The document summarizes research evaluating the anticancer activity of homeopathic medicines Carcinosin, Apis, and Thuja. Key findings include:
- Carcinosin showed increased anticancer activity against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma cells in mice with increasing potency, up to a potency of 200. However, Carcinosin 1000 did not continue this trend.
- Survival time of mice with cancer increased with higher potencies of Carcinosin, with Carcinosin 1000 showing the highest survival time.
- Apis and Thuja did not show significant anticancer activity based on survival time.
- Results support further evaluation of homeopathic medicines as potential complementary anticancer agents,
This study investigated the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of cow urine and its distillate. The cow urine and distillate were tested for their ability to scavenge free radicals using two in vitro assays and for their antimicrobial activity against several microbes. The results showed that both the cow urine and its distillate exhibited antioxidant and antimicrobial activities by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting the growth of microbes. The fresh cow urine demonstrated stronger antioxidant and antimicrobial effects compared to its distillate. These findings provide scientific support for the traditional use of cow urine as a medicine in India.
Anti inflammatory activity of petroleum ether extract of convolvulus eriocarp...pharmaindexing
This document describes a study evaluating the anti-inflammatory activity of the petroleum ether extract of Convolvulus eriocarpus whole plant (PCE) in rodents. Acute toxicity studies of PCE were performed according to OECD guidelines and no signs of toxicity were observed up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using a carrageenan-induced paw edema model in rats. Rats were treated with PCE at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg or indomethacin 10 mg/kg as a standard. Paw volume was measured at intervals over 3 hours and PCE produced a dose-dependent inhibition of paw edema similar to indomethacin
The document evaluates the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Karuvilanchi ver chooranam (KVC), the root powder of Smilax zeylanica, in rodent models. The results showed that KVC significantly increased the reaction time in hot plate test and inhibited acetic acid-induced writhing responses in mice, indicating its analgesic effects. KVC also significantly reduced formalin-induced paw edema in rats and cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation, demonstrating its anti-inflammatory properties. The study confirms the traditional use of KVC for pain and inflammation management.
This study evaluated the antiasthmatic potential of a polyherbal formulation containing extracts of four plants - Solanum xanthocarpum, Aegle marmelos, Caesalpinia bonduc, and Murraya koenigii. Experimental models in rats and guinea pigs were used to assess mast cell stabilization, antihistaminic, and anticholinergic effects. The results demonstrated that the polyherbal formulation dose-dependently inhibited mast cell degranulation and protected against histamine- and acetylcholine-induced bronchospasm in guinea pigs, suggesting antiasthmatic effects through mast cell membrane stabilization, antihistaminic, and anticholinergic mechanisms of action. This
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANALGESIC EFFECTS OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF Afrofritomia...paperpublications3
Abstract: Methanolic extract of the leaf of Afrofritomia sylvestris was investigated for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. The extract was evaluated using carragenaan-induced paw oedema in rats (anti-inflammatory effect) as well as acetic acid-induced writhing (analgesic effect) in mice, after intra-peritoneal injection of the extract (250mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg). The negative control animals were given normal saline (10ml/kg) and the effects were compared with that of Acetylsalicylic acid (100mg/kg), as a positive control drug. Each experiment consisted of twenty five animals divided into 5 groups of 5 animals each. Tail immersion reaction time and Naloxone antagonism of the extracts and morphine were further used to investigate the mode of action of the analgesic activity of the leaf. The extract significantly inhibited carageenan-induced hind paw inflammation in rats (P<0.05-0.01)><0.01). The methanolic extract failed to raise the pain threshold of mice towards heat stimulus and Naloxone did not show any significant antagonism (blocking effect) against the extract in the tail immersion experiment, thus ruling out the involvement of opioid receptors in the mechanism of analgesic action of the extract. Phytochemical analyses of the plant show the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, triterpenes and cyanogenic glycosides. The LD50 of the extract was determined to be 3050+223.65mg/kg using the method of Tainter and Miller.In this study, methanolic extract of Afrofritomia sylvestris leaf was found to possess significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in the tested models.
Evaluation of Analgesic Activity of Some Polyherbal Extracts against Acetic A...Jing Zang
Aloe vera contains salicylic acid which is an aspirin like compound with anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti bacterial properties. Cannabis sativa is an annual herbaceous plant in the cannabaceae family. The aim of present study was to evaluate analgesic activity of that combination extract against acetic acid induced writhing in mice. All animals were divided into four groups of six mice each. Group I was treated as toxicant control to observe writhing and group II was pretreated with diclofenac sodium (100 mg/kg, i.p.) Group III and IV were pretreated with polyherbal leaves extract of Aloe vera and Cannabis sativa at two doses 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg p.o. respectively. Polyherbal extract and Diclofenac sodium were given before 60 minute of acetic acid administration. The results showed that polyherbal extract significantly reduced number of writhing when compared with group I (Toxicant control) mice and the results were dose dependent. The toxicity study also revealed its safeness, thus the combination of plant extract can be hypothesized it is nontoxic. It is concluded that polyherbal extract can offer protection against acetic acid induced writhing in mice.
This study investigated the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of cow urine and its distillate. The cow urine and distillate were tested for their ability to scavenge free radicals using two in vitro assays and for their antimicrobial activity against several microbes. The results showed that both the cow urine and its distillate exhibited antioxidant and antimicrobial activities by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting the growth of microbes. The fresh cow urine demonstrated stronger antioxidant and antimicrobial effects compared to its distillate. These findings provide scientific support for the traditional use of cow urine as a medicine in India.
Anti inflammatory activity of petroleum ether extract of convolvulus eriocarp...pharmaindexing
This document describes a study evaluating the anti-inflammatory activity of the petroleum ether extract of Convolvulus eriocarpus whole plant (PCE) in rodents. Acute toxicity studies of PCE were performed according to OECD guidelines and no signs of toxicity were observed up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using a carrageenan-induced paw edema model in rats. Rats were treated with PCE at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg or indomethacin 10 mg/kg as a standard. Paw volume was measured at intervals over 3 hours and PCE produced a dose-dependent inhibition of paw edema similar to indomethacin
The document evaluates the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Karuvilanchi ver chooranam (KVC), the root powder of Smilax zeylanica, in rodent models. The results showed that KVC significantly increased the reaction time in hot plate test and inhibited acetic acid-induced writhing responses in mice, indicating its analgesic effects. KVC also significantly reduced formalin-induced paw edema in rats and cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation, demonstrating its anti-inflammatory properties. The study confirms the traditional use of KVC for pain and inflammation management.
This study evaluated the antiasthmatic potential of a polyherbal formulation containing extracts of four plants - Solanum xanthocarpum, Aegle marmelos, Caesalpinia bonduc, and Murraya koenigii. Experimental models in rats and guinea pigs were used to assess mast cell stabilization, antihistaminic, and anticholinergic effects. The results demonstrated that the polyherbal formulation dose-dependently inhibited mast cell degranulation and protected against histamine- and acetylcholine-induced bronchospasm in guinea pigs, suggesting antiasthmatic effects through mast cell membrane stabilization, antihistaminic, and anticholinergic mechanisms of action. This
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANALGESIC EFFECTS OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF Afrofritomia...paperpublications3
Abstract: Methanolic extract of the leaf of Afrofritomia sylvestris was investigated for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. The extract was evaluated using carragenaan-induced paw oedema in rats (anti-inflammatory effect) as well as acetic acid-induced writhing (analgesic effect) in mice, after intra-peritoneal injection of the extract (250mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg). The negative control animals were given normal saline (10ml/kg) and the effects were compared with that of Acetylsalicylic acid (100mg/kg), as a positive control drug. Each experiment consisted of twenty five animals divided into 5 groups of 5 animals each. Tail immersion reaction time and Naloxone antagonism of the extracts and morphine were further used to investigate the mode of action of the analgesic activity of the leaf. The extract significantly inhibited carageenan-induced hind paw inflammation in rats (P<0.05-0.01)><0.01). The methanolic extract failed to raise the pain threshold of mice towards heat stimulus and Naloxone did not show any significant antagonism (blocking effect) against the extract in the tail immersion experiment, thus ruling out the involvement of opioid receptors in the mechanism of analgesic action of the extract. Phytochemical analyses of the plant show the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, triterpenes and cyanogenic glycosides. The LD50 of the extract was determined to be 3050+223.65mg/kg using the method of Tainter and Miller.In this study, methanolic extract of Afrofritomia sylvestris leaf was found to possess significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in the tested models.
