Short-Term Effects of Repeated Olfactory Administration of Homeopathic Sulphur or Pulsatilla on Electroencephalographic Alpha Power in Healthy Young Adults
Short-Term Effects of Repeated Olfactory Administration of
Homeopathic Sulphur or Pulsatilla on Electroencephalographic
Alpha Power in Healthy Young Adults
This document provides an overview of homeopathy, including its history, mechanisms, research evidence, and applications for issues related to lactation and pediatrics. It discusses Samuel Hahnemann's development of homeopathy in the 18th century, various hypotheses for its mechanisms of action, research on its effects in animals and humans, and some studies on its use for acute infections, mastitis, gastrointestinal issues, and lactation pain in children and animals.
Do homeopathic pathogenetic trials generate recognisable and reproducible sym...home
The results show that practising homeopaths may be able to correctly
identify a homeopathic medicine from the set of symptoms generated during an HPT.
This suggests that such symptom pictures generated by taking an ultramolecular homeopathic
medicine are recognisable and specific to the substance taken. Since identi-
fication of the remedy was based on past HPT information held in the materia medica,
this demonstrates that HPT-generated symptom pictures are reproducible, thus validating
the HPT methodology. These promising preliminary findings warrant replication;
possible improvements to the trial design to be incorporated in future studies were identified.
This study compared outcomes of patients with MDR/XDR Acinetobactor baumannii pneumonia treated with tigecycline or colistin. 70 patients received either tigecycline (n=30) or colistin (n=40). There were no significant differences in clinical outcomes between the two groups except nephrotoxicity, which only occurred in the colistin group. While the study indicates comparable efficacy, limitations include its small size, retrospective design, and exclusions. Further large randomized studies are still needed to properly evaluate tigecycline and optimal treatment combinations for MDR infections.
Ecological study design multiple group study and statistical analysissirjana Tiwari
This document summarizes study designs used in ecological studies. It discusses multiple group study designs which examine exposure and disease rates across population groups defined by place. It describes variables measured at the group level like aggregate measures, environmental measures, and global measures. It also discusses exploratory versus analytical ecological study designs and examples of statistical analyses used like regression modeling, empirical Bayes methods, and assessing spatial autocorrelation.
Systematic reviews of complementary therapies – an annotated bibliography. Pa...home
Complementary therapies are widespread but controversial. We aim to provide a
comprehensive collection and a summary of systematic reviews of clinical trials in three major
complementary therapies (acupuncture, herbal medicine, homeopathy). This article is dealing with
homeopathy. Potentially relevant reviews were searched through the register of the Cochrane
Complementary Medicine Field, the Cochrane Library, Medline, and bibliographies of articles and
books. To be included articles had to review prospective clinical trials of homeopathy; had to
describe review methods explicitly; had to be published; and had to focus on treatment effects.
Information on conditions, interventions, methods, results and conclusions was extracted using a
pretested form and summarized descriptively.
1. The document describes several studies that compared the effectiveness of initial combination therapy versus step-up therapy for treating rheumatoid arthritis.
2. In the TICORA study, patients who received intensive therapy based on outcome measures achieved better results and a higher rate of remission than those on routine care.
3. Later studies like GUEUPARD and SWEFOT found that initial combination therapy may be more effective early on, but that the benefits diminished after 1-2 years, with most patients in both groups achieving low disease activity.
This document describes a Markov model that estimates the incremental cost-utility of etanercept and infliximab compared to usual care over five years for patients with active ankylosing spondylitis. The model uses probabilities for treatment response, relapse, and toxicity derived from clinical trials to estimate quality-adjusted life years and costs for each treatment. The results suggest etanercept and infliximab provide significant clinical benefits but high drug costs limit their efficient use to all patients. The validity of the model is limited by uncertainties around the long-term course of ankylosing spondylitis and effects of TNF inhibitors.
Poster: Psychotropic Medications in Eating DisordersDavid Garner
Poster Presentation at the Association for Psychological Science. Psychotropic Medications in Adult and Adolescent Eating Disorders: Clinical Practice Versus Evidence-Based Recommendations., May 29, 2016, Chicago, Illinois.
This document provides an overview of homeopathy, including its history, mechanisms, research evidence, and applications for issues related to lactation and pediatrics. It discusses Samuel Hahnemann's development of homeopathy in the 18th century, various hypotheses for its mechanisms of action, research on its effects in animals and humans, and some studies on its use for acute infections, mastitis, gastrointestinal issues, and lactation pain in children and animals.
Do homeopathic pathogenetic trials generate recognisable and reproducible sym...home
The results show that practising homeopaths may be able to correctly
identify a homeopathic medicine from the set of symptoms generated during an HPT.
This suggests that such symptom pictures generated by taking an ultramolecular homeopathic
medicine are recognisable and specific to the substance taken. Since identi-
fication of the remedy was based on past HPT information held in the materia medica,
this demonstrates that HPT-generated symptom pictures are reproducible, thus validating
the HPT methodology. These promising preliminary findings warrant replication;
possible improvements to the trial design to be incorporated in future studies were identified.
This study compared outcomes of patients with MDR/XDR Acinetobactor baumannii pneumonia treated with tigecycline or colistin. 70 patients received either tigecycline (n=30) or colistin (n=40). There were no significant differences in clinical outcomes between the two groups except nephrotoxicity, which only occurred in the colistin group. While the study indicates comparable efficacy, limitations include its small size, retrospective design, and exclusions. Further large randomized studies are still needed to properly evaluate tigecycline and optimal treatment combinations for MDR infections.
Ecological study design multiple group study and statistical analysissirjana Tiwari
This document summarizes study designs used in ecological studies. It discusses multiple group study designs which examine exposure and disease rates across population groups defined by place. It describes variables measured at the group level like aggregate measures, environmental measures, and global measures. It also discusses exploratory versus analytical ecological study designs and examples of statistical analyses used like regression modeling, empirical Bayes methods, and assessing spatial autocorrelation.
Systematic reviews of complementary therapies – an annotated bibliography. Pa...home
Complementary therapies are widespread but controversial. We aim to provide a
comprehensive collection and a summary of systematic reviews of clinical trials in three major
complementary therapies (acupuncture, herbal medicine, homeopathy). This article is dealing with
homeopathy. Potentially relevant reviews were searched through the register of the Cochrane
Complementary Medicine Field, the Cochrane Library, Medline, and bibliographies of articles and
books. To be included articles had to review prospective clinical trials of homeopathy; had to
describe review methods explicitly; had to be published; and had to focus on treatment effects.
Information on conditions, interventions, methods, results and conclusions was extracted using a
pretested form and summarized descriptively.
1. The document describes several studies that compared the effectiveness of initial combination therapy versus step-up therapy for treating rheumatoid arthritis.
2. In the TICORA study, patients who received intensive therapy based on outcome measures achieved better results and a higher rate of remission than those on routine care.
3. Later studies like GUEUPARD and SWEFOT found that initial combination therapy may be more effective early on, but that the benefits diminished after 1-2 years, with most patients in both groups achieving low disease activity.
This document describes a Markov model that estimates the incremental cost-utility of etanercept and infliximab compared to usual care over five years for patients with active ankylosing spondylitis. The model uses probabilities for treatment response, relapse, and toxicity derived from clinical trials to estimate quality-adjusted life years and costs for each treatment. The results suggest etanercept and infliximab provide significant clinical benefits but high drug costs limit their efficient use to all patients. The validity of the model is limited by uncertainties around the long-term course of ankylosing spondylitis and effects of TNF inhibitors.
Poster: Psychotropic Medications in Eating DisordersDavid Garner
Poster Presentation at the Association for Psychological Science. Psychotropic Medications in Adult and Adolescent Eating Disorders: Clinical Practice Versus Evidence-Based Recommendations., May 29, 2016, Chicago, Illinois.
Homeopathy in the treatment of fibromyalgia A comprehensive literature-review...home
Given the low number and included trials and the lowmethodological quality, any conclusion based on the resultsof this review have to be regarded as preliminary. However,as single case studies and clinical trials indicate a positiveeffect, homeopathy could be considered a complementarytreatment for patients with fibromyalgia
Exponentially Distributed Outages of Decreased ACTH and Cortisol Responses to...IJERA Editor
Preclinical research findings suggest that exposure to stress and concomitantly hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal
(HPA) axis activation during early development can have permanent and potentially deleterious effects. A
history of early-life abuse or neglect appears to increase risk for mood and anxiety disorders. Abnormal HPA
response to stress challenge has been reported in adult patients with Major Depressive Disorder and PostTraumatic
Stress Disorder. This paper discussed the constant stress level of adult patients with times to damage
of stress effect and recoveries. Also In adults without diagnosable psychopathology, childhood maltreatment is
associated with diminished HPA axis response to a psychosocial stressor.
This document discusses Bayesian decision making in clinical research as compared to conventional statistics. It begins with definitions of key Bayesian concepts. It then analyzes 3 case studies: [1] A clinical trial comparing treatments A and B, where both conventional and Bayesian analysis find A superior; [2] Whether high cancer rates near power lines are caused by them, where conventional analysis finds an effect but Bayesian does not; [3] Whether certain contraceptives increase blood clots, where Bayesian analysis changes conclusions versus conventional. The document concludes that Bayesian statistics provides probabilities of hypotheses given data, while conventional statistics does not directly address hypothesis probabilities.
This systematic review examined 67 studies on strategies to reduce or discontinue long-term opioid therapy (LTOT) for chronic pain and the effect of dose reduction on patient outcomes. The key findings were:
1) Interdisciplinary pain programs had the highest completion and opioid discontinuation rates, ranging from 76-100% and 29-100% respectively across 31 studies of varying quality.
2) Buprenorphine-assisted dose reduction resulted in opioid discontinuation rates ranging from 33-100% in 10 poor quality studies.
3) Among 40 studies of varying quality examining patient outcomes after dose reduction, improvement was reported in pain severity, function, and quality of life, though the overall evidence quality was very
1) A randomized clinical trial of 576 adults with acute sore throat found that a single dose of oral dexamethasone did not increase the proportion of patients with complete resolution of symptoms at 24 hours compared to placebo.
2) However, at 48 hours significantly more patients in the dexamethasone group experienced complete resolution of symptoms than those in the placebo group.
3) The study found no other significant differences between the dexamethasone and placebo groups in secondary outcomes such as duration of symptoms, health care use, time off work, or medication use.
Objective: The purpose of this paper is to review literature on music and biomarkers of stress in order to (1) Identify music interventions and (2) Detail the biomarkers of stress associated with music. Methods: PRISMA guidelines were followed in performing this systematic review. Studies published from January 1995 to January 2020 that pertain to biomarkers of stress and music were identified through the use of the PubMed database, using the keywords: ‘music’ AND ‘biomarker’ OR ‘marker’ OR ‘hormone’. Two authors independently conducted a focused analysis and reached a final consensus on 16 studies that met the specific selection criteria and passed the study quality checks. Results: The reviewed studies were all randomized controlled trials. Reviewed music interventions included Music Listening (ML), Meditational Music (MM), ‘Guided Imagery and Music’ (GIM), and Singing. The studies showed that music is associated with a decreasing trend in cortisol, salivary α-amylase, heart rate, and blood pressure, as well as an increasing trend in Immunoglobulin A (IgA), oxytocin, and EEG theta wave, while testosterone was associated with sex-related differences. Conclusion: Music is associated with significant changes in biomarkers of stress, suggesting that it could be utilized for the development of stress reduction tools.
