Sex determination
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This document discusses sex determination in mammals. It outlines that in mammals, the Y chromosome contains the SRY gene which determines male development. Specifically, when SRY is expressed in an indifferent gonad, it causes testes to form. The testes then secrete testosterone and anti-Mullerian hormone which cause the development of male internal and external sex organs and the degeneration of female structures, respectively. In the absence of SRY, ovaries form from the gonad and female development occurs.
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Sex Determination and Sex Chromosomes
This document discusses sex determination and sex chromosomes across different organisms. It begins by describing primary and secondary sexual differentiation. It then provides examples of sex determination in various species like maize, nematodes, butterflies and humans. In humans, the presence of an X or Y chromosome determines sex, with males having XY and females having XX. Abnormal sex chromosome combinations can result in conditions like Klinefelter syndrome or Turner syndrome. The document also discusses dosage compensation that balances X chromosome expression between males and females. Finally, it notes that temperature during egg incubation can determine sex in some reptiles.
Sex determination XX-XY
This document provides an overview of sex determination in humans and other organisms using the XX-XY system. It discusses that:
1) Sex determination involves the factors that determine whether an individual develops as male or female, while sex differentiation is the actual developmental processes leading to sex organs and secondary sex characteristics.
2) In humans and other mammals, females have two X chromosomes (XX) and are called the homogametic sex, while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY) and are called the heterogametic sex.
3) Fertilization determines sex, with an X-bearing sperm resulting in an XX female zygote and a Y-bearing sperm resulting in an XY
sex determination
Sex determination is the process by which an organism develops as male or female. It can be identified by morphological, anatomical and physiological characteristics. Historically it was determined based on primary and secondary sex characteristics, but scientific study began after the discovery of sex chromosomes in 1902. There are two main theories of sex determination - genetic theories involving sex chromosomes and physiological theories related to metabolic differences. In most species, including humans, the presence of two X chromosomes determines female development while one X and one Y chromosome determines male development.
Sex determination
Sex determination is controlled genetically and establishes the development of sexual characteristics in organisms. The presence of XX chromosomes in females and XY chromosomes in males is responsible for sex determination in humans and most mammals. During meiosis, females produce only X-bearing eggs while males produce equal numbers of X- and Y-bearing sperm, leading to a 1:1 sex ratio at fertilization. Fusion of an X-bearing sperm produces a XX zygote that develops as a female, while an Y-bearing sperm combines to create a XY zygote that becomes a male.
Sex Determination
This document summarizes sex determination in mammals. It discusses primary sex determination, which is determined chromosomally and involves four key genes: SRY, Sox-9, Dax-1, and Wnt-4. Secondary sex determination is hormone-driven and occurs in two phases during development and adolescence. Gonadal hormones like testosterone and anti-Mullerian hormone direct the development of sex characteristics. The mechanisms involve a complex interplay between genes on sex chromosomes and autosomes to develop either testes or ovaries, which then secrete hormones that drive phenotypic sex differentiation.
Sex determination .ppt
Sex determination in plants involves heterogametic and homogametic sex chromosomes. In some plants like Melandrium, females are heterogametic (ZW) while males are homogametic (ZZ). The sex of offspring depends on the type of sperm fertilizing the egg. In other plants like Vallisneria, males are heterogametic (XY) while females are homogametic (XX). Females produce two types of eggs while males produce two types of sperm, determining sex. Sex determination can also be genetically controlled by single genes or environmentally influenced in some species like alligators.
Sci9q1m2 sex chromosome and sex determination
This document discusses human sex determination and sex chromosomes. It notes that males have XY sex chromosomes while females have XX. It explains that sex is determined at conception - if a sperm carrying a Y chromosome fertilizes an egg, the offspring will be male, while an X chromosome will result in a female offspring. There is a 50% chance of producing a male or female child. The presence of a Y chromosome determines maleness.
Sex determination and nondisjunction
Sex determination in humans and many other mammals is genetic, with the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determining maleness or femaleness. The SRY gene on the Y chromosome causes embryonic gonads to develop into testes rather than ovaries. In birds and some fish, the ZW sex determination system is used instead of XY, with females being ZW and males ZZ. Genes located on the sex chromosomes are called sex-linked genes and can be inherited in sex-specific patterns. Nondisjunction of sex chromosomes during meiosis can sometimes result in individuals with abnormal sex chromosome complements.