Evaluation of Analgesic Activity of Some Polyherbal Extracts against Acetic A...Jing Zang
Aloe vera contains salicylic acid which is an aspirin like compound with anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti bacterial properties. Cannabis sativa is an annual herbaceous plant in the cannabaceae family. The aim of present study was to evaluate analgesic activity of that combination extract against acetic acid induced writhing in mice. All animals were divided into four groups of six mice each. Group I was treated as toxicant control to observe writhing and group II was pretreated with diclofenac sodium (100 mg/kg, i.p.) Group III and IV were pretreated with polyherbal leaves extract of Aloe vera and Cannabis sativa at two doses 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg p.o. respectively. Polyherbal extract and Diclofenac sodium were given before 60 minute of acetic acid administration. The results showed that polyherbal extract significantly reduced number of writhing when compared with group I (Toxicant control) mice and the results were dose dependent. The toxicity study also revealed its safeness, thus the combination of plant extract can be hypothesized it is nontoxic. It is concluded that polyherbal extract can offer protection against acetic acid induced writhing in mice.
Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against carbon...oyepata
Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against
carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury
Oyepata Simeon Joseph1*, Jude e Okokon2, Opeyemi tosin Joseph3
This study evaluated the immunostimulatory and antioxidant properties of Phoenix dactylifera, commonly known as dates. Mice were injected with various concentrations of a Phoenix dactylifera extract. Results showed that the extract significantly increased phagocytic activity and reduced the half-life of carbon in the blood, indicating enhanced function of the reticuloendothelial system. The extract also significantly increased levels of the antioxidant glutathione in the liver. The concentration of 50 mg/kg produced the highest effects on phagocytosis and glutathione. Therefore, the study suggests that Phoenix dactylifera has immune-stimulating and antioxidant activities, with 50 mg/kg having the strongest impact.
Gallic acid, found in plants like sumac and tea leaves, was studied for its potential anxiolytic effects in rats. Rats were given various doses of gallic acid or diazepam daily for 10 days and then tested in two models - the elevated plus maze and bright/dark arena. In both tests, gallic acid produced behaviors indicating reduced anxiety, such as increased time in open/lit areas, at doses comparable to diazepam. The study suggests that gallic acid has anxiolytic properties, possibly through effects on GABA and nitric oxide systems in the brain. Further research is needed to understand the mechanism and potential for human use.
New Derivatives of (E)-3-(5-((substitutedphenylamino)methyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol...BRNSS Publication Hub
Objective: The objective of the paper was to evaluate the antifungal and antibacterial potential of new derivatives of ((E)-3-(5-((substitutedphenylamino)methyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-2-styryl quinazolin-4(3H)-one. Materials and Methods: Various syntheses of (E)-3-(5-(substitutedaminomethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-2-styrylquinazolin-4(3H)-one derivatives have been synthesized by reacting 2-substituted benzoxazin-4-one with (E)-2-(4-Substituedstyryl)-4H-benzo[d] [1,3]oxazin-4-one. All synthesized compounds have been characterized by the infrared, 1HNMR, and mass spectral analysis. Proposed compounds have been evaluated for antifungal and antibacterial activity. The antimicrobial activity of synthesized compounds (QNM-1 to QNM-15) has been carried through the serial dilution method. For bacterial screening, bacterial species were taken includes Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC-96), Bacillus subtilis (MTCC-441), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC-424), and Escherichia coli (MTCC-40). Norfloxacin (1-Ethyl-6-fluoro-1,4,dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-3-quinoline carboxylic acid) was used as the standard drug for antibacterial study. For antifungal screening, the following fungal species were used includes Aspergillus niger (MTCC-281), Candida albicans (MTCC-227), and Fusarium oxysporum (MTCC-284). Clotrimazole was selected as a standard drug for antifungal study. Results and Discussion: QNM-1, QNM-2, QNM-3, QNM-5, QNM-7, QNM-9, QNM-12, QNM-14, and QNM-15 were the most active compounds [Table 1] in the synthesized series which were active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms by the antibacterial screening. In the case of antibacterial activity, the presence of electronegative group (Cl, Br, F, and NO2) at both R may enhance the activity when they are p-substituted, but the compounds QNM-6 (R1=-C6H5Br (o); Ar=-C6H5), QNM-10 (R1 = -C6H5F (o); Ar= -C6H5F), QNM-11 (R1 =-C6H5NO2 (p); Ar=-C6H5F), and QNM-4 (R1 =-C6H5F (m); Ar=-C6H5) with given substitution may result in diminishing the activity. In case of antifungal activity, compounds QNM-1, QNM-5, QNM-7, QNM-9, QNM-11, QNM-12, QNM-14, and QNM-15 were the most active compounds in the synthesized series which were active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. In that series, compounds QNM-14, QNM-11, QNM-5, and QNM-7 have shown the highest activity. Compounds QNM-3, QNM-6, QNM-10, and QNM-13 have the least active. This result has also concluded that o-substituted compounds, i.e., -C6H5Cl(o), -C6H5Cl (m), -C6H5Br(o), -C6H5F (o), -C6H5F (p) at R1 position my resulted in diminishing or lower the activity.
Animal testing is commonly used for safety testing but causes harm to animals. Non-animal testing methods provide alternatives like using synthetic membranes and human cell cultures to assess skin corrosion and absorption without harming animals. These alternative methods are becoming more widely used and accepted in the cosmetics industry for tests like skin irritation and phototoxicity testing.
Effects of Ethanol Extract of Garcinia Kola on Biochemical Markers of Liver F...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
An Over view on Bioassay, structure & principles, types & methods of bioassay. Also mention of other assay's like biotechnology, microbio assay, immunoassay etc.
Hepatoprotective Effect of Cestrum parqui L. aerial parts and Phytochemical ...Jing Zang
This study deals with the investigation of hepatoprotective effect of 70% methanolic extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts and determination of the bioactive components of the plant. The hepatoprotective effect of Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) was analysed on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury. The administration of a single dose of 40% CCl4 (1ml/kg b.w.) causes an increase in the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspirate aminotransferase (AST) enzymes and so pretreated orally of a dose from Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) and silymarin (200 mg/kg) for three consecutive days prior to The administration of a single dose of CCl4 significantly prevented the increase in the activities of these enzymes. Histological analysis showed that Cestrum parqui methanol extract at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg and silymarin reduced the incidence of liver lesions including vacuole formation, neutrophil infiltration and necrosis of hepatocytes induced by CCl4. The extract cause a negative result on the antioxidative enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GRd) and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) level in liver, as compared to those in the CCl4-treated group and this suggests that the hepatoprotective activity of the extract is due to the antioxidant effect of the extract. Phytochemical analysis of the methanol extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts showed that it contained different phytoconstituents, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, terpenes and carbohydrates.
This document discusses several alternative methods that can be used instead of animal experiments for pharmacological and toxicological screening. It describes the full thickness skin model method which uses skin tissue to evaluate the effects of substances instead of live animals. It also mentions in silico methods which use computer programs and knowledge of similar substances to predict properties without testing. The document outlines the cell line technique using continuous cell lines to screen for effects like anticancer drugs. Finally, it explains the patch clamp technique which studies individual ion channels in isolated cells and kidney tubules as an alternative to testing on whole animals.
The document reports on a study that evaluated the hepatoprotective activity of Stephania abyssinica, a plant used traditionally in Ethiopia to treat liver diseases. Rats were treated with carbon tetrachloride to induce liver damage. Administration of the methanolic extracts of S. abyssinica roots and rhizomes reduced serum markers of liver damage. Fractionation led to the identification of a new alkaloid, 6-(3’-hydroxy-4’-methoxycinnamoyl)stephine, which displayed moderate hepatoprotective activity. The results provide evidence supporting the traditional use of S. abyssinica for liver diseases.