Deficits in Memory and Cognition due to Chronic Substance AbuseAlexandraPerkins5
Deficits in memory and cognition due to substance abuse raise concerns for at-risk youth, current addicts, and recovering addicts. Understanding the link between cellular communication and pharmacology is pertinent to the biopsychology of substance abuse. The purpose of this literature review is to display how substance use disorders incite cognitive deficits in individuals with chronic addiction history. This knowledge will assist mental health professionals in creating treatment plans to mediate loss in memory and attention while the affected individual is pursuing recovery.
ISPOR 2014 Jansen S03_FINAL for approval to print (30Oct)Goran Medic
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the relationship between microbiological eradication and clinical outcomes for patients with nosocomial pneumonia (NP), complicated urinary tract infections (cUTI), and complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAI) treated with antibiotics. The study performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials reporting on both microbiological eradication and clinical outcomes. For NP, a relationship was found between eradication and clinical cure but not response or mortality. For cIAI and cUTI, no clear relationships between eradication and outcomes were observed due to limitations of the evidence. The analysis of individual patient data is recommended to better understand relationships between eradication and clinical outcomes.
Clinical trial of homeopathy in rheumatoid arthritishome
The conclusion of the study that the effect was due to
‘consultation’ and not to the homeopathic remedy appears
to be biased for two reasons:
There was no substantial amelioration of the pathology
in any group to compare and on which to base conclusions.
The placebo effect in such deep pathology cases is superficial
and transient as the patient remains in essence with
the same frame of pathology.
Randomised placebo-controlled trials of individualised homeopathic treatment:...home
Conclusions: Medicines prescribed in individualised homeopathy may have small, specific treatment effects.
Findings are consistent with sub-group data available in a previous ‘global’ systematic review. The low or unclear
overall quality of the evidence prompts caution in interpreting the findings. New high-quality RCT research is
necessary to enable more decisive interpretation.
The presentation is about the dose selection for laboratory animal toxicology drug testing, explaining staged and staggered approach of dose selection.
1) This article examines the ethical, scientific, and regulatory issues regarding the use of placebos in cancer clinical trials.
2) It argues that placebo controls may be justified in certain situations, such as when existing therapies are minimally effective or have serious side effects, or when placebo response rates are high.
3) For a placebo-controlled trial to be considered ethical, patients must provide full informed consent and those receiving placebo should not face substantially higher risks of serious harm compared to active treatment groups.
This study evaluated the drug utilization and rationality of antiepileptic drugs used to treat epilepsy patients at a tertiary care hospital in Dehradun, India. The study found that most epilepsy patients had generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Polytherapy was used more than monotherapy, with 2-drug combinations being most common. First generation antiepileptic drugs like phenytoin were prescribed more than second generation drugs. Phenytoin was the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drug. The majority of patients receiving polytherapy had a rational drug regimen.
Estimating the Maximum Safe Starting Dose for First-in-Human Clinical TrialsMaRS Discovery District
Part of the MaRS BioEntrepreneurship series session: Clinical Trials Strategy
Speaker: Beatrice Setnik
This is available as an audio presentation:
http://www.marsdd.com/bioent/feb12
Also view the event blog and summary:
http://blog.marsdd.com/2007/02/14/bioentrepreneurship-clinical-trial-strategies-its-never-too-soon/
An observational clinical study on the effectiveness of the aqueous leaf extr...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effectiveness of an aqueous leaf extract of Lippia multiflora in reducing blood pressure in 28 hypertensive patients over 4 weeks. Participants prepared an infusion from 30g of dried leaves boiled in water, taken twice daily. Results showed a significant decline in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, with mean reductions of 11.6 mmHg and 6.43 mmHg respectively. The extract demonstrated potential as an antihypertensive agent through properties like diuresis, smooth muscle relaxation, and lipid lowering effects. Further research is warranted to explore higher dosages or modified formulations.
A randomized, multicenter, placebo controlled trial of polyethylene glycol la...Duwan Arismendy
OBJECTIVES:
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 3350 (MiraLAX) is currently approved for the short-term treatment of occasional constipation. This study was designed to compare the safety and efficacy of PEG laxative versus placebo over a 6-month treatment period in patients with chronic constipation.
METHODS:
Study subjects who met defined criteria for chronic constipation were randomized in this double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel, multicenter study to receive PEG laxative as a single daily dose of 17 g or placebo for 6 months. Baseline constipation status was confirmed during a 14-day observation period. As a primary efficacy variable, treatment success was defined as relief of modified ROME criteria for constipation for 50% or more of their treatment weeks. Various secondary measures were assessed. An Interactive Voice Response System (IVRS) recorded daily bowel movement experience and study efficacy and safety information. Laboratory testing at baseline and monthly for the study duration was analyzed for hematology, blood chemistry including amylase, GGT, uric acid, lipids, and urinalysis.
RESULTS:
A total of 304 patients were enrolled and received treatment at one of 50 centers. Successful treatment according to the primary efficacy variable was seen in 52.0% of PEG and 11% of placebo subjects (P < 0.001). Similar efficacy was seen in a subgroup of 75 elderly subjects. According to the primary efficacy definition (based on individual treatment weeks), 61% of PEG treatment weeks versus 22% of the placebo weeks were successful (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in laboratory findings or adverse events except for the gastrointestinal category where diarrhea, flatulence, and nausea were the most frequent with PEG although they were not individually statistically significant compared with placebo. Similar results were observed when analyzed for differences due to gender, race, or age.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on medicinal chemistry rules of thumb, myths, and realities in central nervous system (CNS) drug discovery. It discusses key aspects of the drug discovery and development process including target identification and validation, lead discovery and optimization, preclinical development, and clinical trials. It also covers themes in drug discovery like risk reduction, contemporary drug discovery approaches, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, molecular properties and tissue permeability, natural products as starting points, safety considerations for alternative drug uses, and how structure-activity relationships can impact project management.
observational analytical and interventional studiesvikasaagrahari007
This document discusses different types of epidemiological studies, including observational analytical studies like cohort and case-control studies, as well as interventional experimental studies. Cohort studies follow groups over time from exposure to disease outcome, while case-control studies compare cases and controls retrospectively from disease outcome back to exposure. Experimental studies actively manipulate variables to evaluate new drugs, technologies, programs, and more. Both observational and experimental studies have advantages like establishing causality, but also disadvantages like costs or ethical concerns.
This document discusses visual merchandising for a store's facade and interior. It focuses on how products should be displayed in the store windows and throughout the sales floor to attract customers and encourage purchasing. The goal is to showcase items in an appealing and organized way that will optimize sales.
Homeopathy in the treatment of fibromyalgia A comprehensive literature-review...home
Given the low number and included trials and the lowmethodological quality, any conclusion based on the resultsof this review have to be regarded as preliminary. However,as single case studies and clinical trials indicate a positiveeffect, homeopathy could be considered a complementarytreatment for patients with fibromyalgia
Exponentially Distributed Outages of Decreased ACTH and Cortisol Responses to...IJERA Editor
Preclinical research findings suggest that exposure to stress and concomitantly hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal
(HPA) axis activation during early development can have permanent and potentially deleterious effects. A
history of early-life abuse or neglect appears to increase risk for mood and anxiety disorders. Abnormal HPA
response to stress challenge has been reported in adult patients with Major Depressive Disorder and PostTraumatic
Stress Disorder. This paper discussed the constant stress level of adult patients with times to damage
of stress effect and recoveries. Also In adults without diagnosable psychopathology, childhood maltreatment is
associated with diminished HPA axis response to a psychosocial stressor.
This document discusses Bayesian decision making in clinical research as compared to conventional statistics. It begins with definitions of key Bayesian concepts. It then analyzes 3 case studies: [1] A clinical trial comparing treatments A and B, where both conventional and Bayesian analysis find A superior; [2] Whether high cancer rates near power lines are caused by them, where conventional analysis finds an effect but Bayesian does not; [3] Whether certain contraceptives increase blood clots, where Bayesian analysis changes conclusions versus conventional. The document concludes that Bayesian statistics provides probabilities of hypotheses given data, while conventional statistics does not directly address hypothesis probabilities.
This systematic review examined 67 studies on strategies to reduce or discontinue long-term opioid therapy (LTOT) for chronic pain and the effect of dose reduction on patient outcomes. The key findings were:
1) Interdisciplinary pain programs had the highest completion and opioid discontinuation rates, ranging from 76-100% and 29-100% respectively across 31 studies of varying quality.
2) Buprenorphine-assisted dose reduction resulted in opioid discontinuation rates ranging from 33-100% in 10 poor quality studies.
3) Among 40 studies of varying quality examining patient outcomes after dose reduction, improvement was reported in pain severity, function, and quality of life, though the overall evidence quality was very
1) A randomized clinical trial of 576 adults with acute sore throat found that a single dose of oral dexamethasone did not increase the proportion of patients with complete resolution of symptoms at 24 hours compared to placebo.
2) However, at 48 hours significantly more patients in the dexamethasone group experienced complete resolution of symptoms than those in the placebo group.
3) The study found no other significant differences between the dexamethasone and placebo groups in secondary outcomes such as duration of symptoms, health care use, time off work, or medication use.
Objective: The purpose of this paper is to review literature on music and biomarkers of stress in order to (1) Identify music interventions and (2) Detail the biomarkers of stress associated with music. Methods: PRISMA guidelines were followed in performing this systematic review. Studies published from January 1995 to January 2020 that pertain to biomarkers of stress and music were identified through the use of the PubMed database, using the keywords: ‘music’ AND ‘biomarker’ OR ‘marker’ OR ‘hormone’. Two authors independently conducted a focused analysis and reached a final consensus on 16 studies that met the specific selection criteria and passed the study quality checks. Results: The reviewed studies were all randomized controlled trials. Reviewed music interventions included Music Listening (ML), Meditational Music (MM), ‘Guided Imagery and Music’ (GIM), and Singing. The studies showed that music is associated with a decreasing trend in cortisol, salivary α-amylase, heart rate, and blood pressure, as well as an increasing trend in Immunoglobulin A (IgA), oxytocin, and EEG theta wave, while testosterone was associated with sex-related differences. Conclusion: Music is associated with significant changes in biomarkers of stress, suggesting that it could be utilized for the development of stress reduction tools.