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Sex Determination and Sex Chromosomes
This document discusses sex determination and sex chromosomes across different organisms. It begins by describing primary and secondary sexual differentiation. It then provides examples of sex determination in various species like maize, nematodes, butterflies and humans. In humans, the presence of an X or Y chromosome determines sex, with males having XY and females having XX. Abnormal sex chromosome combinations can result in conditions like Klinefelter syndrome or Turner syndrome. The document also discusses dosage compensation that balances X chromosome expression between males and females. Finally, it notes that temperature during egg incubation can determine sex in some reptiles.
Sex determination XX-XY
This document provides an overview of sex determination in humans and other organisms using the XX-XY system. It discusses that:
1) Sex determination involves the factors that determine whether an individual develops as male or female, while sex differentiation is the actual developmental processes leading to sex organs and secondary sex characteristics.
2) In humans and other mammals, females have two X chromosomes (XX) and are called the homogametic sex, while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY) and are called the heterogametic sex.
3) Fertilization determines sex, with an X-bearing sperm resulting in an XX female zygote and a Y-bearing sperm resulting in an XY
sex determination
Sex determination is the process by which an organism develops as male or female. It can be identified by morphological, anatomical and physiological characteristics. Historically it was determined based on primary and secondary sex characteristics, but scientific study began after the discovery of sex chromosomes in 1902. There are two main theories of sex determination - genetic theories involving sex chromosomes and physiological theories related to metabolic differences. In most species, including humans, the presence of two X chromosomes determines female development while one X and one Y chromosome determines male development.
Sex determination
Sex determination is controlled genetically and establishes the development of sexual characteristics in organisms. The presence of XX chromosomes in females and XY chromosomes in males is responsible for sex determination in humans and most mammals. During meiosis, females produce only X-bearing eggs while males produce equal numbers of X- and Y-bearing sperm, leading to a 1:1 sex ratio at fertilization. Fusion of an X-bearing sperm produces a XX zygote that develops as a female, while an Y-bearing sperm combines to create a XY zygote that becomes a male.
Sex Determination
This document summarizes sex determination in mammals. It discusses primary sex determination, which is determined chromosomally and involves four key genes: SRY, Sox-9, Dax-1, and Wnt-4. Secondary sex determination is hormone-driven and occurs in two phases during development and adolescence. Gonadal hormones like testosterone and anti-Mullerian hormone direct the development of sex characteristics. The mechanisms involve a complex interplay between genes on sex chromosomes and autosomes to develop either testes or ovaries, which then secrete hormones that drive phenotypic sex differentiation.
Sex determination .ppt
Sex determination in plants involves heterogametic and homogametic sex chromosomes. In some plants like Melandrium, females are heterogametic (ZW) while males are homogametic (ZZ). The sex of offspring depends on the type of sperm fertilizing the egg. In other plants like Vallisneria, males are heterogametic (XY) while females are homogametic (XX). Females produce two types of eggs while males produce two types of sperm, determining sex. Sex determination can also be genetically controlled by single genes or environmentally influenced in some species like alligators.
Sci9q1m2 sex chromosome and sex determination
This document discusses human sex determination and sex chromosomes. It notes that males have XY sex chromosomes while females have XX. It explains that sex is determined at conception - if a sperm carrying a Y chromosome fertilizes an egg, the offspring will be male, while an X chromosome will result in a female offspring. There is a 50% chance of producing a male or female child. The presence of a Y chromosome determines maleness.
Sex determination and nondisjunction
Sex determination in humans and many other mammals is genetic, with the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determining maleness or femaleness. The SRY gene on the Y chromosome causes embryonic gonads to develop into testes rather than ovaries. In birds and some fish, the ZW sex determination system is used instead of XY, with females being ZW and males ZZ. Genes located on the sex chromosomes are called sex-linked genes and can be inherited in sex-specific patterns. Nondisjunction of sex chromosomes during meiosis can sometimes result in individuals with abnormal sex chromosome complements.
