Socio-sexual cues as a proximate factor affecting reproduction behavior and physiology in sheep

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Presented by Mourad Rekik, ICARDA, at the EIAR-DBARC-ICARDA-ILRI (LIVES)-FAO Training Workshop on Reproduction in Sheep and Goat, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia, 13-15 October 2014

Science

Socio-sexual cues as a proximate factor
affecting reproduction behavior and
physiology in sheep
Mourad Rekik
EIAR-DBARC-ICARDA-ILRI (LIVES)-FAO Training on
Reproduction in Sheep and Goat, Debre Berhan,
Ethiopia, 13-15 October 2014

Three Environmental Influences
Photoperiod
Other Pituitary
Hormones
Prolactin
ACTH-Glucocorticoid
Somatotrophic system
Thyrotrophic system
Nutrition
Nutrition
Puberty
Lactation
Gonadotrophins
Gonads
Sex steroids
Reproductive tract
Mammary glands
Socio-sexual
Signals
(pheromones)
Autonomic
Nervous
System
Socio-Sexual
Signals

Natural method: The «male effect»
Olfactory senses
How it works
hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
ovary
Male stimuli
(Pheromones)
Central nervous system Reproductive tract

Effect of peripheral induced anosmia on the response of
anoestrous Merino ewes to the ram effect
Treatment N Ewes ovulating Ovulation rate
Control
(no males)
14 2 (14) 1.00
Control
(with males)
13 9 (69) 1.11
Anosmic*
(with males)
12 8 (66) 1.38
* Anosmia was induced by irrigating the nostrils with a 5% solution of zinc sulphate

Types of Ovulatory and Estrous Cycles of Ewes in Response to Ram
Introduction.

Variation Factors
• Age : Maiden/Adults (75 % vs 95 %)
• Breed : Temperate/Meridional
• Season
– Stage of seasonal anoestrous
– Association seasonal and postpartum anoestrous
• Body condition : Females in depressed BC do not
respond
• Male sexual aggressiveness: sex ratio and maturity

Socio-sexual responses in goat and sheep
% Females ovulating
100
1) Breeding out of season
2) Breeding postpartum
3) Advancing puberty
4) Synchronised pregnancies
Breeding Season Non-breeding Season Breeding Season
Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Nov Dec
50
0
Northern Hemisphere

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
(%)
Jours
Percent of mated ewes in 5 flocks (6 years, 5894 observations;
anoestrous season)
67% of females
Rekik, 2011

Response of post-partum anoestrus ewes to
the ram effect
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Jours après mise bas
15 25 35 45 60
% de femelles qui ovulent
Isolées
Effet bélier

16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Pourcentage des femelles en oestrus (%)
Jour
Distribution des 1ers oestrus dans le troupeau expérimental
11
Synchronisation using the ram effect and a
single injection of 20 mg of progesterone in
oil

MALE EFFECT IN GOATS
APPEARANCE OF OESTRUS
50
40
30
20
10
0
EM
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

50
40
30
20
10
0
EM
EMP
MALE EFFECT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

MALE EFFECT
Days 0 9 50 hours
A.I.
TREATMENT MALE EFFECT + P4 PROGESTAGENS
PROSTAGLANDINS
FEMALES 1584 600
FERTILITY 64,6% 46,8%