Deficits in Memory and Cognition due to Chronic Substance AbuseAlexandraPerkins5
Deficits in memory and cognition due to substance abuse raise concerns for at-risk youth, current addicts, and recovering addicts. Understanding the link between cellular communication and pharmacology is pertinent to the biopsychology of substance abuse. The purpose of this literature review is to display how substance use disorders incite cognitive deficits in individuals with chronic addiction history. This knowledge will assist mental health professionals in creating treatment plans to mediate loss in memory and attention while the affected individual is pursuing recovery.
ISPOR 2014 Jansen S03_FINAL for approval to print (30Oct)Goran Medic
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the relationship between microbiological eradication and clinical outcomes for patients with nosocomial pneumonia (NP), complicated urinary tract infections (cUTI), and complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAI) treated with antibiotics. The study performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials reporting on both microbiological eradication and clinical outcomes. For NP, a relationship was found between eradication and clinical cure but not response or mortality. For cIAI and cUTI, no clear relationships between eradication and outcomes were observed due to limitations of the evidence. The analysis of individual patient data is recommended to better understand relationships between eradication and clinical outcomes.
Clinical trial of homeopathy in rheumatoid arthritishome
The conclusion of the study that the effect was due to
‘consultation’ and not to the homeopathic remedy appears
to be biased for two reasons:
There was no substantial amelioration of the pathology
in any group to compare and on which to base conclusions.
The placebo effect in such deep pathology cases is superficial
and transient as the patient remains in essence with
the same frame of pathology.
Randomised placebo-controlled trials of individualised homeopathic treatment:...home
Conclusions: Medicines prescribed in individualised homeopathy may have small, specific treatment effects.
Findings are consistent with sub-group data available in a previous ‘global’ systematic review. The low or unclear
overall quality of the evidence prompts caution in interpreting the findings. New high-quality RCT research is
necessary to enable more decisive interpretation.
The presentation is about the dose selection for laboratory animal toxicology drug testing, explaining staged and staggered approach of dose selection.
1) This article examines the ethical, scientific, and regulatory issues regarding the use of placebos in cancer clinical trials.
2) It argues that placebo controls may be justified in certain situations, such as when existing therapies are minimally effective or have serious side effects, or when placebo response rates are high.
3) For a placebo-controlled trial to be considered ethical, patients must provide full informed consent and those receiving placebo should not face substantially higher risks of serious harm compared to active treatment groups.
This study evaluated the drug utilization and rationality of antiepileptic drugs used to treat epilepsy patients at a tertiary care hospital in Dehradun, India. The study found that most epilepsy patients had generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Polytherapy was used more than monotherapy, with 2-drug combinations being most common. First generation antiepileptic drugs like phenytoin were prescribed more than second generation drugs. Phenytoin was the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drug. The majority of patients receiving polytherapy had a rational drug regimen.
Estimating the Maximum Safe Starting Dose for First-in-Human Clinical TrialsMaRS Discovery District
Part of the MaRS BioEntrepreneurship series session: Clinical Trials Strategy
Speaker: Beatrice Setnik
This is available as an audio presentation:
http://www.marsdd.com/bioent/feb12
Also view the event blog and summary:
http://blog.marsdd.com/2007/02/14/bioentrepreneurship-clinical-trial-strategies-its-never-too-soon/
An observational clinical study on the effectiveness of the aqueous leaf extr...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effectiveness of an aqueous leaf extract of Lippia multiflora in reducing blood pressure in 28 hypertensive patients over 4 weeks. Participants prepared an infusion from 30g of dried leaves boiled in water, taken twice daily. Results showed a significant decline in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, with mean reductions of 11.6 mmHg and 6.43 mmHg respectively. The extract demonstrated potential as an antihypertensive agent through properties like diuresis, smooth muscle relaxation, and lipid lowering effects. Further research is warranted to explore higher dosages or modified formulations.
A randomized, multicenter, placebo controlled trial of polyethylene glycol la...Duwan Arismendy
OBJECTIVES:
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 3350 (MiraLAX) is currently approved for the short-term treatment of occasional constipation. This study was designed to compare the safety and efficacy of PEG laxative versus placebo over a 6-month treatment period in patients with chronic constipation.
METHODS:
Study subjects who met defined criteria for chronic constipation were randomized in this double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel, multicenter study to receive PEG laxative as a single daily dose of 17 g or placebo for 6 months. Baseline constipation status was confirmed during a 14-day observation period. As a primary efficacy variable, treatment success was defined as relief of modified ROME criteria for constipation for 50% or more of their treatment weeks. Various secondary measures were assessed. An Interactive Voice Response System (IVRS) recorded daily bowel movement experience and study efficacy and safety information. Laboratory testing at baseline and monthly for the study duration was analyzed for hematology, blood chemistry including amylase, GGT, uric acid, lipids, and urinalysis.
RESULTS:
A total of 304 patients were enrolled and received treatment at one of 50 centers. Successful treatment according to the primary efficacy variable was seen in 52.0% of PEG and 11% of placebo subjects (P < 0.001). Similar efficacy was seen in a subgroup of 75 elderly subjects. According to the primary efficacy definition (based on individual treatment weeks), 61% of PEG treatment weeks versus 22% of the placebo weeks were successful (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in laboratory findings or adverse events except for the gastrointestinal category where diarrhea, flatulence, and nausea were the most frequent with PEG although they were not individually statistically significant compared with placebo. Similar results were observed when analyzed for differences due to gender, race, or age.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on medicinal chemistry rules of thumb, myths, and realities in central nervous system (CNS) drug discovery. It discusses key aspects of the drug discovery and development process including target identification and validation, lead discovery and optimization, preclinical development, and clinical trials. It also covers themes in drug discovery like risk reduction, contemporary drug discovery approaches, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, molecular properties and tissue permeability, natural products as starting points, safety considerations for alternative drug uses, and how structure-activity relationships can impact project management.
observational analytical and interventional studiesvikasaagrahari007
This document discusses different types of epidemiological studies, including observational analytical studies like cohort and case-control studies, as well as interventional experimental studies. Cohort studies follow groups over time from exposure to disease outcome, while case-control studies compare cases and controls retrospectively from disease outcome back to exposure. Experimental studies actively manipulate variables to evaluate new drugs, technologies, programs, and more. Both observational and experimental studies have advantages like establishing causality, but also disadvantages like costs or ethical concerns.
This document discusses visual merchandising for a store's facade and interior. It focuses on how products should be displayed in the store windows and throughout the sales floor to attract customers and encourage purchasing. The goal is to showcase items in an appealing and organized way that will optimize sales.
The document discusses and compares the main media texts (trailer) and ancillary media texts (poster and magazine cover) for a film. It notes that the trailer, poster, and magazine cover all feature the villain character "Her" prominently and share similar dark color schemes and lighting. While the villain's identity is mysterious in the ancillary texts, the trailer reveals more of the plot but still leaves audiences wanting more. Both the poster and trailer depict a key moment of intrusion or disruption. The magazine cover and trailer also reinforce themes shown in the ancillary texts through use of Christmas colors, decorations, and music.
El documento es una solicitud de autorización para una gira estudiantil a Quito el 2 de febrero de 2016 realizada por estudiantes de nivelación. Incluye una lista con los nombres de 4 estudiantes, los cursos que aprobaron, las fechas de duración y los títulos obtenidos.
Línea del-tiempo-sobre-los-conceptos-de-psicomotricidad-22Sara Gomzz
La línea de tiempo resume los conceptos clave de la psicomotricidad a través de la historia, desde 1907 hasta 2015. Algunos hitos incluyen que en 1963-1974 se estudió la expresión corporal desde perspectivas psicosociales y lingüísticas, en 1992-1994 se definió como una técnica para influir en el acto intencional mediante la actividad corporal, y en 2015 se considera una disciplina que ve al ser humano como un todo integral donde el movimiento es fundamental para el desarrollo de la persona.
Actors in a New "Highly Parallel" WorldFabio Correa
These are the slides related to my paper that I presented at the 2nd ICSE WUP. It gives a short background about the actor-model and describes what is my research project and its intended outcome.
СОВМЕСТНОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ СОЦСЕТИ "ВКОНТАКТЕ" И СЕРВИСА JAGAJAMJagaJam
В погоне за вниманием подписчиков бренды вынуждены прибегать к все более разнообразным форматам постов в своей контентной стратегии, в результате чего, оценить, какой именно формат поста является наиболее вовлекающим, становится крайне сложно. Команда нашего сервиса совместно с социальной сетью ВКонтакте постаралась разобраться в этом вопросе и провела исследование, целью которого стало определить особенности потребления контента в отраслевых сообществах брендов на примере соцсети "ВКонтакте".
Women in Tech, where are they? This is findings report from an investigation into changing role and widening impact of girls and women in tech in Silicon Valley. Prepared by Orange Labs SF Knowledge Transfer team.
La asignatura de Historia 4o de ESO será evaluada con una nota del 0 al 10, donde un 70% corresponderá a los contenidos teóricos evaluados mediante exámenes, un 10% a la actitud del alumno, y un 20% al trabajo diario. Los exámenes tendrán un máximo de 7 puntos y se basarán en los contenidos vistos en clase.
O documento discute o encontro entre culturas europeias, americanas e africanas durante a expansão marítima. Ele aborda o estranhamento dos europeus diante das práticas religiosas dos povos que encontravam e como os espanhóis desconsideraram a presença dos povos originais da América. Também discute a visão etnocêntrica dos portugueses sobre as populações do Brasil.
Línea del-tiempo-sobre-los-conceptos-de-psicomotricidad-22Sara Gomzz
La línea de tiempo resume los conceptos clave de la psicomotricidad a través de la historia, desde 1907 hasta 2015. Algunos hitos incluyen que en 1963-1974 se estudió la expresión corporal y su relación con aspectos filogenéticos, autogenéticos, fenomenológicos y semiológicos. En la década de 1990 se define la psicomotricidad como una técnica para influir en el acto intencional mediante la actividad corporal. Más recientemente, en 2012-2015 se describe la psicomotricidad como
No século XIX, a ciência e a indústria avançaram significativamente, com invenções como a lâmpada elétrica, a vacina contra a raiva e a teoria da evolução. As artes também floresceram durante este período com movimentos como o Romantismo e o Realismo. A educação tornou-se mais acessível com o ensino primário obrigatório em muitos países.
Este documento descreve os principais acontecimentos econômicos e políticos em Portugal entre 1851 e 1914, durante o período conhecido como Regeneração. Resume a transição de uma economia agrícola para uma economia industrial mais moderna, o desenvolvimento de infraestruturas e a crescente dependência em relação ao capital estrangeiro, levando a uma crise financeira na década de 1880. Também discute o crescimento do republicanismo e da insatisfação com a monarquia no final deste período.
Unidade 4 um século de mudanças século xviiiVítor Santos
O documento descreve as principais ideias e mudanças do século XVIII em Portugal, incluindo o Iluminismo, as reformas de Pombal e a reconstrução de Lisboa após o terramoto de 1755. O documento analisa como as ideias iluministas influenciaram as políticas de Pombal no ensino, economia e governação e como ele modernizou Portugal.