XX-XO Sex Determination
This document discusses different mechanisms of sex determination in organisms, including environmental sex determination, chromosomal sex determination, and genic balance theory. It provides examples for each mechanism. It also describes the XX-XO type of chromosomal sex determination in more detail, noting that females are XX and homogametic while males are XO and heterogametic. Some organisms like grasshoppers and nematodes use this XX-XO system.
Sex determination - chromosomal theory of sex determination.
This document summarizes the chromosome theory of sex determination. It discusses the discovery of sex chromosomes and their different structures in males and females. There are two main types of sex determination mechanisms: XX-XY systems where females are XX and males are XY, and ZW-ZZ systems where females are ZW and males are ZZ. In both systems, the sex is determined by which sex chromosomes are present in the fertilized egg - an XX, XY, ZW, or ZZ combination will develop into a female or male. The document provides examples of different species that use each type of sex determination system.
Sex Determnation and sex based inheritance(Genetic)
Sex determination refers to the natural process by which an individual becomes male or female. In humans and most mammals, sex is genetically determined at fertilization by the XY sex determination system, where females have two X chromosomes and males have one X and one Y chromosome. The SRY gene on the Y chromosome triggers testes development, making the individual male. In females without a Y chromosome, ovaries develop. To compensate for differences in X chromosome dosage between males and females, one of the two X chromosomes is randomly inactivated in females.
Sex determination in animals
The determination of the sex in an animal is the complex system for deciding the sex of organism. it is depends on the chromosomes present in the animals. some animals determine the sex of an animal by external environmental factors.
Sex determination
Sex determination is controlled by sex chromosomes. In humans and many other species, females have two X chromosomes (XX) while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY). The presence of a Y chromosome determines maleness, while its absence results in femaleness. There are two main systems - heterogametic males which include humans and heterogametic females found in some insects and fish. The ratio between X chromosomes and autosomes also influences sex determination in some species through a genic balance mechanism.
XX-XY sex determination in plants
XX-XY sex determination is one of the chromosomal sex determination where sperm determines the sex of the progeny. This type of sex determination is seen in plants also. MELANDRIUM ALBUM is one.
SEX DETERMINATION MECHANISMS IN PLANTS
This study investigated sex determination in the dioecious plant species Salix viminalis (basket willow). Crosses between 4 female and 4 male parents resulted in 13 offspring crosses, of which 6 were female-biased and 2 were male-biased in their sex ratios. A germination experiment found most crosses had high germination rates, indicating fitness differences did not cause the biased sex ratios. As no hermaphrodites or sex changing plants were observed, sexual lability also did not explain the biases. Meiotic drive or gametic selection could potentially cause the variation, but were deemed unlikely as biases existed among both same-father and same-mother crosses. The skewed ratios were also not due to cytoplas
Sex determination
Sex determination is the process by which an individual develops into a male or female based on their sex chromosomes. In humans, females have two X chromosomes (XX) while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY). The presence of a Y chromosome triggers male development while its absence results in female development, with sex being governed by genes on the sex chromosomes. Human body cells normally contain 23 pairs of chromosomes, including 22 pairs of autosomes that do not determine sex and one pair of sex chromosomes that do signal sex determination.
Sex determination (p.a.c 2015)
Sex determination is the process by which an organism's sex is established under genetic control. In humans and most mammals, sex is determined by the XX-XY chromosomal system, where females are XX and males are XY. During meiosis in males, half of sperm cells contain an X chromosome and half contain a Y chromosome. If an X-containing sperm fertilizes an egg, the zygote will be XX and develop as a female. If a Y-containing sperm fertilizes an egg, the zygote will be XY and develop as a male. Researchers have studied sex determination in various species and found different systems, including the XO system in insects and the ZW system in birds.
Sex determination in plants
This document discusses sex determination in plants. It covers sex determination in bryophytes, homosporous ferns, and angiosperms. For angiosperms, it outlines four main mechanisms of sex determination: 1) the active-Y system with XY sex chromosomes, 2) the X-to-autosome balance system, 3) hormonal regulation by genes, and 4) the evolution of sexual dimorphisms through mutations. It also provides examples of different sex determination genotypes and resulting phenotypes in plants like cucumbers and melons. Overall, the document examines the topic of how plant sexuality and sex are determined across different groups.