Oxadiazole and its tested derivatives with diverse pharmacological activities come under an important class of compounds in new drug development. The novel oxadiazole derivatives synthesized and investigated for their chemical and biological behavior has showed more importance in the recent era. In the previous studies, it was found that synthetic modification of oxadiazole ring has higher efficacy with improved potency and lesser toxicity. The present review provides an overview on the work done so far on oxadiazole and its biological activities (2008-2018).
Acute toxicity and anti-ulcerogenic activity of an aqueous extract from the s...Jing Zang
Terminalia superba is a plant used in traditional medicine to treat many illnesses particularly gastro-intestinal disorders. This study was aimed to evaluate the acute toxicity and gastric anti-ulcer activity of an aqueous extract of Terminalia superba (AETs). The LD50 was determined by the graphic method of Miller and Tainter (1944) and the calculation method of Dragsted and Lang (1957) in mice. The preventive anti-ulcerogenic action of the extract was assessed using four models of gastric ulcer induction namely HCl/Ethanol solution, indomethacin solution, pylorus ligation and cold restraint stress in rats. The LD50 obtained by the oral administration of AETs was 12.2 ± 0.21 g/kg b.w. and 12.33 ± 0.87 g/kg b.w. by the graphic method and the calculation method respectively. The administration of AETs intraperitoneally gave 1.97 ± 0.29 g/kg b.w. (graphic method) and 1.93 ± 0.21 g/kg b.w. (calculation method) as LD50s. The preventive gastric anti-ulcer study revealed that for doses ranging from 125 to 500 mg/kg body weight, EATs significantly (P<0.05)>< 0.05) increased mucus production and reduced gastric acid secretion. Phytochemical screening of the aqueous extract of the stem bark of Terminalia superba showed the presence of polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, quinones, coumarines, saponins, reduced sugar, sterols and polyterpenes. These results suggested that the preventive anti-ulcer activity of AETs may be due to a cytoprotective effect. The LD50s found indicated that the extract was not toxic and that the phytochemical coumpounds present in EATs could be responsible for its effects. In conclusion, the preventive gastric anti-ulcer and the non toxic effects of the aqueous extract of Terminalia superba could justify the use of this plant in traditional medicine to treat abdominal disorder and pains.
The document discusses alternatives to animal studies in 3 main areas: replacement, reduction, and refinement. Replacement involves using non-animal methods like cell cultures, computer simulations, or chemical/physical systems. Reduction aims to minimize animal use through improved study design and statistics. Refinement focuses on lessening pain and distress for animals, such as by improving surgical techniques or control of variables. A variety of non-animal methods are presented, including in vitro assays, microorganisms, and computer models, as well as strategies for reducing animal numbers through data sharing and statistical practices.
This document provides information about a PhD scholar named Haseeb Ahsan who is exploring the therapeutic potential of Naproxen derivatives in treating rheumatoid arthritis under the supervision of Dr. Alamgeer. It introduces rheumatoid arthritis and issues with current treatments. The scholar hypothesizes that newly synthesized Naproxen derivatives will have anti-arthritic effects and safety. The document outlines plans to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of compounds in vitro and in animal models of arthritis, and to assess toxicity.
Alternate animal experiments models for pre and post clinical screening of new drugs.
#Expetrimental_Pharmacology.
#Preclinical Screening methods and testing models.
#Animal_Handeling
Bioavailability Studies of Ketorolac Tromethamine Fast Dissolving Tablets Pre...IOSR Journals
This study was concerned with the investigation of acute pharmacological responses (pharmacodynamics) including analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of ketorolac tromethamine fast dissolving tablets prepared by direct compression method using 3% croscarmellose sodium as a superdisintegrant by applying tail flick test and carragenan induced rat paw edema test respectively. Also, the work aimed to develop a sensitive LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of ketorolac tromethamine in human plasma samples released from fast dissolving tablets. Also, to estimate whether the prepared tablet dosage form increases the bioavailability of ketorolac tromethamine in the body compared to marketed conventional tablet. From this study, it could be inferred that ketorolac tromethamine fast dissolving tablets (G5) containing (3% corscarmellose sodium as a superdisintegrant, 30% Avicel pH102, 5% aspartame, 1% talc, 1% magnesium stearate, and mannitol Q.S.) and prepared by direct compression method could be considered as a promising formula to enhance bioavilability of the drug.
Reverse pharmacology is an approach that begins with documented clinical effects of natural products and then uses experimental and clinical research to develop drug candidates from these effects. It involves three stages - experiential, exploratory, and experimental. The experiential stage involves documenting clinical observations of natural products. The exploratory stage involves dose-activity studies and in vitro/in vivo models to evaluate key targets. The experimental stage further studies plants or molecules at different biological levels to define safety, efficacy, and therapeutic potential. This approach has successfully rediscovered drugs in the past but was applied sporadically. Current research is now applying this approach in a multidisciplinary manner to develop drugs for conditions like diabetes, arthritis, and hepatitis.
Evaluation Of Analgesic And Anti Inflammatory Activity Of Siddha Drug Karuvil...IOSR Journals
The document evaluates the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Karuvilanchi ver chooranam (KVC), the root powder of Smilax zeylanica, in rodent models. The results showed that KVC significantly increased the reaction time in hot plate test and reduced acetic acid-induced writhing, indicating analgesic effects. KVC also significantly reduced formalin-induced paw edema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation, demonstrating anti-inflammatory properties. The effects were found to be dose-dependent. The study confirms the traditional use of KVC in managing pain and inflammation.
The document evaluates the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Karuvilanchi ver chooranam (KVC), the root powder of Smilax zeylanica, in rodents. Various experiments were conducted including the hot plate test, acetic acid-induced writhing test, formalin-induced paw edema test, and cotton pellet granuloma method. The results showed that KVC significantly increased reaction time in the hot plate test and inhibited writhing response in a dose-dependent manner. KVC also significantly reduced paw edema and granuloma formation compared to the control. The study confirms that KVC has potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, validating its traditional use.
Rat models of acute inflammation: a randomized controlled study on the effect...home
The discrepancies between single-blind and double-blind methods in animal pharmacological research are
noteworthy and should be better investigated, also in non-homeopathic research.
Cytotoxicity of Blended Versus Single Medicinal Mushroom Extracts on Human Ca...Jolene1981
ABSTRACT: The use of mushrooms contributes to human nutrition by providing low lipid content of lipids and high dietary fiber content, as well as significant content of other biologically active compounds such as polysaccharides, minerals, vitamins, and polyphenolic antioxidants. This study aimed to determine the content of polyphenols and polysaccharides, as well as the cytotoxic and antioxidative properties of several medicinal mushroom preparations. The content of total phenols and flavonoids of preparations of blended mushroom extracts (Lentifom, Super Polyporin, Agarikon, Agarikon Plus, Agarikon.1, and Mykoprotect.1) was evaluated quantitatively by using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy spectrophotometric methods. The antioxidant capacity of the preparations was evaluated using the ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) and ferric reducing/antioxidant power assays. The content of water-soluble polysaccharides was determined using a specific gravimetric method, based on ethanol precipitation. To determine cytotoxic effects of single and blended mushroom extracts, MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and neutral red assays were conducted using human small cell lung cancer, lung adenocarcinoma, colon cancer, and brain astrocytoma cancer cells. The obtained results suggest that due to the significant content of beneficial polyphenolic antioxidants and soluble polysaccharides, use of these mushroom preparations is beneficial in maintaining good health, as well as in the prevention and adjuvant biotherapy of various human pathological aberrations. These results reveal that these extracts exhibit different cytotoxic effects on tumor cells originating from different tissues. In addition, the comparison of investigated blended mushroom extracts with three well-known commercial mushroom products derived from single mushroom species or single mushroom compounds shows that blended mushroom extracts exhibit significantly stronger cytotoxic effects on human tumor cell lines.
Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against carbon...oyepata
Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against
carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury
Oyepata Simeon Joseph1*, Jude e Okokon2, Opeyemi tosin Joseph3
This study evaluated the immunostimulatory and antioxidant properties of Phoenix dactylifera, commonly known as dates. Mice were injected with various concentrations of a Phoenix dactylifera extract. Results showed that the extract significantly increased phagocytic activity and reduced the half-life of carbon in the blood, indicating enhanced function of the reticuloendothelial system. The extract also significantly increased levels of the antioxidant glutathione in the liver. The concentration of 50 mg/kg produced the highest effects on phagocytosis and glutathione. Therefore, the study suggests that Phoenix dactylifera has immune-stimulating and antioxidant activities, with 50 mg/kg having the strongest impact.
Gallic acid, found in plants like sumac and tea leaves, was studied for its potential anxiolytic effects in rats. Rats were given various doses of gallic acid or diazepam daily for 10 days and then tested in two models - the elevated plus maze and bright/dark arena. In both tests, gallic acid produced behaviors indicating reduced anxiety, such as increased time in open/lit areas, at doses comparable to diazepam. The study suggests that gallic acid has anxiolytic properties, possibly through effects on GABA and nitric oxide systems in the brain. Further research is needed to understand the mechanism and potential for human use.
New Derivatives of (E)-3-(5-((substitutedphenylamino)methyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol...BRNSS Publication Hub
Objective: The objective of the paper was to evaluate the antifungal and antibacterial potential of new derivatives of ((E)-3-(5-((substitutedphenylamino)methyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-2-styryl quinazolin-4(3H)-one. Materials and Methods: Various syntheses of (E)-3-(5-(substitutedaminomethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-2-styrylquinazolin-4(3H)-one derivatives have been synthesized by reacting 2-substituted benzoxazin-4-one with (E)-2-(4-Substituedstyryl)-4H-benzo[d] [1,3]oxazin-4-one. All synthesized compounds have been characterized by the infrared, 1HNMR, and mass spectral analysis. Proposed compounds have been evaluated for antifungal and antibacterial activity. The antimicrobial activity of synthesized compounds (QNM-1 to QNM-15) has been carried through the serial dilution method. For bacterial screening, bacterial species were taken includes Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC-96), Bacillus subtilis (MTCC-441), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC-424), and Escherichia coli (MTCC-40). Norfloxacin (1-Ethyl-6-fluoro-1,4,dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-3-quinoline carboxylic acid) was used as the standard drug for antibacterial study. For antifungal screening, the following fungal species were used includes Aspergillus niger (MTCC-281), Candida albicans (MTCC-227), and Fusarium oxysporum (MTCC-284). Clotrimazole was selected as a standard drug for antifungal study. Results and Discussion: QNM-1, QNM-2, QNM-3, QNM-5, QNM-7, QNM-9, QNM-12, QNM-14, and QNM-15 were the most active compounds [Table 1] in the synthesized series which were active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms by the antibacterial screening. In the case of antibacterial activity, the presence of electronegative group (Cl, Br, F, and NO2) at both R may enhance the activity when they are p-substituted, but the compounds QNM-6 (R1=-C6H5Br (o); Ar=-C6H5), QNM-10 (R1 = -C6H5F (o); Ar= -C6H5F), QNM-11 (R1 =-C6H5NO2 (p); Ar=-C6H5F), and QNM-4 (R1 =-C6H5F (m); Ar=-C6H5) with given substitution may result in diminishing the activity. In case of antifungal activity, compounds QNM-1, QNM-5, QNM-7, QNM-9, QNM-11, QNM-12, QNM-14, and QNM-15 were the most active compounds in the synthesized series which were active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. In that series, compounds QNM-14, QNM-11, QNM-5, and QNM-7 have shown the highest activity. Compounds QNM-3, QNM-6, QNM-10, and QNM-13 have the least active. This result has also concluded that o-substituted compounds, i.e., -C6H5Cl(o), -C6H5Cl (m), -C6H5Br(o), -C6H5F (o), -C6H5F (p) at R1 position my resulted in diminishing or lower the activity.
Animal testing is commonly used for safety testing but causes harm to animals. Non-animal testing methods provide alternatives like using synthetic membranes and human cell cultures to assess skin corrosion and absorption without harming animals. These alternative methods are becoming more widely used and accepted in the cosmetics industry for tests like skin irritation and phototoxicity testing.
Effects of Ethanol Extract of Garcinia Kola on Biochemical Markers of Liver F...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
An Over view on Bioassay, structure & principles, types & methods of bioassay. Also mention of other assay's like biotechnology, microbio assay, immunoassay etc.
Hepatoprotective Effect of Cestrum parqui L. aerial parts and Phytochemical ...Jing Zang
This study deals with the investigation of hepatoprotective effect of 70% methanolic extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts and determination of the bioactive components of the plant. The hepatoprotective effect of Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) was analysed on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury. The administration of a single dose of 40% CCl4 (1ml/kg b.w.) causes an increase in the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspirate aminotransferase (AST) enzymes and so pretreated orally of a dose from Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) and silymarin (200 mg/kg) for three consecutive days prior to The administration of a single dose of CCl4 significantly prevented the increase in the activities of these enzymes. Histological analysis showed that Cestrum parqui methanol extract at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg and silymarin reduced the incidence of liver lesions including vacuole formation, neutrophil infiltration and necrosis of hepatocytes induced by CCl4. The extract cause a negative result on the antioxidative enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GRd) and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) level in liver, as compared to those in the CCl4-treated group and this suggests that the hepatoprotective activity of the extract is due to the antioxidant effect of the extract. Phytochemical analysis of the methanol extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts showed that it contained different phytoconstituents, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, terpenes and carbohydrates.
This document discusses several alternative methods that can be used instead of animal experiments for pharmacological and toxicological screening. It describes the full thickness skin model method which uses skin tissue to evaluate the effects of substances instead of live animals. It also mentions in silico methods which use computer programs and knowledge of similar substances to predict properties without testing. The document outlines the cell line technique using continuous cell lines to screen for effects like anticancer drugs. Finally, it explains the patch clamp technique which studies individual ion channels in isolated cells and kidney tubules as an alternative to testing on whole animals.
The document reports on a study that evaluated the hepatoprotective activity of Stephania abyssinica, a plant used traditionally in Ethiopia to treat liver diseases. Rats were treated with carbon tetrachloride to induce liver damage. Administration of the methanolic extracts of S. abyssinica roots and rhizomes reduced serum markers of liver damage. Fractionation led to the identification of a new alkaloid, 6-(3’-hydroxy-4’-methoxycinnamoyl)stephine, which displayed moderate hepatoprotective activity. The results provide evidence supporting the traditional use of S. abyssinica for liver diseases.
Oxadiazole and its tested derivatives with diverse pharmacological activities come under an important class of compounds in new drug development. The novel oxadiazole derivatives synthesized and investigated for their chemical and biological behavior has showed more importance in the recent era. In the previous studies, it was found that synthetic modification of oxadiazole ring has higher efficacy with improved potency and lesser toxicity. The present review provides an overview on the work done so far on oxadiazole and its biological activities (2008-2018).
