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SHAHDAD AND THE BRONZE AGE IN SOUTHEAST IRAN 
A Workshop commemorating Prof. Ali Hakemi’s Work at 
Shahdad and 40 Years of Excavations in Southeast Iran 
Cambridge, 15-16 July 2011 
SHAHDAD, SHAHR-I SOKHTA, TEPE YAHYA……. 
MANY SITES FOR A SINGLE HISTORY ? 
MAURIZIO TOSI 
University of Bologna 
Italy
ALI A. HAKEMI 
1915-1997
SHAHDAD
Shahdad 
Modern Village 
Archaeological Area
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 
AREA 
NECROPOLI* 
AREA B 
AREA A 
Aree Archeologiche 
Estensione in SQ KM 
AREA NECROPOLI* 
AREA B 
AREA A 
Salvatori, Vidale 
Surface Survey 
ARCHAEOLOGICAL 
1977 
EVIDENCE (SQ KM) 
SUPERFICIE 
(in Sq 
M) 
AREA A 0,1 101364 
AREA B 0,16 167632 
AREA NECROPOLI* 0,38 381865
From TOSI, 1979
JIROFT: THE LAND OF MARHASHI ?
THE HALIL RUD VALLEY 
IN JIROFT 
LOOKING SOUTHWARDS
A QUESTION OF PERSPECTIVE ?
Dwarka 
Ur 
Uruk 
Tepe Yahya 
Susa 
Eridu 
Lagash 
An Shan 
Ras al-Jinz 
MAGAN 
SUMER 
ELAM 
MELUHHA 
MARHASHI 
DILMUN 
COUNTRIES 
ON 
THE 
LOWER 
SEA
LATE STONE AGE COASTAL FORAGERS 
OF ARABIA AND THE UBAID POTTERY
Umm al-Quwain 
C. 4800 BCE
Dwarka 
Ur 
Uruk 
Tepe Yahya 
Susa 
Eridu 
Lagash 
An Shan 
Ras al-Jinz 
MAGAN 
SUMER 
ELAM
EARLIEST IN EGYPT 
Naqadah Graves 
EARLIEST IN 
MESOPOTAMIA
UNWORKED BLOCKS FROM EBLA
Rehman-dheri 
Harappa 
Mundigak 
Mohenjo-daro 
Balakot 
Nausharo 
Kot Diji 
Allahdino Dholavira 
Lothal 
Nageshwar 
Chanudaro 
Amri 
Kalibangan 
Ganweriwala 
Rakhigarhi 
Lewan dheri 
Bampur 
Sutkagen dor 
Tarakai Qila 
500 km 
Ra’s al-Junayz 
Tepe Yahya 
Shahr-i Sokhta 
Miri Qalat 
Kuntasi 
Sotka Koh 
Shortugai 
Jiroft
Mundigak 
Sistan 
Stylistic 
details may 
place the 
Helmand 
fragments 
near the 
Indus Valley 
specimens
Dylmun-type Seal, Lothal Surface 
DILMUN Mohenjo-Daro 
Harappa 
LOTHAL 
? 
Discoveries of Dilmun and Lothal in 1954 Dilmun > Lothal = 2.500 km
DILMUN VERSUS INDUS SEALS
SMALL COLUMNS
BREAKING THE MONSOON ROUTES
THE MIDDLE ASIAN INTERCULTURAL SPACE 
NORTH 
CENTER 
WEST EAST 
SOUTH
THE 
MIDDLE 
EAST 
CENTRAL 
ASIA 
SOUTH 
ASIA
SISTAN
THE SHAHR-I 
SOKHTA AREA 
EXCAVATIONS RESIDENTIAL AREA
LOOKING EAST 
TOWARDS AFGHANISTAN
TEPE YAHYA
TEPE YAHYA IVC 
c. 3000 BC
1972-73
AN EARLY PERCEPTION OF INTERACTION SPHERES IN SOUTH ASIA 
IN THE LATE 4TH MILLENNIUM BC: TURAN AND THE WEST 
Lamberg-Karlovsky C.C. & M. Tosi (1973) Shahr-i Sokhta and Tepe Yahya: Tracks on the 
Earliest History of the Iranian Plateau, in East and West, 23, pp. 21-58.
INTERACTION SPHERES IN SOUTH-WEST ASIA AROUND 2500 BCE 
Lamberg-Karlovsky C.C. & M. Tosi (1973) Shahr-i Sokhta and Tepe Yahya: Tracks on the 
Earliest History of the Iranian Plateau, in East and West, 23, pp. 21-58.