1.0 INTRODUCTION Reproduction is the propagation and continuation of a species through a sequence of events that involves the production of hormones and the development of the reproductive system to carry out germ cell development, fertilization, pregnancy and eventually parturition. The female sheep is referred to as the ewe while the male sheep is called a ram. 2.0 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 3.0 PUBERTY IN RAM AND EWE Most ewe lambs will reach puberty by the time they have developed to 50-70% of their body weight which is between 5 to 12 months of age. Ram reach puberty may occur as early as 5 months, however, full reproductive competence may not occur until 15 months of age. 4.0 ESTROUS CYCLE The estrous cycle, defined as the number of days between two consecutive periods of estrus (heat), is on average 17 days in ewes. 5.0 ESTRUS AND SIGN OF ESTRUS This is the phase of the estrous cycle when the ewe will be receptive to the ram. Complete estrus generally lasts for about 24 to 36 hours in the ewe. 5.1 ESTRUS DETECTION TECHNIQUES -Teaser ram -Apron tied at the ram -Crayon-marking harness 6.0 LIBIDO (SEXUAL DESIRE) Libido is a male’s desire to mate. The willingness to breed ewes is highly variable among rams and can have a major impact on sheep production, especially in a single-sire mating scheme. This behavior is regulated by the release of testosterone, produced by specialized cells in the testes. Mounting and thrusting behavior, sniffing of the genital region and Flehmen reaction (curling of the upper lip of the male in response to detecting sexual readiness of the female) are well established common behaviors of normal sheep. 8.0 RAM-TO-EWE RATIO Maintaining the correct ratio of fertile rams and ewes is important as it can affect the overall reproductive efficiency. The appropriate ratio is either one ram to 20–25 ewes or 3 per 100 ewes in a year-round mating. 9.0 DETERMINE THE PREGNANCY a)PrNon-return to estrus Using teaser ram b)ogesterone test If the progesterone level is between 11‐13 nmol/l (it is between 7‐8.5 nmol/l at ewe lambs) on the 30th day after the impregnation then the probability of the pregnancy is 95%. c)Ultrasonography Ultrasonography examination can be done as early as 28–30 days using intra-rectal examination. Trans-abdominal ultrasonography is done after 40 days post-breeding. 10.0 GESTATION (PREGNANCY PERIOD) Gestation is the period from fertilization to delivery of the fetus. The average gestation length in sheep varies from 142 to 152 days. The average is 147 days. 11.0 PARTURITION (LAMBING) 11.1 COMPLICATION OCCUR DURING PARTURITION 13.0 CONCLUSION 14.0 REFERENCE

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Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is mitigated, at least in part.

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Socio-sexual cues as a proximate factor affecting reproduction behavior and physiology in sheep

1. Socio-sexual cues as a proximate factor affecting reproduction behavior and physiology in sheep Mourad Rekik EIAR-DBARC-ICARDA-ILRI (LIVES)-FAO Training on Reproduction in Sheep and Goat, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia, 13-15 October 2014

2. Three Environmental Influences Photoperiod Other Pituitary Hormones Prolactin ACTH-Glucocorticoid Somatotrophic system Thyrotrophic system Nutrition Nutrition Puberty Lactation Gonadotrophins Gonads Sex steroids Reproductive tract Mammary glands Socio-sexual Signals (pheromones) Autonomic Nervous System Socio-Sexual Signals

3. Natural method: The «male effect» Olfactory senses How it works hypothalamus Pituitary gland ovary Male stimuli (Pheromones) Central nervous system Reproductive tract

4. Effect of peripheral induced anosmia on the response of anoestrous Merino ewes to the ram effect Treatment N Ewes ovulating Ovulation rate Control (no males) 14 2 (14) 1.00 Control (with males) 13 9 (69) 1.11 Anosmic* (with males) 12 8 (66) 1.38 * Anosmia was induced by irrigating the nostrils with a 5% solution of zinc sulphate

6. Types of Ovulatory and Estrous Cycles of Ewes in Response to Ram Introduction.

7. Variation Factors • Age : Maiden/Adults (75 % vs 95 %) • Breed : Temperate/Meridional • Season – Stage of seasonal anoestrous – Association seasonal and postpartum anoestrous • Body condition : Females in depressed BC do not respond • Male sexual aggressiveness: sex ratio and maturity

8. Socio-sexual responses in goat and sheep % Females ovulating 100 1) Breeding out of season 2) Breeding postpartum 3) Advancing puberty 4) Synchronised pregnancies Breeding Season Non-breeding Season Breeding Season Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Nov Dec 50 0 Northern Hemisphere

9. 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 (%) Jours Percent of mated ewes in 5 flocks (6 years, 5894 observations; anoestrous season) 67% of females Rekik, 2011

10. Response of post-partum anoestrus ewes to the ram effect 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Jours après mise bas 15 25 35 45 60 % de femelles qui ovulent Isolées Effet bélier

11. 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Pourcentage des femelles en oestrus (%) Jour Distribution des 1ers oestrus dans le troupeau expérimental 11 Synchronisation using the ram effect and a single injection of 20 mg of progesterone in oil

12. MALE EFFECT IN GOATS APPEARANCE OF OESTRUS 50 40 30 20 10 0 EM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

13. MALE EFFECT

14. 50 40 30 20 10 0 EM EMP MALE EFFECT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

15. MALE EFFECT Days 0 9 50 hours A.I. TREATMENT MALE EFFECT + P4 PROGESTAGENS PROSTAGLANDINS FEMALES 1584 600 FERTILITY 64,6% 46,8%

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