Sex determination in animals
This document discusses sex determination in animals. It begins by defining sex and sex determination. It then describes the different mechanisms of sex determination, including environmental sex determination based on temperature, chromosomal sex determination involving sex chromosomes like XX/XY systems, and genic mechanisms involving single genes or balances of male and female determining genes. It provides examples for different sex determination systems in various animal groups like insects, birds, and mammals.
Sex chromosome
Sex chromosomes determine an organism's sex. In most animals, females have two of the same sex chromosome (XX) while males have two different ones (XY). Some organisms use other systems like ZW chromosomes. The discovery of sex chromosomes began in the late 1800s with observations of fireflies and grasshoppers. Sex is also determined by factors like temperature, parasites, size, metabolism and hormones in some species. In humans, the Y chromosome carries the SRY gene which triggers testis development.
Sex determination & linkage
This document discusses different systems of sex determination and inheritance in mammals, insects, and birds. It describes the XY, ZW, and X0 systems which use sex chromosomes like X and Y, Z and W, or just X to determine whether an offspring develops as male or female. It also defines sex-limited traits which are expressed in only one sex, sex-influenced traits which are expressed differently in males and females, and sex-linked traits located on sex chromosomes that are inherited differently between sexes. Examples of each type of trait are provided.
Sex determination in animals
This document provides an overview of sex determination systems in animals. It discusses the main types of sex determination including environmental/non-genetic (influenced by temperature or location), chromosomal (XX-XO, XX-XY, etc.), and genic systems. For chromosomal sex determination, it describes the different mechanisms like XX-XO system found in grasshoppers and XY system common in humans and mice. It also discusses rare systems like haplodiploidy in bees and wasps.
Sex Determination in Humans
Chromosomal theory best explains human sex determination. Females are XX and produce X-bearing eggs, making them homogametic. Males are XY and produce both X- and Y-bearing sperm, making them heterogametic. The presence of a Y chromosome results in male development due to Y-linked genes, while its absence results in female development. Other factors like genetic balance and hormones can influence sex development but not determination.
Sex determination in plants
1) Sex in plants refers to the male and female parts in flowers. Sex determination is the process by which plants develop as male or female.
2) There are several mechanisms of sex determination in plants, including environmental factors (temperature, light), chromosomes, and genes.
3) Chromosomal sex determination can involve homomorphic (identical) sex chromosomes or heteromorphic (different sized) sex chromosomes. Many plant species use one of these chromosomal mechanisms to determine sex.
Sex Determination 8
The document discusses sex determination and how mutations can affect it. It explains that sex is determined by the combination of X and Y chromosomes, with females having two X chromosomes and males having an X and Y. Mutations can occur spontaneously during DNA replication or be caused by external mutagens like chemicals and radiation, and can result in changes like base substitutions or deletions. These mutations can be passed down to offspring and contribute to genetic variation in populations over generations through evolution.
SEX DETERMINATION (GENETICS)
Sex determination in humans and many other organisms is controlled genetically by sex chromosomes. In humans, females have two X chromosomes (XX) while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY). The SRY gene on the Y chromosome determines male development. Other common sex determination systems include the XX-XO system in insects where females are XX and males XO, and the ZW-ZZ system in birds where females are ZW and males ZZ. Single genes have also been found to determine sex in some species like Drosophila and maize.
Sex determination, M. Sc. Zoology, University of Mumbai
This document discusses the different types of sex determination systems in organisms, including XX-XY, XX-XO, and ZZ-ZW systems. It explains that in the XX-XY system, females are XX and males are XY, with the Y chromosome containing genes like SRY that trigger testis development. The document also covers the XX-XO system where sex is determined by X chromosome number alone, and the ZZ-ZW system where females are ZW and males ZZ, with the Z chromosome taking on the role of the X.
Sex Determination.ppt
Sexual reproduction in most eukaryotes involves meiosis producing haploid gametes that fuse during fertilization. In higher organisms, sexual differentiation results in phenotypic differences between males and females. The roundworm C. elegans has two sexual phenotypes - males with testes only and hermaphrodites with both testes and ovaries that self-fertilize. In mammals, the Y chromosome contains the SRY gene that determines maleness by directing testes development, which then suppresses female development through testosterone and MIS. Dosage compensation in females involves X chromosome inactivation to equalize X-linked gene expression between sexes.