Similar to Short-Term Effects of Repeated Olfactory Administration of Homeopathic Sulphur or Pulsatilla on Electroencephalographic Alpha Power in Healthy Young Adults
Abstracts of different published research related to homoeopathy medical scie...DrAnkit Srivastav
This document provides abstracts from 23 published studies on the efficacy of homeopathy for treating various medical conditions in humans. The studies included randomized controlled trials and observational studies on conditions such as dental neuralgia, post-operative pain/agitation in children, respiratory infections, hay fever, liver cirrhosis, thalassemia, fibromyalgia, migraine, hypertension, asthma, anal fissures, lactation pain, optic neuropathy, peripheral neuropathy, pruritus in haemodialysis patients, mild traumatic brain injury, plantar fasciitis, and menopausal hot flushes. Many of the studies found homeopathy to be more effective than placebo in reducing symptoms and improving health outcomes.
Extrapolation of in vitro data to preclinical and.pptxARSHIKHANAM4
The document discusses extrapolating data from preclinical in vitro and in vivo animal studies to humans in clinical trials. It provides information on different types of studies and explains how data from animal models is used to estimate safe starting doses for human subjects. The key points are:
1) Preclinical studies test drugs in animal and cell models before human trials to evaluate toxicity and effects. Data from these studies is extrapolated using mathematical processes to estimate appropriate human doses.
2) The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) from animal studies is used to calculate a human equivalent dose (HED) based on body surface area, accounting for differences between species.
3) Additional safety factors are applied
clinical and preclinical approaches to drug discovery.Here we mainly deals with preclinical approaches, ie. Pharmacological approach and toxicological approach
“Limiting the placebo effect in periodontal clinical trials- current concepts and future directions”- A keynote lecture as a part of 41st Indian Society of Periodontology National Conference at Nagpur, India on 23/10/2016.
“Limiting the placebo effect in periodontal clinical trials”- Guest lecture as a part of Dr NTRUHS Zonal CDE programme at SVS Institute of Dental Sciences, Mahabubnagar, India on 13/8/2013 and in Narayana Dental College, Nellore, India on 17/6/2014.
A Review of Homeopathic Research in the Treatment of Respiratory Allergieshome
This document summarizes research on using homeopathy to treat respiratory allergies. It discusses:
1) Several clinical trials that found homeopathic treatments reduced symptoms of hay fever and allergic rhinitis more than placebos.
2) A review of the evidence from controlled trials suggests homeopathy can effectively treat respiratory allergies.
3) Basic experimental studies also provide evidence that the effects of homeopathy differ from placebo.
This document summarizes a study that investigated whether early avoidance of a heroin-paired taste-cue in rats could predict later addiction-like behavior and differences in protein expression related to addiction vulnerability. Rats received 3 pairings of a saccharin solution with either heroin or saline injections. Rats that suppressed intake of the heroin-paired saccharin cue the most were considered the most vulnerable to addiction. These rats later exhibited greater addiction-like behavior on measures such as drug-seeking and willingness to work for the drug. Protein expression analysis also revealed differences in several proteins associated with addiction vulnerability in the brains of rats that most suppressed intake of the heroin-paired cue compared to rats that suppressed intake the least or received saline pairings
38 experts on bpa panel consensus statement. effects in animals and potential...ricguer
Un conjunto de 38 prestigiados científicos de todo el mundo alertan sobre el potencial nocivo y los impactos de exposición al Bisphenol A para la salud humana.
Toxicokinetic evaluation in preclinical studies.pptxARSHIKHANAM4
1. Toxicokinetics is the study of how toxic substances are affected by the body in terms of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. It applies pharmacokinetic principles to doses used in toxicology testing.
2. The primary objective of toxicokinetic evaluation in preclinical studies is to describe systemic exposure levels in animals and relate this to toxicity findings to assess clinical safety. Secondary objectives include supporting species and dose selection for toxicity studies.
3. Toxicokinetic data is collected in various required preclinical safety studies, including repeat-dose toxicity studies, reproduction toxicity studies, and genotoxicity studies, to interpret results and demonstrate drug exposure.
This systematic review examined the effects of intensity of treatment and constraint-induced language therapy (CILT) for individuals with stroke-induced aphasia. Ten studies met the inclusion criteria of investigating intensity or CILT for measures of language impairment or communication ability. The studies were evaluated for methodological quality and classified by research stage. For chronic aphasia, studies provided modest evidence for more intensive treatment and the positive effects of CILT on language and communication outcomes. One study of high-intensity treatment for acute aphasia also reported positive effects, but no studies examined CILT for acute aphasia. The results were considered preliminary due to the limited evidence. More high-quality research is needed to draw firm conclusions about treatment intensity
Cell sensitivity, non-linearity and inverse effectshome
This document reviews cellular mechanisms that could explain the effects of homeopathic remedies, even at very high dilutions. It discusses how cells are highly sensitive to ultra-low doses of stimuli and can respond in non-linear ways. Several studies show that homeopathic dilutions can modulate gene expression in cells. The document proposes that homeopathic remedies may act through allosteric regulation of proteins rather than direct chemical binding, eliciting dynamic conformational changes that enhance or inhibit cellular functions. Overall, the principles of homeopathy, such as the use of highly diluted substances, may be consistent with modern knowledge of biological sensitivity and complexity at the molecular, cellular, and systemic levels.
This document summarizes a systematic review that analyzed randomized controlled drug trials for fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) and painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) to determine the impact of nocebo effects on adverse events reported. The review found that nocebo effects substantially accounted for adverse events in the drug groups for both conditions. Specifically, nocebo effects accounted for 72.0% of dropouts due to adverse events in the FMS drug groups and 44.9% in the DPN drug groups. The review calls for standards to better assess and report adverse events in clinical trials to more accurately determine the risks and benefits of drug therapies.
Topic 3 DQ 1The main difference between experimental and non.docxamit657720
Topic 3 DQ 1
The main difference between experimental and non-experimental research is the degree to which the researcher can manipulate the environment. Experimental research design is defined as, “A type of quantitative research design that is highly controlled [by the researcher] and to study cause and effect with independent and dependent variables” (McNiff & Petrick, 2018). In this type of study there is less chance of a bias because of the level of manipulation (McNiff & Petrick, 2018).
An example of an experimental study is “The effect of propofol infusion with topical epinephrine on cochlear blood flow and hearing: An experimental study.” In this study 21 rats were divided into three equal groups (Jang et al., 2016). The first group of seven rats, the control group, was given IV infusion of
phosphate buffered saline
(PBS) with topical application of PBS in the round window of the ear. The second group of seven rats, the first experimental group, received topical phosphate buffered saline with IV infusion of propofol (4–6 ml/kg/hour) on cochlear blood flow (CBF). Afterwards, their hearing was evaluated (Jang et al., 2016). The second experimental group (n=7) received topical epinephrine with IV infusion of propofol (4–6 ml/kg/hour) on CBF. Their hearing was evaluated afterward (Jang et al., 2016). The researchers had a substantial amount of control in this study. The number of subjects, the decision to have two experimental groups, and the dose of propofol was their decision and could be manipulated as needed.
Non-experimental research does not have the manipulation of an independent variable. Researchers measure variables as they occur naturally. Most non-experimental designs are retrospective in nature. Consequently, there are no variables to manipulate.
The article “Patient experiences of caring and person-centredness are associated with perceived nursing care quality” is an example of non-experimental research. The aim of the study was “To explore the extent to which patient ratings of perceived caring and person-centredness are associated with perceived nursing care quality in an acute hospital sample of inpatients” (Edvardsson et al., 2017). In this study, 210 previous patients completed a study survey including demographic data and the Caring Behaviours Inventory, the Person-centred Climate Questionnaire, the SF-36 and the Distress thermometer (Edvardsson et al., 2017). This study did not have any variables to adjust because the nursing care was already performed. The researchers were only collecting the results.
Using 200-300 words with a least two references to support this discussion
Provide examples of experimental and nonexperimental research design. Contrast the levels of control applied to each.
...
Trends in management of rheumatoid arthritis Dr.Neena Mehan
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Nursing Research MarchApril 2002 Vol 51, No 2 125 Back.docxcherishwinsland
Nursing Research March/April 2002 Vol 51, No 2 125
� Background: The mechanisms for postoperative nausea and
vomiting are numerous and pathways not well elucidated.
Although many medications have been developed to help
prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting, the search for
better approaches to recovery treatment continues.
� Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effec-
tiveness of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) inhalation for treatment of
postoperative nausea and vomiting for patients who have
general anesthesia for a surgical procedure.
� Method: Participants were recruited from an urban hospital on
the East Coast of the United States. Participants were
assigned to an experimental or control group and IPA inhala-
tion was compared to the standard anti-emetic treatment for
rescue treatment in the immediate postoperative period.
Postoperative nausea and vomiting was rated using a
descriptive ordinal scale.
� Results: The results of this study show IPA to be effective and
that there was no significant difference between the stan-
dard treatment protocol and treatment with IPA. Treatment
with IPA was significantly more cost effective than standard
drug treatment.
� Discussion: Further research is recommended to evaluate the
length of effectiveness, standard dose needed, most effec-
tive mode of inhalation, and factors blocking IPA effective-
ness.
� Key Words: alternative treatment • IPA • nausea • postopera-
tive • vomiting
oday’s healthcare concerns center on decreasing
costs, shortening hospital stays, and facilitating a
quick return to normal activity for patients. Post-operative
nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a major concern for
patients having same-day surgery under general anesthesia
as it causes increased complications and delays in dis-
charge from the hospital (Hirsch, 1994).
Approximately one-third of the 11 million patients under-
going outpatient surgery under general anesthesia will
experience significant nausea or emesis in the postopera-
tive period (Claybon, 1994). The mechanisms for PONV
are numerous and the causative pathways not well eluci-
dated. Many factors may play a role in an episode of nau-
sea and vomiting, and despite advances in new drug thera-
pies in minimizing the incidence, no ideal drug has been
found to prevent all the causes of PONV.
Aromatherapy is a relatively new and under-researched
alternative treatment that might hold promise in treating
PONV. Isopropyl alcohol (IPA) is among several aromas
displaying possible anti-emetic properties. Isopropyl alco-
hol inhalation is a new treatment with only limited inves-
tigations to date (Langevin & Brown, 1997).
Literature Review
Current PONV treatment strategies are based on the
understanding of the vomiting reflex; however, the lack of
well-elucidated pathways in the control of PONV has con-
tributed to the problems with these treatment strategies
and medications. It has been well documented that some
patients are more susceptible to P.
Cognitive-Behavioural Exposure Therapy for Multiple Chemical Sensitivity: A C...CrimsonpublishersPPrs
A case report of a woman treated with a multi-faceted cognitive-behavioral exposure therapy (CBET) for multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) is presented. The patient reported substantial improvements in the severity of her somatic symptoms, catastrophic thinking about symptoms, and functioning. Improvements were maintained six months after treatment ended. It is hypothesized that CBET reduces symptoms by reducing central sympathetic activation, maladaptive thinking and avoidant behavior. Long-term efficacy of CBET for MCS should be examined in large clinical trials.