Acute toxicity and anti-ulcerogenic activity of an aqueous extract from the s...Jing Zang
Terminalia superba is a plant used in traditional medicine to treat many illnesses particularly gastro-intestinal disorders. This study was aimed to evaluate the acute toxicity and gastric anti-ulcer activity of an aqueous extract of Terminalia superba (AETs). The LD50 was determined by the graphic method of Miller and Tainter (1944) and the calculation method of Dragsted and Lang (1957) in mice. The preventive anti-ulcerogenic action of the extract was assessed using four models of gastric ulcer induction namely HCl/Ethanol solution, indomethacin solution, pylorus ligation and cold restraint stress in rats. The LD50 obtained by the oral administration of AETs was 12.2 ± 0.21 g/kg b.w. and 12.33 ± 0.87 g/kg b.w. by the graphic method and the calculation method respectively. The administration of AETs intraperitoneally gave 1.97 ± 0.29 g/kg b.w. (graphic method) and 1.93 ± 0.21 g/kg b.w. (calculation method) as LD50s. The preventive gastric anti-ulcer study revealed that for doses ranging from 125 to 500 mg/kg body weight, EATs significantly (P<0.05)>< 0.05) increased mucus production and reduced gastric acid secretion. Phytochemical screening of the aqueous extract of the stem bark of Terminalia superba showed the presence of polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, quinones, coumarines, saponins, reduced sugar, sterols and polyterpenes. These results suggested that the preventive anti-ulcer activity of AETs may be due to a cytoprotective effect. The LD50s found indicated that the extract was not toxic and that the phytochemical coumpounds present in EATs could be responsible for its effects. In conclusion, the preventive gastric anti-ulcer and the non toxic effects of the aqueous extract of Terminalia superba could justify the use of this plant in traditional medicine to treat abdominal disorder and pains.
The document discusses alternatives to animal studies in 3 main areas: replacement, reduction, and refinement. Replacement involves using non-animal methods like cell cultures, computer simulations, or chemical/physical systems. Reduction aims to minimize animal use through improved study design and statistics. Refinement focuses on lessening pain and distress for animals, such as by improving surgical techniques or control of variables. A variety of non-animal methods are presented, including in vitro assays, microorganisms, and computer models, as well as strategies for reducing animal numbers through data sharing and statistical practices.
This document provides information about a PhD scholar named Haseeb Ahsan who is exploring the therapeutic potential of Naproxen derivatives in treating rheumatoid arthritis under the supervision of Dr. Alamgeer. It introduces rheumatoid arthritis and issues with current treatments. The scholar hypothesizes that newly synthesized Naproxen derivatives will have anti-arthritic effects and safety. The document outlines plans to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of compounds in vitro and in animal models of arthritis, and to assess toxicity.
Alternate animal experiments models for pre and post clinical screening of new drugs.
#Expetrimental_Pharmacology.
#Preclinical Screening methods and testing models.
#Animal_Handeling
Bioavailability Studies of Ketorolac Tromethamine Fast Dissolving Tablets Pre...IOSR Journals
This study was concerned with the investigation of acute pharmacological responses (pharmacodynamics) including analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of ketorolac tromethamine fast dissolving tablets prepared by direct compression method using 3% croscarmellose sodium as a superdisintegrant by applying tail flick test and carragenan induced rat paw edema test respectively. Also, the work aimed to develop a sensitive LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of ketorolac tromethamine in human plasma samples released from fast dissolving tablets. Also, to estimate whether the prepared tablet dosage form increases the bioavailability of ketorolac tromethamine in the body compared to marketed conventional tablet. From this study, it could be inferred that ketorolac tromethamine fast dissolving tablets (G5) containing (3% corscarmellose sodium as a superdisintegrant, 30% Avicel pH102, 5% aspartame, 1% talc, 1% magnesium stearate, and mannitol Q.S.) and prepared by direct compression method could be considered as a promising formula to enhance bioavilability of the drug.
Reverse pharmacology is an approach that begins with documented clinical effects of natural products and then uses experimental and clinical research to develop drug candidates from these effects. It involves three stages - experiential, exploratory, and experimental. The experiential stage involves documenting clinical observations of natural products. The exploratory stage involves dose-activity studies and in vitro/in vivo models to evaluate key targets. The experimental stage further studies plants or molecules at different biological levels to define safety, efficacy, and therapeutic potential. This approach has successfully rediscovered drugs in the past but was applied sporadically. Current research is now applying this approach in a multidisciplinary manner to develop drugs for conditions like diabetes, arthritis, and hepatitis.
Evaluation Of Analgesic And Anti Inflammatory Activity Of Siddha Drug Karuvil...IOSR Journals
The document evaluates the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Karuvilanchi ver chooranam (KVC), the root powder of Smilax zeylanica, in rodent models. The results showed that KVC significantly increased the reaction time in hot plate test and reduced acetic acid-induced writhing, indicating analgesic effects. KVC also significantly reduced formalin-induced paw edema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation, demonstrating anti-inflammatory properties. The effects were found to be dose-dependent. The study confirms the traditional use of KVC in managing pain and inflammation.
The document evaluates the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Karuvilanchi ver chooranam (KVC), the root powder of Smilax zeylanica, in rodents. Various experiments were conducted including the hot plate test, acetic acid-induced writhing test, formalin-induced paw edema test, and cotton pellet granuloma method. The results showed that KVC significantly increased reaction time in the hot plate test and inhibited writhing response in a dose-dependent manner. KVC also significantly reduced paw edema and granuloma formation compared to the control. The study confirms that KVC has potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, validating its traditional use.
Rat models of acute inflammation: a randomized controlled study on the effect...home
The discrepancies between single-blind and double-blind methods in animal pharmacological research are
noteworthy and should be better investigated, also in non-homeopathic research.
Cytotoxicity of Blended Versus Single Medicinal Mushroom Extracts on Human Ca...Jolene1981
ABSTRACT: The use of mushrooms contributes to human nutrition by providing low lipid content of lipids and high dietary fiber content, as well as significant content of other biologically active compounds such as polysaccharides, minerals, vitamins, and polyphenolic antioxidants. This study aimed to determine the content of polyphenols and polysaccharides, as well as the cytotoxic and antioxidative properties of several medicinal mushroom preparations. The content of total phenols and flavonoids of preparations of blended mushroom extracts (Lentifom, Super Polyporin, Agarikon, Agarikon Plus, Agarikon.1, and Mykoprotect.1) was evaluated quantitatively by using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy spectrophotometric methods. The antioxidant capacity of the preparations was evaluated using the ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) and ferric reducing/antioxidant power assays. The content of water-soluble polysaccharides was determined using a specific gravimetric method, based on ethanol precipitation. To determine cytotoxic effects of single and blended mushroom extracts, MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and neutral red assays were conducted using human small cell lung cancer, lung adenocarcinoma, colon cancer, and brain astrocytoma cancer cells. The obtained results suggest that due to the significant content of beneficial polyphenolic antioxidants and soluble polysaccharides, use of these mushroom preparations is beneficial in maintaining good health, as well as in the prevention and adjuvant biotherapy of various human pathological aberrations. These results reveal that these extracts exhibit different cytotoxic effects on tumor cells originating from different tissues. In addition, the comparison of investigated blended mushroom extracts with three well-known commercial mushroom products derived from single mushroom species or single mushroom compounds shows that blended mushroom extracts exhibit significantly stronger cytotoxic effects on human tumor cell lines.
This is the presentation for B. Pharm. IV semester students.
It includes Introduction of Medicinal Chemistry, History and Development of Medicinal Chemistry
The document provides an overview of the history and development of medicinal chemistry. It discusses how medicinal chemistry originated from the use of natural products for medicine and evolved with the isolation and synthesis of active compounds. Key developments include the first synthetic drug arsphenamine in 1910, the discovery of penicillin in the 1940s, and new drug classes like sulfonamides, beta-lactam antibiotics, corticosteroids, and anti-cancer agents over subsequent decades. Modern techniques like computer modeling and combinatorial chemistry have further advanced drug discovery and design processes.
This study investigated the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of cow urine and its distillate. The cow urine and distillate were tested for their ability to scavenge free radicals using two in vitro assays and for their antimicrobial activity against several microbes. The results showed that both the cow urine and its distillate exhibited antioxidant and antimicrobial activities by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting the growth of microbes. The fresh cow urine demonstrated stronger antioxidant and antimicrobial effects compared to its distillate. These findings provide scientific support for the traditional use of cow urine as a medicine in India.
The study tested the abortifacient (abortion-causing) effects of Moringa oleifera leaf extract in rats. Rats were orally administered 175 mg/kg of a dried leaf extract from days 5-10 of pregnancy. This resulted in 100% abortions, with no fetus formation observed. No maternal mortality occurred. The traditional use of Moringa oleifera as an abortifacient agent by women in an Indian village inspired this study to systematically evaluate its antifertility effects in rats. The results suggest Moringa oleifera leaf extract has strong abortifacient properties and could potentially be used as an herbal abortifacient drug.