Salazar
This document discusses several concepts related to genetics and inheritance patterns:
1. Quantitative or polygenic inheritance involves two or more pairs of non-allelic genes that have a cumulative, additive effect on quantitative traits like height. Environmental factors also influence phenotypic expression.
2. Multiple alleles occupy the same locus and control the same character, with one allele dominant over the others. Examples include eye color in fruit flies and blood groups in humans.
3. Sex determination systems include chromosomal (XX-XY and XX-XO types), genic balance, hormonal influence, and environmental factors determining sex in some species. The chromosomal theory states genes are located on chromosomes that serve as vehicles for gene segregation
Sex Differentiation and Development
This document discusses sex determination and differentiation. It begins by explaining that sex is determined by X and Y chromosomes, with females having two X chromosomes and males having one X and one Y chromosome. It then describes the process of sex differentiation in males and females both internally and externally. It discusses factors involved like Müllerian inhibiting substance and testosterone. It outlines several sex chromosomal abnormalities including Turner syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and various types of pseudohermaphroditism. The document aims to explain the physiology of sex determination and differentiation and its abnormalities.
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XX-XO Sex Determination
This document discusses different mechanisms of sex determination in organisms, including environmental sex determination, chromosomal sex determination, and genic balance theory. It provides examples for each mechanism. It also describes the XX-XO type of chromosomal sex determination in more detail, noting that females are XX and homogametic while males are XO and heterogametic. Some organisms like grasshoppers and nematodes use this XX-XO system.
Sex determination - chromosomal theory of sex determination.
This document summarizes the chromosome theory of sex determination. It discusses the discovery of sex chromosomes and their different structures in males and females. There are two main types of sex determination mechanisms: XX-XY systems where females are XX and males are XY, and ZW-ZZ systems where females are ZW and males are ZZ. In both systems, the sex is determined by which sex chromosomes are present in the fertilized egg - an XX, XY, ZW, or ZZ combination will develop into a female or male. The document provides examples of different species that use each type of sex determination system.
Sex Determnation and sex based inheritance(Genetic)
Sex determination refers to the natural process by which an individual becomes male or female. In humans and most mammals, sex is genetically determined at fertilization by the XY sex determination system, where females have two X chromosomes and males have one X and one Y chromosome. The SRY gene on the Y chromosome triggers testes development, making the individual male. In females without a Y chromosome, ovaries develop. To compensate for differences in X chromosome dosage between males and females, one of the two X chromosomes is randomly inactivated in females.
Sex determination in animals
The determination of the sex in an animal is the complex system for deciding the sex of organism. it is depends on the chromosomes present in the animals. some animals determine the sex of an animal by external environmental factors.
Sex determination
Sex determination is controlled by sex chromosomes. In humans and many other species, females have two X chromosomes (XX) while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY). The presence of a Y chromosome determines maleness, while its absence results in femaleness. There are two main systems - heterogametic males which include humans and heterogametic females found in some insects and fish. The ratio between X chromosomes and autosomes also influences sex determination in some species through a genic balance mechanism.
XX-XY sex determination in plants
XX-XY sex determination is one of the chromosomal sex determination where sperm determines the sex of the progeny. This type of sex determination is seen in plants also. MELANDRIUM ALBUM is one.
SEX DETERMINATION MECHANISMS IN PLANTS
This study investigated sex determination in the dioecious plant species Salix viminalis (basket willow). Crosses between 4 female and 4 male parents resulted in 13 offspring crosses, of which 6 were female-biased and 2 were male-biased in their sex ratios. A germination experiment found most crosses had high germination rates, indicating fitness differences did not cause the biased sex ratios. As no hermaphrodites or sex changing plants were observed, sexual lability also did not explain the biases. Meiotic drive or gametic selection could potentially cause the variation, but were deemed unlikely as biases existed among both same-father and same-mother crosses. The skewed ratios were also not due to cytoplas
Sex determination
Sex determination is the process by which an individual develops into a male or female based on their sex chromosomes. In humans, females have two X chromosomes (XX) while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY). The presence of a Y chromosome triggers male development while its absence results in female development, with sex being governed by genes on the sex chromosomes. Human body cells normally contain 23 pairs of chromosomes, including 22 pairs of autosomes that do not determine sex and one pair of sex chromosomes that do signal sex determination.