Pre-discovery
Understand the disease
Target Identification
Choose a molecule to target with a drug
Target Validation
Test the target and confirm its role in the disease
Drug Discovery
Find a promising molecule (a “lead compound”)
that could become a drug
This systematic review and meta-analysis of 18 randomized controlled trials with 3347 critically ill adult patients found that:
1) There was no difference in overall mortality between patients receiving enteral nutrition (EN) versus parenteral nutrition (PN).
2) EN was associated with a significant reduction in infectious complications and ICU length of stay compared to PN.
3) There was no significant effect on hospital length of stay or duration of mechanical ventilation between the two groups.
However, the positive outcomes for EN may be due to differences in caloric intake between study groups and evidence of publication bias. Therefore, EN should still be considered the preferred initial nutritional therapy for critically ill patients when possible.
This randomized controlled trial compared the efficacy of a novel four-drug regimen (levofloxacin, omeprazole, nitazoxanide, doxycycline - LOAD) to the standard triple therapy regimen (lansoprozole, amoxicillin, clarithromycin - LAC) for eradicating Helicobacter pylori infection. 270 patients with confirmed H. pylori infection were randomized to receive either 7 days or 10 days of LOAD therapy, or 10 days of LAC therapy. Intention-to-treat analysis found eradication rates were 89.4% for combined LOAD therapy, significantly higher than the 73.3% rate for LAC therapy
This document summarizes a presentation on epidemiology and lead studies. It describes different epidemiological study designs including observational and interventional studies. It provides examples of descriptive epidemiological studies like ecological and cross-sectional studies as well as analytical studies like case-control and cohort studies. It discusses the strengths and limitations of these different study designs. It also summarizes decades of research on the relationship between lead exposure and IQ in children, including key studies, reviews, and perspectives from "plaintiff" and "defense" studies.
Similar to Short-Term Effects of Repeated Olfactory Administration of Homeopathic Sulphur or Pulsatilla on Electroencephalographic Alpha Power in Healthy Young Adults (20)
The document summarizes research evaluating the anticancer activity of homeopathic medicines Carcinosin, Apis, and Thuja. Key findings include:
- Carcinosin showed increased anticancer activity against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma cells in mice with increasing potency, up to a potency of 200. However, Carcinosin 1000 did not continue this trend.
- Survival time of mice with cancer increased with higher potencies of Carcinosin, with Carcinosin 1000 showing the highest survival time.
- Apis and Thuja did not show significant anticancer activity based on survival time.
- Results support further evaluation of homeopathic medicines as potential complementary anticancer agents,
Este documento describe el caso de un joven de 17 años que ha estado sordo desde los 4 años, luego de que una erupción en su cuero cabelludo fuera tratada de forma violenta con nitrato de plata a los 3 años. El joven recibe tratamiento homeopático con Mezereum, lo que mejora gradualmente su audición hasta que queda completamente restaurada. El éxito del tratamiento se debió a que los síntomas de la erupción original en el cuero cabelludo coincidían con la patogenia de Mezereum.
Este documento discute la clasificación de remedios. Argumenta que las clasificaciones basadas en teorías patológicas de otras escuelas no son útiles para los homeópatas, ya que se basan en principios diferentes. En cambio, propone que los remedios deben clasificarse de acuerdo a sus síntomas individuales, incluyendo la localización, tipo y condiciones de los síntomas. Esto permitirá aplicar mejor la ley de similares durante el tratamiento. Como ejemplo, explica cómo un caso de sudor podría tratarse se
The document discusses Samuel Hahnemann's views on homeopathy, including:
1) Diseases can only be understood empirically through their observable symptoms and effects, not through metaphysical speculation or assumptions about their internal nature. Remedies also can only be understood through their observable effects on healthy individuals, not through chemical theories.
2) Diseases are dynamic disturbances of the vital force, and remedies work dynamically to produce similar symptoms as they do in healthy individuals, thereby curing the disease.
3) For medicine to progress, treatment must be based on clearly observable effects, not hypothetical assumptions. Diseases and their cure can only be known through empirical observation of symptoms.
The document discusses guidelines for reporting homeopathic treatments in clinical trials. An international panel developed a checklist of 28 items to supplement the CONSORT guidelines for reporting randomized controlled trials. The checklist includes items on the type of homeopathy used, participant characteristics, medication details, consultation procedures, practitioners involved, co-interventions, and adverse events. The panel aims to improve understanding and appraisal of homeopathy trials by ensuring sufficient reporting of treatment methods and providers.
The document presents guidelines for reporting data on homeopathic treatments in clinical trials. It aims to supplement the CONSORT guidelines by providing 28 additional items focused on treatment details. An international expert panel developed the items through a three-round Delphi consensus process. The resulting RedHot guidelines include items on treatment rationale, participant characteristics, medication details, practitioner information, co-interventions, and adverse events. The guidelines are intended to improve transparency and evaluation of homeopathy trials.
Este documento presenta dos casos clínicos tratados con homeopatía. El primer caso describe a un paciente de 35 años con síntomas de fiebre tifoidea que fue tratado exitosamente con Calcarea carbónica. El segundo caso describe a una mujer de 45 años con diarrea por 10 días que respondió rápidamente a una dosis de Natrum carbónica. En ambos casos, los síntomas del paciente correspondían estrechamente a los síntomas experimentales de la medicina homeopática prescrita.
El documento discute la diferencia entre similia y lo igual en la homeopatía. Explica dos casos en los que el remedio adecuado no fue la droga que causó el problema original. En el primer caso, un hombre con estranguria después de gonorrea fue tratado exitosamente con Nux vomica en lugar de estrychnina. En el segundo caso, una mujer adicta al opio sanó con Belladona en lugar de más opio, ilustrando que el remedio adecuado depende de los síntomas específicos del paciente.
A model for homeopathic remedy effects: low
dose nanoparticles, allostatic cross-adaptation,
and time-dependent sensitization in a complex
adaptive system
This document provides a summary of an article about the origins and development of homeopathy in England and the United States in the 19th century. It focuses on the influence of Emanuel Swedenborg's spiritual writings on prominent homeopath John James Garth Wilkinson and how Wilkinson helped introduce homeopathy and spread Swedenborg's works in the US through his friend Henry James Sr. The document also discusses how Wilkinson gradually converted to homeopathy and had a successful homeopathic practice in London, emphasizing spiritual approaches.
Electromagnetic Signals Are Produced by Aqueous Nanostructures Derived from B...Francisco Navarro
1) Bacterial DNA sequences from some pathogens like Mycoplasma pirum and E. coli can induce the production of electromagnetic waves at high aqueous dilutions.
2) Filtrates that are sterile can still regenerate the original bacteria when incubated with uninfected cell cultures, and also produce electromagnetic signals (EMS) at certain dilutions.
3) The EMS-producing structures have characteristics of nanostructures or polymers between 20-100nm in size and varying densities, as shown through filtration and centrifugation experiments.
El documento contiene la correspondencia entre el Dr. Von Boenninghausen y las autoridades sobre el tratamiento homeopático de animales. Se le prohibió inicialmente al Dr. Von Boenninghausen tratar animales con enfermedades infecciosas como la rabia debido a que no tenía la titulación veterinaria requerida. Sin embargo, posteriormente las autoridades se retractaron de esta prohibición tras reconsiderar la orden del gabinete real que le permitía al Dr. Von Boenninghausen practicar la homeopatía.
El documento discute el valor de las altas potencias en la medicina homeopática. Relata experiencias exitosas usando potencias altas como 200C para tratar casos agudos y crónicos. También describe un caso específico donde potencias altas curaron el crup severo de un paciente, liberando una membrana de la tráquea, con resultados mejores que las potencias bajas. El autor concluye que las altas potencias tienen un lugar válido en la homeopatía y que los escépticos deberían probarlas antes de criticarlas.
La nueva edición del Organon (carta de Madame Hahnemann)Francisco Navarro
La carta de Madame Hahnemann responde a una solicitud de la facultad del colegio homeopático de Pensilvania para traducir el Organon al inglés de manera precisa, ya que las traducciones previas contenían errores. Madame Hahnemann expresa su apoyo a la traducción literal propuesta y explica que ha estado supervisando una nueva copia manuscrita del Organon para asegurar su fidelidad, la cual enviará a los doctores tan pronto como sea impresa para que puedan publicar una versión correcta.
Los párrafos 211 y 212 del Organon de Hahnemann discuten la importancia de considerar el estado emocional y mental del paciente al seleccionar un remedio homeopático. Específicamente, enfatizan que el estado de ánimo alterado y los cambios en el estado general de la mente producidos por la enfermedad deben tomarse en cuenta al igual que otros síntomas físicos. Cada medicamento homeopático es capaz de producir cambios característicos en el estado emocional y mental de una persona sana.
Este documento describe los síntomas de odontalgia que pueden curarse con Silicea según Boenninghausen, incluyendo dolor en el hueso de la mandíbula en lugar del diente, hinchazón del maxilar, incapacidad para dormir debido al calor general y una piel insana. El autor también relata haber experimentado estos síntomas y haberlos aliviado rápidamente con una dosis de Silicea.
Un médico homeópata curó rápidamente el dolor de muelas pulsátil de una mujer usando Pulsatilla. El médico del arrendador estaba sorprendido por la rápida curación. Más tarde, el médico homeópata acertó en describir otros síntomas de la mujer que coincidían con Pulsatilla, aunque no la había examinado. Esto dejó perplejo al médico del arrendador sobre las habilidades del médico homeópata.
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The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
One health condition that is becoming more common day by day is diabetes.
According to research conducted by the National Family Health Survey of India, diabetic cases show a projection which might increase to 10.4% by 2030.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Short-Term Effects of Repeated Olfactory Administration of Homeopathic Sulphur or Pulsatilla on Electroencephalographic Alpha Power in Healthy Young Adults
2. Conclusion—EEG alpha offers an objective biomarker of remedy effects for future studies and
potential method for distinguishing time-dependent effects of specific remedies and remedy
potencies from one another.
Keywords
Electroencephalography; Homeopathy; Sulphur; Pulsatilla; EEG alpha; repeated measures;
sniffing; olfactory administration
Introduction
Research on homeopathic provings or pathogenetic trials,12 as well as clinical studies,34 has
revealed limitations in the reliability and reproducibility of the mainly subjective symptom
findings reported. Despite recent advances in study design,5 physiological markers such as
quantitative electroencephalography (EEG) offer a possible objective indicator of subtle
effects, especially in the early period after remedy administration when the evolution of the
response is most ambiguous.6
Remedies exert detectable effects not only on self rated mood,7 but also on sleep EEG
patterns8 in relatively healthy young adults with a history of coffee-induced insomnia, given
either Nux Vomica or Coffea Cruda 30c pellets under the tongue at bedtime. Earlier animal
studies also showed complex, nonlinear effects of remedies on sleep EEG.910 Moreover,
Bell et al previously demonstrated significant differences over time in waking EEG
responses to repeated olfactory administration of individually-prescribed LM potency
remedies versus placebo solvent in fibromyalgia patients.11 No studies in human subjects
have as yet reported waking EEG effects of specific remedies in the centesimal dilution
series, in the context of a pathogenetic trial.