ABSTRACT
Background:The main objective of the study is to determine the anti-arthritic effect of whole plant ethanolic extract of Polygonum glabrum
belonging to the family Polygonaceae in Female wistar rats using the Freund’s Complete Adjuvant (FCA) model . Methods:The plants areal
parts were collected near Tirupathi hills, Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh in India. The Phytoconstituents were identified through the
chemical tests. Ethanol (95%) was used to obtain the whole plant extraction through Soxhlet extractor. Female SD rats were used for antiarthritic
screening. Arthritis was induced using FCA, and the anti-arthritic effect of the ethanolic extract of P.glabrum was studied at doses
of 250 and500 mg/kg. The effects were compared with those of indomethacin (10 mg/kg). At the end of the study, theliver enzyme levels were
determined and a radiological examination was carried out. Results and Discussion:The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic
extract of Polygonum glabrum showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and saponins. P. glabrum at 250 and 500 mg/kg
significantly inhibited the FCA-induced arthritis in the rats. This was manifested by as a decrease in the paw volume. The arthritic control
animals exhibited a significant decrease in body weight compared with control animals without arthritis. P. glabrum treated animals showed
dose dependent reduction in decrease in body weight and arthritis.At the same time, P.glabrum significantly altered the biochemical and
haematological changes induced by FCA (P < 0.05). The anti-arthritic effect of P.glabrum was comparable with that of Indomethacin.
Conclusion:The whole plant extract of P.glabrum showed significant anti-arthritic activity against FCA-induced arthritis in female Wistar
rats.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Algae-Based Astaxanthin superior to Synthetic and Phaffia Yeast AstaxanthinAlgaeHealthSciences
This document discusses the differences between natural astaxanthin from algae and synthetic or Phaffia yeast-derived astaxanthin. It summarizes several studies that show natural astaxanthin is significantly more effective as an antioxidant, protecting animals from oxidative stress better than the other forms. One study on C. elegans worms found natural astaxanthin kept 50% more alive after oxidative stress and improved antioxidant enzyme levels more than the other groups. Another study on rats also showed natural astaxanthin better protected the liver and had higher antioxidant effects. In general, the document argues natural astaxanthin is superior for health applications based on its stronger antioxidant activity and better outcomes in animal studies compared to synthetic or Ph
Preclinical Toxicity Studies-Tool of Drug Discoverydynajolly
As per WHO “Drug is any substance or product that is used or is intended to be used to modify or explore physiological systems or pathological states for the benefit of the recipient”. Hence the prime objective of using any substance as a drug is that it must be beneficial for the humans. A large number of compounds are synthesized every year but they cannot be directly used in humans as drugs because no one knows or can predict the possible harmful effects of these compounds in humans. That is why to explore the complete pharmacological profile of these compounds and to ensure complete human safety they are first tested on animals before clinical use. Preclinical Studies thus can be defined as “Testing the newly discovered compound in animals with the objective of gaining information regarding the various aspects of the compound with respect to the biological systems so that the same can be extrapolated for the use of that compound in humans”. As the evaluation progresses undesirable compounds gets rejected at each step, so that only a few out of thousands reach the stage when administration to the humans is considered.
Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology journal accepts articles from different disciplines as below but not constrained to only these Pharmacovigilance signal, Pharmacovigilance data management, Design and development of drug, Principles of pharmacology, Quality system and pharmacovigilance, Pharmacovigilance softwares, Drug regulatory activities, Drug reactions and diagnosis, Reporting systems, Clinical trials and pharmacovigilance, Marketing surveillance, Pharmacovigilance ethics and regulations, Biomarkers and pharmacology , Concepts and trends in pharmacovigilance, Pharmaceutical medicines, Drug delivery systems, Statistics and data management.
A REVIEW ON THE PHARMACOLOGY OF EMBELIA RIBES BURM.F.-A THREATENED MEDICINAL ...Sara Alvarez
This document discusses the pharmacology of Embelia ribes Burm.f., a threatened medicinal plant. It provides an overview of the phytochemistry of E. ribes, which contains embelin and other compounds. Various studies have shown E. ribes and its active compounds have analgesic, anthelmintic, anticancer, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and antifertility properties. Specifically, embelin and its derivatives have been found to have analgesic effects through binding sites in the brain. Extracts of E. ribes have demonstrated anthelmintic effects against various worms and parasites. Further research is still needed to explore all the potential medicinal activities of this threatened plant species.
(6)6 sy comparative efficacy of four ayurvedic antidiabetic formulations in a...Kiran Kumar
1) The study evaluated the efficacy of four Ayurvedic antidiabetic formulations (A, B, C, D) in lowering blood glucose and lipid levels in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits.
2) Formulation A showed the earliest onset of action at 8 hours and was the most effective at reducing blood glucose levels over a sustained period, compared to the other formulations and tolbutamide.
3) Formulation A also significantly lowered lipid levels and was the most effective antihyperlipidemic agent among the four formulations tested.
Voss et al. - 2006 - Identification of potent anticancer activity in XiCristina Voss
An aqueous extract from Ximenia americana, a plant used in African traditional medicine, showed potent anticancer activity against various human and rat cancer cell lines. The extract was cytotoxic with IC50 values ranging from 1.7 to 170 mg/ml. In vivo, the extract significantly reduced tumor burden in a rat model of colorectal cancer when administered either orally or intraperitoneally. Phytochemical analysis identified the active compounds as proteins that bind galactose, with one protein containing an amino acid sequence identical to a peptide from the toxic ribosome-inactivating protein ricin. This suggests the extract's anticancer mechanism differs from common chemotherapeutics.
ISSN 2347-2251
It appears that you're describing the scope of a scientific journal. This journal covers a wide range of topics related to both Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biological Sciences of the journalism journals.
The Indo-American Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences is an online international journal that publishes articles quarterly.It's important to note that the specific policies, guidelines, and the editorial board of IAJPB may change over time, so it's advisable to visit the journal's official website or contact the journal of the research on journaling.
Similar to En busca de agentes anticancerígenos potenciales. (20)
Este documento describe el caso de un joven de 17 años que ha estado sordo desde los 4 años, luego de que una erupción en su cuero cabelludo fuera tratada de forma violenta con nitrato de plata a los 3 años. El joven recibe tratamiento homeopático con Mezereum, lo que mejora gradualmente su audición hasta que queda completamente restaurada. El éxito del tratamiento se debió a que los síntomas de la erupción original en el cuero cabelludo coincidían con la patogenia de Mezereum.
Este documento discute la clasificación de remedios. Argumenta que las clasificaciones basadas en teorías patológicas de otras escuelas no son útiles para los homeópatas, ya que se basan en principios diferentes. En cambio, propone que los remedios deben clasificarse de acuerdo a sus síntomas individuales, incluyendo la localización, tipo y condiciones de los síntomas. Esto permitirá aplicar mejor la ley de similares durante el tratamiento. Como ejemplo, explica cómo un caso de sudor podría tratarse se
The document discusses Samuel Hahnemann's views on homeopathy, including:
1) Diseases can only be understood empirically through their observable symptoms and effects, not through metaphysical speculation or assumptions about their internal nature. Remedies also can only be understood through their observable effects on healthy individuals, not through chemical theories.
2) Diseases are dynamic disturbances of the vital force, and remedies work dynamically to produce similar symptoms as they do in healthy individuals, thereby curing the disease.
3) For medicine to progress, treatment must be based on clearly observable effects, not hypothetical assumptions. Diseases and their cure can only be known through empirical observation of symptoms.
The document discusses guidelines for reporting homeopathic treatments in clinical trials. An international panel developed a checklist of 28 items to supplement the CONSORT guidelines for reporting randomized controlled trials. The checklist includes items on the type of homeopathy used, participant characteristics, medication details, consultation procedures, practitioners involved, co-interventions, and adverse events. The panel aims to improve understanding and appraisal of homeopathy trials by ensuring sufficient reporting of treatment methods and providers.
