inorganic polymers. However, inorganic polymers are mostly solids in the form of crystals. Typical inorganic polymers are diamond, graphite, silicates, and other solids in which all atoms are connected by covalent bonds. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Molecular Formula SiCl 4 Molar Mass 169.90 g·mol -1 Appearance Colourless liquid Density 1.483 g/cm 3 Boiling point 57.65 °C Melting Point − 68.74 °C Solubility in water decomposes This colorless volatile liquid compound is prepared by the treatment of silicon with chlorine: Si + 2 Cl 2 -> SiCl 4 Silicon tetrachloride is sometimes used as an intermediate in the manufacture of extremely pure silicon, since it has a boiling point convenient for purification by repeated fractional distillation; it can be reduced to silicon by hydrogen gas, or hydrolysed to SiO 2 as a precursor for extremely pure synthetic fused silica. Very pure silicon derived from silicon tetrachloride is used in large amounts in the semiconductor industry, and also in the production of photovoltaic cells. Pure silicon has a negative temperature coefficient of resistance, since the number of free charge carriers increases with temperature. The electrical resistance of single crystal silicon significantly changes under the application of mechanical stress due to the piezoresistive effect. In its crystalline form, pure silicon has a gray color and a metallic luster. It is similar to glass in that it is rather strong, very brittle, and prone to chipping. Both silicon and (in certain aspects) carbon are semiconductors, readily either donating or sharing their four outer electrons allowing many different forms of chemical bonding. The outer electron orbitals (half filled subshell holding up to eight electrons) have the same structure as in carbon and the two elements are sometimes similar chemically. Even though it is a relatively inert element, silicon still reacts with halogens and dilute alkalis, but most acids (except for some hyper-reactive combinations of nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid) do not affect it. Having four bonding electrons however gives it, like carbon, many opportunities to combine with other elements or compounds under the right circumstances. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Buckey Balls and Nanotubes During the past 25 years we have discovered that carbon can for hollow structures similar to geodesic domes referred to informally as "Bucky Balls". In fact carbon atoms can form not only domes but also tubes, which when used as fibres they have the potential to help us create composite materials with strength to weight ratios which far exceed steel. An important potential application for this material could be the development of a "space elevator". Diamond Diamond is one of the hardest materials in the world and ranks a 10 on Mohs scale of hardness for minerals. In its pure form it is clear and colorless. Graphite Commonly seen as the "lead" in lead pencils. Graphite is so soft that we have used its propencity to 'rub off', to make writing instruments since the middle of the 16th century. Lamp Black Lamp black is a fine powder left behind by the burning of a flame. It is extremely black and is used to absorb light in situations where the absorbtion of the light must be as complete as possible as well as independent the light frequency. Atoms and their nuclei In order to understand the covalent bond, we must take a look at the structure of atoms. During the 20th century, the investigation of the material world turned to the very heart of material world - the structure of atoms. The discovery of electrons in 1897 by J.J. Thomson showed that there were more fundamental particles present in the atoms. Fourteen years later, Rutherford discovered that most of the mass of an atom resides in a tiny nucleus whose radius is 100,000 times smaller than that of an atom. In the mean time, light beams were discovered to be made of photons which are equivalent to particles of wave motion. These discoveries created new concepts. When these concepts and discoveries are integrated, new ideas emerge. The result is quantum theory. This theory gives good interpretations of the phenomena of the atomic and subatomic world. In this microscopic world, distances are measured in nanometers (10 -9 or 1e-9 meter) and fantometers (1e-15 meter, also called fermi, in honour of Fermi who built the first nuclear reactor). ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chemistry Class 11 th Book By Shubham goyal Shubham singh Vatan Tina Nehan](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/shubham-101204080542-phpapp01/85/Shubham-1-320.jpg)