Another challenge for preclinical and clinical research in homeopathy is the apparent
nonlinearity of the dose-response relationship. Multiple studies12–16 in plants, animals, and
human subjects suggest that remedies may trigger bidirectional and nonlinear changes in
outcome measures, depending in part on (a) passage of time after the last remedy
administration; (b) the dilution or potency given; (c) the point in time relative to the injury
or last remedy dose when the host system is assessed; (d) variations in baseline host traits
and states.
The state of the recipient (host) at the time of remedy administration and at the point of
follow-up assessments matters. For example, Lewith et al17 found an oscillatory pattern of
change over 16 weeks in multiple outcome variables after initially administering dust mite
30c to asthmatics, a pattern not seen in the comparison group who received placebo. In
terms of time dependency of remedy administration, Bertani et al16 demonstrated in an
animal model for edema that pre-injury treatment with remedy worsened, whereas post-
injury remedy treatment lessened, paw edema caused by an inflammatory agent
(carrageenan). The latter study is consistent with a fundamental tenet of homeopathic
philosophy, i.e., an agent that can cause illness in a healthy person can relieve similar
symptoms in a sick person.
Finally, the same potency in basic science studies may lead to significant effects, but in
opposite directions during different attempted replication studies.12 Factors that may
contribute to such confusing results could include differences in the state of the test system
(i.e., plant seedling) in its immediate environmental context at the moment of remedy
administration, differences in remedy preparation between batches and manufacturers, and/
or differences in effective dose received (i.e., differential uptake or absorption). Various
Bell et al. Page 2
Homeopathy. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 October 1.
NIH-PAAuthorManuscriptNIH-PAAuthorManuscriptNIH-PAAuthorManuscript
3. observers1518–21 have proposed that homeopathic remedies act by modifying the complex
nonlinear dynamics of the recipient host system, i.e., its variability per se, based on the
recent history and momentary state of the organism, as well as the specific salience of the
remedy for the host.7
Furthermore, plant seedling development studies have also indicated that a series of adjacent
potencies, e.g., 24×, 25×, 26×, can produce a nonlinear dose-response pattern of,
respectively, increases, decreases, and increases in the outcome variable.14 Baumgartner12
recently wrote an excellent review and discussion of these issues with reliability and
reproducibility. Taken together, prior research suggests the need for additional examination
of interactions between the momentary state of the host, remedy potency, timing of repeated
dosing, and timing of assessments.
The purpose of the present feasibility study was to explore the short term waking EEG
effects of repeated sniffs of the homeopathic polycrest remedies, Sulphur and Pulsatilla, on
relatively healthy human subjects. Hypotheses included: (a) remedies would differ from one
another in their overall effects on EEG alpha responses to sniffing (i.e., remedy specificity);
(b) the point in time in the study when a given dilution was administered would lead to
differential effects of the same remedy dilution (i.e., time sensitivity interacting with host
state and recent remedy history).
Material and methods
Subjects
Subjects were undergraduate college student volunteers between ages 18 and 30 enrolled in
the introductory psychology course at the University of Arizona. Eligibility criteria included
good global health (rating of 3 out of 5 on a single item screening question 22) and either a
score ≥25 for the remedy Sulphur on the Homeopathic Constitutional Type Questionnaire
(CTQ)23, together with a score ≤21 on the CTQ for the remedy Pulsatilla, OR a score ≥24
for the remedy Pulsatilla, together with a score ≤24 for the remedy Sulphur. The original
selection criteria were based on previously-observed cut-offs in a similar subject population
for top and bottom 40% of sample scores. After screening participants for five additional
semesters, we reexamined the population and determined new cut-offs to maintain
representation of the top and bottom 40% of the sample.
The CTQ is a validated 160-item 5-point Likert self-rating scale for assessing 21 commonly-
used, clinically-documented homeopathic remedies (polycrests). The CTQ subscales for
each remedy include 8 symptom items self-rated on a 5-point Likert scale. A previous
survey study using the CTQ in a sample of over 100 college students had revealed the
likelihood of finding an adequate pool of potential subjects who would meet these screening
cut-offs for one or the other of the remedies.24
Exclusion criteria were pregnancy or planning to become pregnant, major psychiatric or
serious medical conditions, chronic use of medications other than contraceptives, a history
of anaphylactic shock, epilepsy, asthma and/or migraine headaches.
Study Design and Procedures
The design was a repeated measure study in which each subject was tested in a
psychophysiology laboratory at the same time of day, once per week for 3 weeks.
Homeopathic remedy preparation involves two discrete procedures, i.e., serial dilution and
succussion. In this study, three dilutions (6c, 12c, or 30c, where c potencies were diluted at a
ratio of 1/100 parts over 6, 12, or 30 steps) and four succussion levels (no succussion
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4. (stirred), 20 succussions, 40 succussions, and 100 succussions) were selected for testing.
Due to practical and budgetary limitations, each subject received one dilution per week (in a
randomized order) at all of the four different succussion levels. For example, a subject may
be randomized to receive 6c in week 1, then 30c and 12c on the following visits. During
week 1, the subject would sniff vials of 6c (and two different control solutions) prepared
with no succussions, 20, 40 and 100 succussions presented in a randomized order.
The four different succussion level vials were also randomized and presented in 8 complete
blocks for the three types of vial contents evaluated (test verum remedy [Sulphur or
Pulsatilla, see below], distilled water control, and distilled water-ethanol [95% v/v] control).
In short, there were 8 randomized presentations of 4 different succussion levels for each of 3
different vial contents on a given day on which a specific dilution was tested.
The repeated measure design was based on specific methods used in two previous studies,
one on homeopathy in fibromyalgia patients 6 and one on women with environmental
chemical sensitivity 25. The mode of administration was olfactory, using 2 second sniffs. In
a sense, the design generated a type of average evoked EEG response to repeated sniffs of
the same material, controlled for the effects of simply sniffing remedy-free solvent (distilled
water control and the distilled water-ethanol control).
The rationale for use of the EEG is that EEG is a dynamical biomarker of physiological
brain activity that can be sampled repeatedly and frequently over short time scales.21 The
variability and complexity of the EEG changes with the state of the organism as a whole.
Advantages of the olfactory method of administration are that it permits greater certainty of
the momentary point in time when the host receives a dose of remedy and therefore a clearer
time window for assessing and possibly detecting subtle, even transient, post-dose effects.
Both research staff and subjects were blinded to the contents of the vials during the
laboratory procedures. We purchased the remedies and solvents from an FDA-regulated
homeopathic pharmacy with experience in preparing materials for research purposes
(Hahnemann Laboratories, San Rafael, CA). Although the pharmacy prepared the original
remedy and water-ethanol solutions in accord with their usual procedures using a 95%
ethanol in distilled water solvent, the test solutions that subjects sniffed were markedly
diluted in distilled water in a final local preparation step (0.5 ml of test solution was placed
in a cup with 150 ml of distilled water and stirred, followed by pouring 10 ml of this final
water-diluted solution into the sniff vials). Each vial contained 10 ml of test liquid in 60 cc
amber glass vial (E.D. Luce Packing, CA).
Subjects were instructed not to consume beverage alcohol, caffeinated beverages, and/or
tobacco for six hours prior to the recording. Subjects also were instructed not to wear strong
perfumes or lotions the day of the recording.
Laboratory recordings were performed using the Compumedics E-Series equipment (El
Paso, TX) and a 20 channel Quik-Cap. Electrodes on the Quik-Cap are situated according to
the International 10–20 System. Recordings include 19 unipolar EEG channels referenced to
contralateral mastoids, bilateral electrooculograms (EOG), a two-lead electrocardiogram
(bilateral sub-clavicle electrode placement), and a nasal pressure flow signal to detect sniff
effort (Salter Labs Nasal ETCO2 Cannula). Electrode impedance levels were kept below 5
KΩ. Equipment settings for data acquisition included an EEG sampling rate of 512 Hz and a
high pass filter set at 0.50 Hz. A 60 cycle notch filter was used to eliminate ambient
electrical noise.
After hookup and completion of session questionnaires, each laboratory visit included a
resting 5-minute, eyes-closed EEG recording performed before and after the sniffing period.
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5. The pre-session resting EEG power was used as a baseline covariate for this study. Subjects
then were asked to take a series of two-second sniffs from the 96 vials containing the test
solutions in randomized order, one vial at a time. The contents were one of two well-
documented, widely-used homeopathic remedies, Sulphur (mineral) or Pulsatilla (plant) and
associated control solvents (water or a water-ethanol mixture prepared with stirring, 20
succussions, 40 succussions, or 100 succussions).
Research staff opened each vial and presented the open vial 2 cm below the nose and 2 cm
from face. The subject’s chin was stabilized relative to the vial by using a height-adjustable
table stand with a padded chin rest adjusted for their comfort. Each vial was re-sealed before
the next was opened. Subjects were instructed to exhale for 2-seconds, inhale for 2-seconds,
then exhale for 2-seconds. The manual method of administration was chosen rather than a
continuous flow olfactometer to mimic clinical administration methods, repeat previously
successful exposure techniques from prior studies,61126 and to avoid cross-contamination of
delivery apparatus for the control substances by trace remedy.
The technicians electronically marked the recording as the subject began the exhalation-
inhalation pattern, but sniffs were also confirmed as described below (see Spectral
Computation). An Austin Healthmate Junior air filter with 4-stage filtration (including pre-
filters for medium and large particles, an activated carbon/zeolite filter for volatile organic
chemicals, and a medical grade HEPA filter) ran on the low setting throughout each session
to clear the air of trace residual odors and volatile organic chemicals.
Spectral Computation
The EEG data samples were identified by the use of an automated algorithm detecting
sniffing and verified by the research technician. The algorithm was designed to capture the
positive upward, then rapid downward negative excursion from the recorded tracing of
respiratory effort at the nose measured using a nasal cannula (Salter Labs). A technician
blinded to bottle contents and outcomes reviewed each sniff identified by the algorithm,
verified it as a 2-second artifact-free EEG segment (e.g., excluding epochs with eyeblink
and muscle movement artifacts defined as amplitudes > 50 mV). Sniffs with artifact or an
algorithm detection problem (e.g., research subject did not inhale deeply enough) were
eliminated from analysis. On average, 6.8% of sniffs were removed for Pulsatilla and 6.1%
were removed for Sulfur.