The document presents guidelines for reporting data on homeopathic treatments in clinical trials. It aims to supplement the CONSORT guidelines by providing 28 additional items focused on treatment details. An international expert panel developed the items through a three-round Delphi consensus process. The resulting RedHot guidelines include items on treatment rationale, participant characteristics, medication details, practitioner information, co-interventions, and adverse events. The guidelines are intended to improve transparency and evaluation of homeopathy trials.
Short-Term Effects of Repeated Olfactory Administration of Homeopathic Sulphu...Francisco Navarro
Short-Term Effects of Repeated Olfactory Administration of
Homeopathic Sulphur or Pulsatilla on Electroencephalographic
Alpha Power in Healthy Young Adults
Este documento presenta dos casos clínicos tratados con homeopatía. El primer caso describe a un paciente de 35 años con síntomas de fiebre tifoidea que fue tratado exitosamente con Calcarea carbónica. El segundo caso describe a una mujer de 45 años con diarrea por 10 días que respondió rápidamente a una dosis de Natrum carbónica. En ambos casos, los síntomas del paciente correspondían estrechamente a los síntomas experimentales de la medicina homeopática prescrita.
El documento discute la diferencia entre similia y lo igual en la homeopatía. Explica dos casos en los que el remedio adecuado no fue la droga que causó el problema original. En el primer caso, un hombre con estranguria después de gonorrea fue tratado exitosamente con Nux vomica en lugar de estrychnina. En el segundo caso, una mujer adicta al opio sanó con Belladona en lugar de más opio, ilustrando que el remedio adecuado depende de los síntomas específicos del paciente.
A model for homeopathic remedy effects: low
dose nanoparticles, allostatic cross-adaptation,
and time-dependent sensitization in a complex
adaptive system
This document provides a summary of an article about the origins and development of homeopathy in England and the United States in the 19th century. It focuses on the influence of Emanuel Swedenborg's spiritual writings on prominent homeopath John James Garth Wilkinson and how Wilkinson helped introduce homeopathy and spread Swedenborg's works in the US through his friend Henry James Sr. The document also discusses how Wilkinson gradually converted to homeopathy and had a successful homeopathic practice in London, emphasizing spiritual approaches.
Electromagnetic Signals Are Produced by Aqueous Nanostructures Derived from B...Francisco Navarro
1) Bacterial DNA sequences from some pathogens like Mycoplasma pirum and E. coli can induce the production of electromagnetic waves at high aqueous dilutions.
2) Filtrates that are sterile can still regenerate the original bacteria when incubated with uninfected cell cultures, and also produce electromagnetic signals (EMS) at certain dilutions.
3) The EMS-producing structures have characteristics of nanostructures or polymers between 20-100nm in size and varying densities, as shown through filtration and centrifugation experiments.
El documento contiene la correspondencia entre el Dr. Von Boenninghausen y las autoridades sobre el tratamiento homeopático de animales. Se le prohibió inicialmente al Dr. Von Boenninghausen tratar animales con enfermedades infecciosas como la rabia debido a que no tenía la titulación veterinaria requerida. Sin embargo, posteriormente las autoridades se retractaron de esta prohibición tras reconsiderar la orden del gabinete real que le permitía al Dr. Von Boenninghausen practicar la homeopatía.
El documento discute el valor de las altas potencias en la medicina homeopática. Relata experiencias exitosas usando potencias altas como 200C para tratar casos agudos y crónicos. También describe un caso específico donde potencias altas curaron el crup severo de un paciente, liberando una membrana de la tráquea, con resultados mejores que las potencias bajas. El autor concluye que las altas potencias tienen un lugar válido en la homeopatía y que los escépticos deberían probarlas antes de criticarlas.
La nueva edición del Organon (carta de Madame Hahnemann)Francisco Navarro
La carta de Madame Hahnemann responde a una solicitud de la facultad del colegio homeopático de Pensilvania para traducir el Organon al inglés de manera precisa, ya que las traducciones previas contenían errores. Madame Hahnemann expresa su apoyo a la traducción literal propuesta y explica que ha estado supervisando una nueva copia manuscrita del Organon para asegurar su fidelidad, la cual enviará a los doctores tan pronto como sea impresa para que puedan publicar una versión correcta.
Los párrafos 211 y 212 del Organon de Hahnemann discuten la importancia de considerar el estado emocional y mental del paciente al seleccionar un remedio homeopático. Específicamente, enfatizan que el estado de ánimo alterado y los cambios en el estado general de la mente producidos por la enfermedad deben tomarse en cuenta al igual que otros síntomas físicos. Cada medicamento homeopático es capaz de producir cambios característicos en el estado emocional y mental de una persona sana.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
One health condition that is becoming more common day by day is diabetes.
According to research conducted by the National Family Health Survey of India, diabetic cases show a projection which might increase to 10.4% by 2030.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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En busca de agentes anticancerígenos potenciales.
1. Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy
Vol. 2, No. 1, January-March 2008
38
EXTRA MURAL RESEARCH
Search for Potential Anticancer Agents:
Evaluation of Anticancer Activity of Carcinosin, Apis and Thuja
Soma Samanta, A.U. De, P.K. Tarafder and Tarun Jha*
Abstract
As a part of our composite programme of rational drug discovery, homeopathic medicines Carcinosin,
Apis and Thuja with different strengths were taken into consideration for anticancer activity to find
out the effectiveness of these drugs in animal models. Here, we have reported the anticancer
activity of Carcinosin of some strengths from a manufacturer where tumor cell count as well as
tumor weight inhibition were considered as the biological activity parameters. Anticancer activity of
all collected medicines of Carcinosin, Apis and Thuja were evaluated against another animal model
considering the survival time as the biological activity parameter. Result showed that the survival
time of Carcinosin is proportionally increased with potency and the observed result also satisfies
the validity of the animal model for anticancer evaluation as well as supports our earlier observations.
Apies and Thuja did not show promising result to increase the survival time.
Keywords : apis, carcinosin, thuja, ehrlich ascites carcinoma, survival time
Introduction
As a part of our composite programme of rational drug
discovery1-21
, homoeopathic medicines were taken into
consideration as complementary medicines.Anticancer
evaluation of different strength of Carcinosin,Apis mel.
andThuja occ. were reported previously4,11,21
. It was found
that the anticancer activity of Carcinosin increased with
dilution, i.e., potency of Carcinosin increases anticancer
activity11
. Carcinosin 200 and Carcinosin 1M showed
good anticancer activity in the animal model6
but Apis
mel. and Thuja occ did not show any significant
anticancer activity in that animal model4
. There was no
similarity between the anticancer activity and the potency
of samples of Apis mel. and Thuja occ6
. While working
with Carcinosin, to quantify its potential as an anticancer
agent in Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) cells, we
observed certain discrepancies in the actual content of
active constituents in the preparations available in the
market and we reported those findings12,21
. The
incomplete specifications in the Homeopathic
Pharmacopoeia22
in this area encouraged us to
characterize these homeopathic medicines before going
for their further evaluation of biological activity. Mother
tinctures of Thuja occidentalis, Apis mellifica,
Lycopodium clavatum and Hydratis canadensis were
chosen for that study. It was found that because of the
discrepancy in the drug contents of various marketed
mother tincture preparations, it was wise to make
dilutions from their accurately measured drug contents
and study their anticancer potential against EAC cells
and these part of the work was also reported12
.
After characterization of the mother tincture of Thuja,
Apis, Hydratis and Lycopodium, specific quantity of
residues of these after evaporation of solvents were
evaluated for their anticancer activity against EAC cells
in Swiss Albino mice4
. Anticancer activities of orally
administered Thuja occidentalis, Apis mellifica,
Lycopodium clavatum and Hydratis canadensis
obtained from different manufacturers like Hahnemann
Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. (India), C Ringer & Co. (India),
Dr. Willmar Schwable India Pvt. Ltd. (India), Dr. Willmar
Schwable Karlsruhe (Germany) and SBL Pvt. Ltd.