TRADE ROUTES AND MAIN COMMODITIES
“INTERCULTURAL-STYLE” OBJECTS
FULLOL HOARD
NORTHERN AFGHANISTAN 1969 
THE BEGINNING OF A NEW 
CHAPTER IN MIDDLE ASIAN 
ARCHAEOLOGY
NORTH-EASTERN AFGHANISTAN
Silver Pyxis AO 31881 (Louvre) – acquired 2001
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14/15 16 17 
1. SITTING WOMAN WITH KAUNAKES 
2. TREE WITH FRUITS 
3. SITTING WOMAN WITH KAUNAKES 
4. SITTING WOMAN WITH KAUNAKES 
5. SITTING WOMAN WITH KAUNAKES 
6. TREE WITHOUT LEAVES 
7. NAKED SERVANT SCOOPING LIQUID FROM LARGE JAR 
8. SITTING WOMAN WITH KAUNAKES AND FANCY HEADDRESS 
9. SITTING MAN 
10. SITTING MAN WITH TREE 
11. DRESSED SERVANT WITH PLUMES ON HEADDRESSING CARRYING KID 
12. OFFICIATING PRIEST HOLDING LIBATION CUP 
13. TABLE OF OFFERINGS WITH DEAD KID IN PLATE AND LARGE BOWL 
14. SITTING NAKED YOUTH OFFERING GRAPE (?) BUNCH 
15. SEATED “GODDESS 
16. TREE WITH FRUITS 
17. LARGE BOWL 
18. SEATED “GOD” HOLDING PALETTE/WAND 
18
SHORTUGAI 1977-79 
DISCOVERY OF AN HARAPPAN 
OUTPOST ON THE AMUDARYA
SERAZM
THE MIDDLE ZERAVSHAN VALLEY NEAR SERAZM
SARAZM LADY’S GRAVE 
(c. 3200 BCE)
Sarazm (Tadjikistan) : stripped sea-shell bangle
Tonna dolium L.
Tonna dolium L. present - day distribution in Indo-Pacific Region
Shortugai 
Sarazm 
Shahdad 
Hissar 
SARAZM – SHORTUGAI = KM 350 = 14-17 DAYS 
BALAKOT 
SARAZM – BALAKOT = 1700 KM = 70-80 DAYS
THE MIDDLE ASIAN 
CIRCUIT OF EXCHANGES
DISTRIBUTION OF NAL 
AND NAL-STYLE WARES IN INDO-IRAN
Sur 
Ra’s al-Hadd 
Ra’s 
al-Jinz
BLACK-SLIPPED JARS IN OMAN
GONUR 
MOHENJO 
DARO 
INCISED SOAPSTONE VESSELS FROM OMAN
SILVER SEAL FROM 
TOGOLOK 21
GONUR 
GENERAL PLAN 
2008 
ROYAL GRAVES
THE CART GRAVE AT GONUR NORTH (C. 2200 BCE)
Stone 
statuettes of 
male 
kneeling 
figures: a 
Central- 
Asian 
model? 
Mohenjo-daro 
Gonur, Margiana
FEASTING 
ELITES OF EARLY 
BACTRIA….. 
……WHILE OTHERS ARE WORKING
GONUR TEPE HARAPPA
L - 161 
L-162
GONUR’S ELITE IVORY 
CONNECTION TO THE 
INDIAN SUBCONTINENT
Metal knife from Burial No. 1922 
with handle in shape of 
interwoven snakes
1 
2 
3 
Hatch & Crosses
GONUR 
MOHENJO-DARO 
SHAHR-I SOKHTA
STONE RECTANGULAR DICE FROM SHAHR-I SOKHTA AND SOME 
IVORY SPECIMENS FROM MOHENJO-DARO
SHAHR-I SOKHTA 
GRAVE G. 731 
c. 2400-2300 BCE
ALTYN DEPE 
NAMAZGA V
Gaming Pieces 
Mohenjo-Daro (ivory) 
Shahr-i Sokhta (aragonite or turquoise)
The Jonathan P. Rosen Seal 
(Porada, Early Mesopotamia and Iran, 94 fig. 31)
A PLAY OF CHESS 
Detail on 
the Jonathan P. Rosen Seal
The Adab Vase 
Bismaya 
(Frankfort, Art 
and Architecture, 
40 fig. 31) 
The Harp Players on the Adab 
Vase 
(Stauder, Die Harfen … der 
Sumerer, XXX fig. 33)
The Foroughi 
Seal 
(Porada, Compte Rendue de 
l’Onzième Rencontre, pl. 1 fig. A) 
(Amiet, L’âge des échanges, 
299 fig. 10)
The New York 
Seal 
(Amiet, L’âge des échanges, 
300 fig. 137) 
(Amiet, L’âge des échanges, 299 fig. 12)
«Bactrian» Goblet 
(Francfort, Observations, 45 fig. 6a)
Harp Player on the 
Shahr-i Sokhta 
Plaque 
(Duchesne-Guillemin, JNES 29, 
200 fig. 1)
Indian Harps of the Second Century BC 
(Stauder, Die Harfen … der Sumerer, 16 fig. 17)
TURENG TEPE 
1959-1977 
21/09/2014 146
21/09/2014 147
Tureng Tepe 
Ricostruzione ipotetica in 3d della struttura 
21/09/2014 148
HOLDING HANDS IN PATIENCE 
AND PRAY, …. BUT FOR ME THE 
ONLY THING LEFT IS …
SURRENDER TO THE ENEMY…

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