The 2-second EEG data were then analyzed into quantitative EEG spectral bands using fast
Fourier transform, converted to relative power values (using the ratio of the power of each
frequency band/total power within the range of 0.5–55 hertz). An additional 1% of outlier
values were also eliminated from the analyses. Because of the previous empirical findings
on changes in alpha band frequency during the homeopathy study in fibromyalgia and prior
studies of EEG alpha changes as biomarkers of sub-olfactory and olfactory threshold levels
of various odors in young adults6112627, the current study focused on the alpha 1 (8 – 10
hertz) and alpha 2 (10 – 12 hertz) power averaged over the entire head. Relative EEG power
was calculated by summing EEG power across all bands and calculating the percent of the
total EEG power for each of the alpha bands.
Statistical Approach
A series of linear mixed-effect models using SAS Proc Mixed were conducted to examine
the main effect of remedy, dilution, succussion, and time (visit week number) on EEG
relative alpha power. Each model controlled for baseline resting EEG, effects from the water
and water-ethanol controls, and gender, with person as the random effect. In each of the
models, the independent variables were treated as class variables. Linear mixed effects
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6. models have several advantages over traditional repeated measures analyses including the
ability to generate slopes and estimate intercepts despite missing data, and varied time
intervals, improved estimation of individual effects (esp. important in homeopathic
research), and the ability to model cross-level interactions and partition variance/covariance
components.28
The remedy model compared Sulphur versus Pulsatilla. The dilution model compared 6c,
12c, and 30c. The succussion model compared 0, 20, 40, and 100 succussions. The time
model compared visit weeks 1, 2, and 3. Pair-wise comparisons of means were examined in
the models with statistically significant main effects. Separate models were run within each
band, alpha 1 and alpha 2. In order to test for dilution carry-over effects, we also conducted
a linear mixed-effects model that included the main effects of dilution and visit week as well
as their interaction.
Results
Fifty-one people were fully eligible, volunteered, and started the Sulphur arm; and 45 people
were eligible, volunteered, and started the Pulsatilla arm. The Sulphur arm had 45 subjects
with 3 complete laboratory sessions and the Pulsatilla arm had 43 subjects with 3 complete
laboratory sessions. Table 1 summarizes the demographic and baseline trait characteristics
of the study sample. All participants are included in the analysis.
Remedy
The results for remedy are presented in Figure 1. A significant main effect for remedy was
found in both bands, alpha 1 (F(1,7923)=15.48, p<0.001) and alpha 2 (F(1,7923)=18.58,
p<0.001). In both bands, relative alpha EEG was greater in Sulphur participants than
Pulsatilla participants. Given the significant difference in EEG response between the two
remedies, all subsequent models were also run separately for each remedy.
Dilution
A statistically significant dilution finding was found for alpha 1 relative EEG in Pulsatilla.
The pair-wise comparisons revealed that relative EEG alpha 1 power was greater in dilution
6c than both dilutions 12c and 30c. A trend was also found for alpha 2 relative EEG in
Sulphur. In contrast to the Pulsatilla findings, relative EEG alpha 2 power was greater in
Sulphur dilution 12c than dilution 30c. No other differences in dilution were found. These
results are presented in Table 2.
Succussion
Succussion was non-significant in both of the Sulphur models and in the Pulsatilla model for
alpha 2. However, a statistically significant effect for succussion was found in the alpha 1
relative EEG band for Pulsatilla. Alpha 1 relative EEG was significantly lower in the 40
succussions level than the no succussion, 20 succussions, and 100 succussions (see Table 3).
Time (Visit Week)
Visit week was a statistically significant for Sulphur in the alpha 1 relative EEG band only.
Alpha 1 relative EEG was greater at visit week 2 than visit week 1 or visit week 3. The
results are presented in Table 4.
Dilution by Visit-Week Interaction
The dilution by visit interaction was statistically significant for the Sulphur remedy for both
the alpha 1 and alpha 2 relative EEG bands. In the Pulsatilla model, the dilution by visit
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7. interaction was statistically significant only in the alpha 2 relative EEG band. The dilution
by visit week interaction results are presented in Table 5.
Sulphur Relative Alpha 1 EEG comparisons
In the within-visit week pair-wise comparisons for relative alpha 1 EEG power with
Sulphur, on the first visit week, relative EEG power in alpha 1 was greater for participants
receiving the 30c dilution than 6c. On the third visit week, there was less relative EEG in
alpha 1 for participants given 30c than participants given 12c. In the within dilution pair-
wise comparisons, alpha 1 relative EEG was greater when dilution 6c was given at visit
week 2 than when it was given at visit week 1 or visit week 3. The relative EEG in alpha 1
was less when the dilution 30c was given at visit week 3 than visit weeks 1 or 2 (see Figure
2).
Sulphur Relative Alpha 2 EEG comparisons
In the within visit week pair-wise comparisons for alpha 2 relative EEG in Sulphur,
participants who received 12c on the first visit week showed the greatest relative EEG
power in alpha 2 than participants receiving either 6c or 30c at the first visit week. At the
second visit week participants receiving 6c showed greater relative EEG power in alpha 2
than participants receiving 12c at that visit. For the within dilution pair-wise comparisons,
alpha 2 relative EEG was greater when dilution 6c was given at visit week 2 than when it
was given at visit week 1. For dilution 12c, alpha 2 relative EEG power was greater when it
was given at visit week 1 than visit weeks 2 and 3.
Pulsatilla Relative Alpha 2 EEG power comparisons
Participants who received 6c on the first visit week showed greater relative EEG power in
alpha 2 than participants receiving 12c at the first visit. At the third visit week participants
receiving Pulsatilla 12c showed greater relative EEG power in alpha 2 than participants
receiving 30c at that visit. For the within dilution comparisons, relative EEG in alpha 2 was
greatest at when dilution 6c was given at visit week 1 than when it was given at visit 2 or 3.
Discussion
The present data support the homeopathic theory-based prediction of a differential remedy
response when individuals are given their respective constitutional remedy. In this study
Sulphur CTQ “types” exhibited greater relative EEG power remedy effects for both alpha 1
and alpha 2 than their Pulsatilla CTQ counterparts. The interaction between dilution and
visit week was also more evident in the Sulphur CTQ types. Whether or not such findings
would be replicable with subjects identified using individualized homeopathic case taking
interviews rather than the CTQ is a valid, but as yet unanswered, question. These data in
human subjects extend findings from controlled animal studies that previously demonstrated
the short-term ability of single or combination homeopathic remedies to alter waking EEG
alpha and delta29 and sleeping EEG delta wave activity.930 Although it would be preferable
to have comparable proportions of men and women in subsequent studies with larger
samples, the current analyses were controlled for gender differences between groups.
Future studies should also examine other designs, such as testing for differential effects of
giving the constitutional remedy versus non-constitutional remedy to persons of a specific
constitutional type. In a recent study of mood effects on sleep in which it was possible to
evaluate the interaction of personality type and remedy received, Brooks et al.7 reported
different effects of two remedies (Nux Vomica 30c and Coffea Cruda 30c), based on an
interaction between the specific remedy given and the baseline personality type. In the
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8. present study, the design did not allow parsing the remedy effects apart from the baseline
CTQ type.
The predictions concerning different main effects for dilution level and succussion level
were, in general, minimally confirmed in this study. Dilution main effects were found only
for Sulphur, with relative alpha 1 EEG power greater for the 6c dilution than either the 12c
or 30c dilution. A contrasting trend was also observed in alpha 2, where dilution 12c
produced greater effects than did 30c. An oscillatory response was observed for time, with
relative alpha 1 EEG power greater at the second visit week than the first or third visit week
for Sulphur only. These findings are additional examples of the nonlinear dose-response
phenomena previously reported in a variety of living systems with homeopathic
remedies.1231
The effect of succussion level was found for alpha 2 relative EEG power in Pulsatilla only.
In this case relative EEG power was significantly lower at 40 succussions than the other
succussion levels. Subsequent studies using larger samples and focusing only on different
levels of succussion for a single dilution, may clarify whether or not the Pulsatilla finding
was a statistical anomaly or a hint of more meaningful succussion-related findings, also
nonlinear in nature.
More notably, the minimal main effects for dilution or time were superseded by the
significant interaction within subjects between dilution and time (visit week), significant in
both bands in Sulphur and in the alpha 2 band in Pulsatilla. No consistent pattern emerged
across the two remedies or the alpha frequency bands. The EEG response to a 6c dilution
was greater at the second visit than at the first visit for both bands in Sulphur participants;
while the reverse was true for the Pulsatilla participants, i.e., the 6c dilution response was
greater at the first visit than the second visit. During the first visit week a 30c dilution
produced a stronger alpha1 EEG response than 6c dilution, while the 12c dilution produced
the strongest EEG response in alpha 2 that same visit week for Sulphur participants. In
contrast, the 6c dilution produced a stronger response than the 12c dilution in alpha 2 for the
Pulsatilla participants during the first visit week. Similarly, during the third visit week a 12c
dilution was associated with a greater alpha 1 EEG response than 30c in Sulphur participants
and alpha 2 EEG response for Pulsatilla participants. However, there was no difference in
EEG response to dilution level during that same visit week in alpha 1 for the Sulphur
participants.
Taken together, the findings suggest that remedy effects on relative EEG alpha power are
complex, nonlinear, and dynamical, dependent on the nature of the specific remedy, dilution,
and time, including the individual’s recent past history of remedy exposure in previous study
week visits. Such data may relate to clinical claims that the same remedy at the same
potency may act very differently in the same patient when administered under seemingly
similar circumstances on two or more separate occasions over time.32 Articulating relevant
hypotheses based on this conceptualization should assist in generating innovative and novel
study designs. New study designs will need to accommodate the hypothesis that
homeopathic remedies may modulate system dynamics at global and local levels of scale,33
rather than act like pharmaceutical drugs to consistently and linearly suppress local
symptoms.18
The complexity of the findings is consistent with convergent models for homeopathic
remedy effects that invoke complex adaptive systems and nonlinear dynamical systems
(NDS) concepts. NDS may help account for the altered variability and response patterning
within the host found in the current study and in previous research summarized above. Such
models suggest that different remedies will mobilize changes in the host system not seen
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9. with placebos, but that the direction, magnitude, and time pattern of effects will not
necessarily be reproducible or consistent over time for subjective or objective measures.
Using research methods adapted from the field of complexity science1833–36 could allow
much better characterization of how remedies act in living systems. One example would be
computer modeling of evolving systemic global and local changes during homeopathic
remedy testing in pathogenetic trials or clinical treatment in patient care.
The findings require several caveats. This study is preliminary and mainly indicates the
feasibility of using quantitative EEG as a biomarker for early remedy effects in human
subjects participating in pathogenetic types of trials. The study extends findings from this
laboratory’s prior investigation of EEG alpha changes during individualized homeopathy
treatment in patients with fibromyalgia.611 The current data are not definitive in
characterizing the nature of the EEG response to remedies.
On the one hand, the present study design may have captured some of the time-dependent
and host state-dependent phenomenological processes underlying the variability of results
from laboratory to laboratory or study to study. If remedies can set an initial destabilization
of system dynamics into motion,3437 the hypothesized result of remedy administration
would be a transient period of less predictable nonlinear dynamical bidirectional fluctuations
(oscillations31), perhaps of greater than “usual” amplitude and irregular frequency.
