Growth charts are used to compare the child's height, weight, and head size against children of the same age.
In this presentation, we will identify the most important pattern of pathological abnormal head circumference, failure to thrive, short statures and tall statures.
Height below 3rd centile or less than 2
standard deviations below the median
height for that age & sex according to
the population standard.
Or
Even if the height is within the normal percentiles but growth velocity is consistently below 25th percentile over 6-12 months of observation
Growth charts are used to compare the child's height, weight, and head size against children of the same age.
In this presentation, we will identify the most important pattern of pathological abnormal head circumference, failure to thrive, short statures and tall statures.
Height below 3rd centile or less than 2
standard deviations below the median
height for that age & sex according to
the population standard.
Or
Even if the height is within the normal percentiles but growth velocity is consistently below 25th percentile over 6-12 months of observation
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Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
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Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
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Short Stature and Poor Growth - Westchester Health Pediatrics
1. Short Stature and
Poor Growth
Joan Di Martino-Nardi, M.D.
Westchester Health Associates
Pediatrics
March 31, 2016
2. Joan Di Martino-Nardi, M.D.
• Investigator
oNovoNordisk
• Speaker’s Bureau
oNovoNordisk
oGenentech
3. Objectives
• Review Normal growth
• Identify the children who should be evaluated for short stature or
poor growth
• Understand the causes of short stature/poor growth
• Review Growth Hormone and IGF-1 physiology
• Outline Evaluation
4.
5. Height Prediction
-Based upon bone age and
Height at the time bone age is
obtained
-Bayley-Pinneau method is the
most accurate method (± 2
inches)
(plot height for bone
age)
Height for bone age
Predicted height
Height for Chronological
age
7. Who Should Be Evaluated?
• Height < 3rd percentile (10% have pathology)*
• Height velocity < 2 inches (5 cm) per year
--Downward crossing of percentiles on growth chart after age 2-3 years of
age
• Height prediction below genetic potential or below the Target height.
• “Sick” children who do not grow as expected after initiation of therapy for their
“illness”
*Lacey KA, Parkin JM. Causes of short stature. A community study of children in Newcastle-uponTyne. Lancet 1974; 1:42-25.
8. Causes of Short Stature or Poor Growth
• Normal
oFamilial short stature
oConstitutional short stature
• “delayed growth and development”
• “late bloomers”
9. Familial Short Stature
• Family history of short stature
• Normal age of onset of puberty
• All lab tests are normal (ie. Healthy)
• Bone age is ~the same as the chronological age
• Predicted height and adult final height are consistent with
genetic potential or Target height
11. Constitutional Growth Deley
• “slow growers” or “late bloomers”
• Family history of delayed puberty
• Normal growth velocity until 10-14 years of age for boys or 8-10 years for girls
• Delayed puberty: height deviates from growth curve at ~10-14 years
• Labs: wnl (i.e. healthy)
• Bone age delay: 2-4 years
• Later “catch-up growth”
• Normal height in adulthood: lower end of the normal height for their family (short for their
families)
16. Causes of Short Stature or Poor Growth
o Fed
• Nutritional*
• Low birth weight or length
(SGA=small for gestational age)
o Loved
• Psychosocial
o Healthy
• Endocrine
o Hypothyroidism
o Abnormalities of GH-IGF-1 axis
• Chromosome defects: Turner’s
Syndrome, Noonan’s Syndrome
• Bone development disorders
o SHOX deficiency
• Metabolic
• Chronic diseases and their
therapies
• Birth defects
Pathologic cause of short stature
We as providers need to confirm the child is…
17. Nutritional Growth Retardation (NGR)
• Real illness
o Inflammatory bowel disease
o Celiac disease
o Cystic fibrosis
o Cardiac, renal, HIV
• Poverty related malnutrition-worldwide
• Self-restricted nutrient intake in suburban upper middle class—
USA
o Patients have adapted to their suboptimal nutritional intake and may not
appear wasted
18.
19. How Is SGA Defined?
Usher and McLean Growth Curves
24. Photo
Phenotype of GH receptor deficiency. Brothers, ages 3 7/12 (left) and 1 9/12 (right), were homozygous for nonsense mutations (R43X) in the GH receptor gene. Their
heights were -7.2 and -5 SD below mean for age, respectively.
A random blood sample obtained on the younger showed low levels of IGF-I (6 ng/ml; normal 17-248) and IGFBP-3
(0.2 mg/l; normal 0.9-4.1) in the face of moderately elevated circulating GH concentration (19.8 ng/ml). They were
treated with recombinant IGF-I for 11 years. During this time they grew 4.6 cm/yr on average, a growth velocity
slightly lower than that of normal children, but greater than that expected, in untreated patients with this diagnosis, [3]. Photographs and baseline laboratory data from
Rosenbloom et al. [42]. Used with permission.
Rosenbloom AL. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 1995;8:159-65.
25.
26. Growth Hormone Deficiency
• Isolated
• Associated with multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies
o TSH, LH, FSH, ACTH, Vasopressin
• Congenital
o malformations/inherited genetic disorders
• Acquired
o tumors, head trauma, radiation therapy
Anything affecting CNS can result in GHD
28. Evaluation of Short Stature History
• Birth history
o Mother’s pregnancy
• Illness, toxins, alcohol/drugs,
• Peri-natal events
o Birth weight and length
• Medical history
o ROS (signs of chronic disease)
o Medication history
• Family history
o Height, “late bloomers” and pubertal timing
o Height of parents to calculate mid-parental height
o Significant “life” events (psychosocial)
• Growth curves
29. Physical Exam
• Height and weight
• Head circumference
• Body proportions (skeletal dysplasia?)
o Arm span
o Upper/segment ratio
• Dysmorphic features: metacarpals, midline craniofacial defects, Madelung
deformity, cubitus valgus
• Pubertal status
• Scoliosis
• Body proportions
• Signs of chronic illness: pallor, dry skin, poor dentition
30. Evaluation
• CBC
• ESR or C-Reactive Protein
• Biochemical profile
• T4, TSH. Anti-thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase antibodies
• Celiac Screen
• IGF-1/IGFBP-3
• Bone Age (for height prediction)
• Genetic tests: Karyotype (girls); SHOX and
• Skeletal survey if hypochondoplasia suspected (i.e.abnormal body
proportions)
• Growth Hormone testing
• MRI of the pituitary with and without gadolinium for children with growth
hormone deficiency
31. Psychosocial Consequences of Short Stature
• Overall : Most children have normal psychosocial function
• Short stature may be a risk factor for psychosocial problems*
o Social immaturity
o Infantilization
o Low self esteem
o Being bullied
*May be a function of several risk factors including parental attitudes and prevailing
cultural opinions
*Clinic-based populations may display greater psychosocial dysfunction
From Lawson Wilkins Consensus Statement on ISS JCEM epub Sept 2008
32. Short Stature: The Social Problem
Prejudice is pervasive
• “Feisty” refers to short people
• “Distinguished” used to describe a tall person
• “Look up to”; “look down upon”
• “how tall are you?” vs. “what is your height?”
• “Short People (Randy Newman)—”grubby little fingers, dirty little
minds, with no reason to live”
• Etc……..
“The Height of Your Life” by Ralph Keyes