(India) were also reported4
. Anticancer activities of the
same administered intraperitoneally were also
reported4
. It was found that, though, the anticancer
activity of Thuja occidentalis, Apis mellifica, Lycopodium
clavatum and Hydratis Canadensis were very less but
the oral route was more effective than the
intraperitoneal one. Hence, supported the route of
administration of Homoeopathic drugs in
complementary medicines4
.
In traditional medicines, Carcinosin is a very common
drug used for the treatment of cancer. Alhough the
*
Address for correspondence : Prof. Tarun Jha, Department
of Pharmaceutical Technology, P.O. Box 17020, Jadavpur
University, Kolkata – 700032, India
E-mail: tjjupharm@yahoo.com
Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy
Vol. 2, No. 1, January-March 2008
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2. Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy
Vol. 2, No. 1, January-March 2008
39
anticancer activity of Carcinosin was evaluated initially4,6,
11, 21
but to study effects of the product (Carcinosin) of
different strengths from a different manufacturer (Dr.
Reckeweg & Co., Germany) were taken for the test in
this part of the work based on those earlier findings to
get a clear broad picture of this kind of homeopathic
anticancer drug. Our aim was to search for the potential
anticancer agents and here anticancer activity of
potentised and dynamised Carcinosin, Thuja and Apies
were evaluated against EhrlichAscites Carcinoma (EAC)
cells in Swiss Albino Mice and were reported as a
continuation of our earlier reported work4, 6, 11-12, 21
. In
comparison to our previous study6
on anticancer activity
of Carcinosin from a different manufacturer (Hahnemann
Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., India), it was found that there
was a similarity in anticancer activity of the same
potencies of Carcinosin and biological activity increases
with the potency. Result also satisfied the validity of
this animal model for anticancer evaluation of
homeopathic drugs.
Here, we have reported the anticancer activity of
Carcinosin of different strengths from a different
manufacturer than the earlier reported ones where
tumor cell count as well as tumor weight inhibition were
considered as the anticancer activity parameters.
Attempt was also made to find out effects of
homeopathic medicines on cancer in respect to the
survival time of animals to validate our earlier work of
homeopathic medicines on animal experimentation.
Materials and Methods
Carcinosin was obtained from Dr. Reckeweg & Co.
(Germany). Apis mel and Thuja were manufactured
by Hahnemann Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. (India).
Evaluation of anticancer agent
Carcinocin was evaluated for anticancer activity in
vivo against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) cells in
Swiss Albino mice using EAC fluid (tumor) weight and
EAC cell count as the biological activity parameters.
Amongst various in vivo evaluation systems in practice,
this method has been standardized and reported from
our laboratory earlier 4, 6, 9-11, 13, 16-17, 19-21
.
Survival time determination
Two groups of Swiss Albino mice, each containing 8
healthy mice of the same sex, approximately of the
same age and body weight (18-20g) were selected at
random and kept in two different cages under identical
conditions. One of these two groups served as the
control while the other as the test. EAC cells were
collected from the donor mouse and were resuspended
in sterile isotonic solution. The numbers of tumor cells
per ml of this suspension were counted under a
microscope with the help of a haemocytometer. A
definite number (about 2 X 106
cells/0.2 ml) of these
living viable cells was injected or implanted into the
peritoneal cavity of each mouse. In this instance, the
tumor cells multiplied relatively freely within the
peritoneal cavity and ascites developed. A day of
incubation was allowed to establish the disease in the
body before starting the drug administration. From the
2nd
day of transplantation up to the 8th
day, different
strengths of drugs were given from a solution of two
drops in 10 ml distilled water to each mouse orally
(buccal cavity was soaked properly) in the test group
at 24 hr interval. Thus, seven consecutive dosage of
the drug were administered to each mouse in the test
group. Mice were inspected daily for survival time for
the period of 30 days. Animals were also inspected for
the change in their body weight every alternate day
over this period.
Results and Discussion
Carcinosin 6, Carcinosin 30, Carcinosin 200 and
Carcinosin 1000 were evaluated for their anticancer
activity in vivo against EhrlichAscites Carcinoma (EAC)
cells in Swiss Albino mice using EAC fluid (tumor)
weight and EAC cell count as activity parameters. In
comparison between % inhibition of ascitic cells and
% inhibition of ascitic fluid it was found that there was
no similarity. Even in case of inhibition of ascites fluid,
it was found that with the increase in the dilution,
anticancer activity increased accordingly for Carcinosin
6, 30 and 200 but Carcinosin 1M does not showed the
expected result which is shown in Table 1. It may be
due to the nonuniformity of the actual content of active
constituents in the preparation available in the market
as reported by our earlier work11
.
We have also check effects of the homeopathic
medicines Carcinocin, Apis and Thuja on cancer in
respect to survival time in cancer. The results are shown
in Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4 respectively.
Conclusion
In search of potential anticancer agent, anticancer
evaluation was performed on different marketed
homeopathic medicines. Different homeopathic
medicines were collected from different companies like
a homeopathic manufacturing company from West
Bengal, i.e., Hahnemann Publishing Co.Pvt.Ltd., an
Indian manufacturing company, i.e., C. Ringer and Co.
(India), a German manufacturing company, i.e., Dr.
Willmar Schwable Karlsruhe (Germany),
and a US
based company, i.e., BT, USA. In the anticancer
evaluation of different strengths of Carcinosin of various
manufacturers, it was found in our previous report11
that
products from some companies showed good anticancer
Search for Potential Anticancer Agents: Evaluation of Anticancer Activity of Carcinosin, Apis and Thuja
Soma Samanta et al
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3. Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy
Vol. 2, No. 1, January-March 2008
40
Search for Potential Anticancer Agents: Evaluation of Anticancer Activity of Carcinosin, Apis and Thuja
Soma Samanta et al
Table 1: Anticancer activity of Carcinosin 6, Carcinosin 30, Carcinosin 200 and Carcinosin 1M against EAC cell
line in Swiss Albino mice administered orally
Table 2: Observation of survival time against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma cells of Carcinosin
Table 3: Observation of survival time against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma cells of Thuja
Table 4: Observation of survival time against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma cells of Apis
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4. Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy
Vol. 2, No. 1, January-March 2008
41
activity in the animal model where cell count and tumor
weight were considered as the biological activity
parameters.Anticancer activity of Carcinosin increased
with dilutions, i.e., potency of Carcinosin increased
anticancer activity but other products from some other
companies did not showed the expected activity with
dilutions, even there were discrepancies in results
between these two parameters, i.e., % inhibition of cell
count and the % inhibition of tumor weight of the ascitic
fluid. It may be due to the nonuniformity of the actual
content of active constituents in the preparations
available in the market. There is incomplete specification
in Homeopathic Pharmacopoea22
which encourages us
to determine the % content of active constituents and
we have reported previously12
the discrepancy in the drug
contents of various marketed mother tinctures of
Homeopathic preparations. Thus, it is better to make
dilutions from their accurately measured drug contents
and evaluation of anticancer activity of these ones. Due
to non-availability of the mother tincture of Carcinosin,
we evaluated anticancer activity of various dilution of
Carcinosin available from different manufacturers. We
had also checked the effect of the homeopathic
medicines Carcinosin, Apis and Thuja on cancer in
respect to survival time in another animal model. It is
also observed that for Carcinosin 1M, survival time was
the highest. Other anticancer homoeopathic medicines
like Apis mel. and Thuja occ did not show any significant
anticancer activity in the animal model so far survival
time was considered as the biological activity
parameter. There was no similarity between the
anticancer activity and potency of samples of these
Apis mel. and Thuja occ. This preliminary study showed
the importance of animal experiments for homeopathic
medicines and demands detail study in future.
Acknowledgement
Authors are thankful to Deptt. of Indian Systems of
Medicine & Homoeopathy (ISM&H), Ministry of Health
& Family Welfare, Govt. of India for providing financial
support, under Extra-Mural Research scheme.
Reference
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Soma Samanta, Tarun Jha Evaluation of the antipyretic
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Search for Potential Anticancer Agents: Evaluation of Anticancer Activity of Carcinosin, Apis and Thuja
Soma Samanta et al
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