Eventually, without further external perturbation, e.g., from another remedy dose, a living
system should restabilize into another dynamical pattern (i.e., an attractor). The nature of the
evolving change over time would depend, in part, on sensitivity of the living system to small
and subtle differences in initial conditions at the moment of remedy administration, i.e., the
“butterfly” effect well-known from chaos theory and research.3839
In such a model, if the remedy acted therapeutically, the net clinical outcome would be a
healthier dynamical state characterized by greater resilience, flexibility, and adaptability to
environmental change, i.e., flourishing.3436 If the remedy did not exert a therapeutic benefit
even though it initiated a temporary disturbance in system behavior, i.e., an active but
therapeutically poorly-matched remedy for the individual, the outcome would end up
manifesting as a return to roughly the same rigid and maladaptive dynamics (attractor) as
before the remedy.36
The current data demonstrate, as have many previous studies, that specific verum
homeopathic remedies trigger changes in outcome variables different in pattern from those
seen with placebo. The paradoxical feature of such effects is their inherent variability and
even bidirectionality. These observations would be consistent with NDS phenomena such as
bifurcations of system dynamics at critical moments, along with unstable phase transitions in
the evolutionary or developmental shift from one relatively stable pattern to a different
stable pattern of dynamics.3437
On the other hand, the study design was a trade off between scientific and practical
considerations. The design was admittedly complicated and confounded by potential
carryover effects between verum and controls within a given session. However, it permitted
evaluation of timing and dilution effects within budgetary constraints, despite losing
experimental sensitivity to detecting succussion effects and a thorough examination of
possible dilution presentation order effects. These practical limitations precluded adding
more arms to the study to parse out more factors in the variable outcomes. However, future
research, informed by the preliminary findings of the current investigation, can pursue some
of these additional questions.
Also, the primary outcome variable in this study was EEG alpha power. In contrast with
typical pathogenetic trials, the current study did not ask participants for ratings of self
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10. reported symptoms after each sniff. The reason for this methodological choice was to
minimize the otherwise high risk of confounding EEG changes with set shifting, mood, and
motor task-related effects of giving symptom or mood ratings 96 times per session. In the
future, researchers may be able to use other types of designs that would keep the duration of
each session visit to an acceptable length and collect both moment-to-moment subjective
and EEG data.4041
The study examined only 3 weeks of effects during an unusually intensive regimen of
olfactory remedy administration per session. Clinically, most chronically ill patients only
sniff a remedy once per day, if they take their treatment via olfactory administration. In
order to obtain averaged EEG effects, we gave the olfactory sniffs 8 times per experimental
condition (where condition = a given dilution at a given succussion level). The
methodological choice to use such an approach stemmed from empirical data and experience
in earlier studies1126 indicating that any single remedy exposure may or may not produce
effects, but repeated exposures will generate a measurable average effect on a system.
In addition, future studies will need to explore the issue of succussion in greater detail.
While the data hint at an isolated effect of 40 succussions for Pulsatilla, the present study
cannot provide clarification of an important question, e.g., is there a threshold number of
succussions above which effects plateau, with further succussion producing no additional
change in the capacity of a remedy to alter the function or health of the host? Anecdotal
statements by basic scientists suggest the possibility of a threshold and plateau process,
rather than a progressive increase in remedy effects with a greater number of succussions.
However, a proper design to assess succussion effects would require a larger sample testing
only one dilution prepared with different numbers of succussions and tested on separate
occasions and/or within separate arms of a study.
In conclusion, this study opens the door to further research on the nonlinear dynamical
effects of homeopathic remedies on human EEG response patterns.42 It raises many
questions that merit specific systematic study. Notably, these findings are consistent with the
hypothesis that homeopathic remedy effects depend not only on the nature of the remedy,
but also on the interaction of remedy with the continuously changing/evolving (dynamical)
host system over time.18 Re-focusing research attention away from the remedy per se and
over to the interaction of the remedy with the host and to the factor of time may be a key
step toward advancing understanding of variability in remedy effects on living systems.43
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by NIH/NCCAM grants (PI: IRB) R21 AT003212 and K24 AT000057. The authors
thank Dr. David Lee for supervising the preparation of the test vials and Kaya Belknap, Michael Biuso, Sarah
David, Jeanette Garcia, Erica Morey, and Alivia Wieseler for their assistance in the collection and preparation of
data. The authors also thank the late Michael Quinn of Hahnemann Laboratories for his suggestions in the original
planning of the study.
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Bell et al. Page 12
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13. Figure 1.
Relative EEG Power for Alpha 1 and Alpha 2 Means and Standard Error by Remedy*
*Controlling for baseline resting EEG, ethanol and water controls, and gender
Bell et al. Page 13
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14. Figure 2.
Dilution by Visit Interaction* for Sulphur in Alpha 1 Relative EEG Power – Means and
Standard Errors+
*Controlling for baseline resting EEG, ethanol and water controls, and gender
+Significant pair-wise comparisons:
at visit week 1: 30c dilution > 6c dilution (t(3742)= 2.31, p=0.0209);
at visit week 3: 12c dilution > 30c dilution (t(3742)= 2.31, p=0.0212);
dilution 6c at visit week 2 > dilution 6c at visit week 1 (t(3742)= −3.3, p=0.001);
dilution 30c at visit week 3 < visit week 1 (t(3742)= −2.17, p=0.0302);
dilution 30c at visit week 3 < visit week 2 (t(3742) = −2.40, p=0.0165).
Bell et al. Page 14
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15. Figure 3.
Dilution by Visit Interaction for Sulphur* in Alpha 2 Relative EEG Power – Means and
Standard Errors+
*Controlling for baseline resting EEG, ethanol and water controls, and gender
+Significant pair-wise comparisons:
at visit week 1: 12c dilution > 6c dilution (t(3742)= 3.20, p=0.0014);
at visit week 1: 12c dilution > 30c dilution (t(3742)= 3.22, p=0.0013);
at visit week 2: 6c dilution > 12c dilution (t(3742)= 2.48, p=0.0132);
dilution 6c at visit week 2 > dilution 6c at visit week 1 (t(3742)= 2.10, p=0.0358);
dilution 12c at visit week 1 > visit week 2 (t(3742)= 3.45, p=0.0006);
dilution 12c at visit week 1 > visit week 3 (t(3742)= 2.33, p=0.0201).
Bell et al. Page 15
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16. Figure 4.
Dilution by Visit Interaction* for Pulsatilla in Alpha 2 Relative EEG Power – Means and
Standard Errors+
*Controlling for baseline resting EEG, ethanol and water controls, and gender
+Significant pair-wise comparisons:
at visit week 1: 6c dilution > 12c dilution (t(4162)= 2.04, p=0.0418);
at visit week 3: 12c dilution > 30c dilution (t(4162)= 2.19, p=0.0238);
dilution 6c at visit week 1 > visit week 2 (t(4162)= 2.07, p=0.0382);
dilution 6c at visit week 1 > visit week 3 (t(4162)= 2.16, p=0.031).
Bell et al. Page 16
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Table 1
Baseline Comparisons between remedy groups – Means ±Standard Deviation
Variable Sulphur group (n=51) Pulsatilla group (n=45)
Age 19.2±2.0 19.0±0.98
Gender (% female) 31% 82%**
CTQ- Sulfur 27.4±1.9 22.4±1.5**
CTQ- Pulsatilla 18.8±2.1 25.8±1.8**
*
p<.05,
**
p<.01; CTQ = Constitutional Type Questionnaire
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Table2
RelativeEEGPowerMeans(StandardError)forDilutionbyRemedyandEEGBand
RemedyBandDilution6cDilution12cDilution30cFP-value
Sulphuralpha115.215(0.42)15.399(0.42)15.477(0.41)F(2,3748)=0.470.63
Sulphuralpha211.535(0.38)11.743(0.38)a11.201(0.38)bF(2,3748)=2.860.0576
Pulsatillaalpha115.800(0.46)c14.876(0.46)d15.020(0.46)eF(2,4168)=8.550.0002
Pulsatillaalpha213.248(0.40)13.256(0.40)13.175(0.40)F(2,4168)=0.060.9452
a>b,t(3748)=2.37,p<0.0179;c>d,t(4168)=3.83,p<0.0001;c>e,t(4168)=3.21,p<0.0013
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Table3
RelativeEEGPowerMeans(StandardError)forSuccussionbyRemedyandEEGBand
RemedyBand0Succussions20Succussions40Succussions100SuccussionsFP-value
Sulphuralpha115.606(0.43)15.170(0.43)15.417(0.43)15.264(0.43)F(3,3747)=0.720.543
Sulphuralpha211.420(0.38)11.499(0.38)11.434(0.38)11.596(0.38)F(3,3747)=0.200.898
Pulsatillaalpha115.396(0.48)b15.522(0.48)c14.699(0.48)a15.341(0.48)dF(3,4167)=3.520.014
Pulsatillaalpha212.967(0.41)13.484(0.41)13.226(0.41)13.232(0.41)F(3,4167)=0.990.395
a<b,t(4167)=2.51,p=0.0121;a<c,t(4167)=2.97,p=0.003;a<d,t(4167)=−2.31,p=0.0208
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Table4
VisitWeekMeans(StandardError)byRemedyandEEGBand
RemedyBandWeek1Week2Week3FP-value
Sulphuralpha115.141b15.859a15.129cF(2,3748)=4.380.0126
Sulphuralpha211.58811.57211.259F(2,3748)=1.310.2695
Pulsatillaalpha115.13715.26915.319F(2,4168)=0.30.7402
Pulsatillaalpha213.47913.21212.976F(2,4168)=1.840.1594
a>b,t(3748)=2.52,p<0.0117;a>c,t(3748)=2.57,p<0.0103
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Table5
RelativeEEGPowerMeans(StandardError)forDilutionbyVisitWeekInteractionbyRemedyandEEGBand
RemedyBandDilutionVisit1Visit2Visit3FSig
Sulphuralpha16c14.338(0.55)16.476(0.56)14.961(0.51)F(4,3742)=2.860.022
12c15.057(0.53)15.239(0.55)15.924(0.55)
30c15.734(0.51)15.903(0.52)14.348(0.60)
Sulphuralpha26c11.091(0.48)12.175(0.48)11.414(0.45)F(4,3742)=3.970.0032
12c12.679(0.47)10.919(0.48)11.521(0.47)
30c11.096(0.45)11.543(0.45)10.664(0.51)
Pulsatillaalpha16c15.834(0.58)15.836(0.58)15.751(0.53)F(4,4162)=2.880.0213
12c14.797(0.55)14.683(0.55)15.320(0.61)
30c14.914(0.56)15.434(0.57)14.674(0.58)
Pulsatillaalpha26c14.155(0.55)12.861(0.54)12.904(0.49)F(4,4162)=0.830.5078
12c12.929(0.50)13.254(0.50)13.774(0.57)
30c13.515(0.52)13.483(0.52)12.376(0.54)
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