Sex determination (p.a.c 2015)
Sex determination is the process by which an organism's sex is established under genetic control. In humans and most mammals, sex is determined by the XX-XY chromosomal system, where females are XX and males are XY. During meiosis in males, half of sperm cells contain an X chromosome and half contain a Y chromosome. If an X-containing sperm fertilizes an egg, the zygote will be XX and develop as a female. If a Y-containing sperm fertilizes an egg, the zygote will be XY and develop as a male. Researchers have studied sex determination in various species and found different systems, including the XO system in insects and the ZW system in birds.
Sex determination in plants
This document discusses sex determination in plants. It covers sex determination in bryophytes, homosporous ferns, and angiosperms. For angiosperms, it outlines four main mechanisms of sex determination: 1) the active-Y system with XY sex chromosomes, 2) the X-to-autosome balance system, 3) hormonal regulation by genes, and 4) the evolution of sexual dimorphisms through mutations. It also provides examples of different sex determination genotypes and resulting phenotypes in plants like cucumbers and melons. Overall, the document examines the topic of how plant sexuality and sex are determined across different groups.
Sex determination in animals
This document discusses sex determination in animals. It begins by defining sex and sex determination. It then describes the different mechanisms of sex determination, including environmental sex determination based on temperature, chromosomal sex determination involving sex chromosomes like XX/XY systems, and genic mechanisms involving single genes or balances of male and female determining genes. It provides examples for different sex determination systems in various animal groups like insects, birds, and mammals.
Sex chromosome
Sex chromosomes determine an organism's sex. In most animals, females have two of the same sex chromosome (XX) while males have two different ones (XY). Some organisms use other systems like ZW chromosomes. The discovery of sex chromosomes began in the late 1800s with observations of fireflies and grasshoppers. Sex is also determined by factors like temperature, parasites, size, metabolism and hormones in some species. In humans, the Y chromosome carries the SRY gene which triggers testis development.
Sex determination & linkage
This document discusses different systems of sex determination and inheritance in mammals, insects, and birds. It describes the XY, ZW, and X0 systems which use sex chromosomes like X and Y, Z and W, or just X to determine whether an offspring develops as male or female. It also defines sex-limited traits which are expressed in only one sex, sex-influenced traits which are expressed differently in males and females, and sex-linked traits located on sex chromosomes that are inherited differently between sexes. Examples of each type of trait are provided.
Sex determination in animals
This document provides an overview of sex determination systems in animals. It discusses the main types of sex determination including environmental/non-genetic (influenced by temperature or location), chromosomal (XX-XO, XX-XY, etc.), and genic systems. For chromosomal sex determination, it describes the different mechanisms like XX-XO system found in grasshoppers and XY system common in humans and mice. It also discusses rare systems like haplodiploidy in bees and wasps.
Sex Determination in Humans
Chromosomal theory best explains human sex determination. Females are XX and produce X-bearing eggs, making them homogametic. Males are XY and produce both X- and Y-bearing sperm, making them heterogametic. The presence of a Y chromosome results in male development due to Y-linked genes, while its absence results in female development. Other factors like genetic balance and hormones can influence sex development but not determination.
Sex determination in plants
1) Sex in plants refers to the male and female parts in flowers. Sex determination is the process by which plants develop as male or female.
2) There are several mechanisms of sex determination in plants, including environmental factors (temperature, light), chromosomes, and genes.
3) Chromosomal sex determination can involve homomorphic (identical) sex chromosomes or heteromorphic (different sized) sex chromosomes. Many plant species use one of these chromosomal mechanisms to determine sex.
Sex Determination 8
The document discusses sex determination and how mutations can affect it. It explains that sex is determined by the combination of X and Y chromosomes, with females having two X chromosomes and males having an X and Y. Mutations can occur spontaneously during DNA replication or be caused by external mutagens like chemicals and radiation, and can result in changes like base substitutions or deletions. These mutations can be passed down to offspring and contribute to genetic variation in populations over generations through evolution.
SEX DETERMINATION (GENETICS)
Sex determination in humans and many other organisms is controlled genetically by sex chromosomes. In humans, females have two X chromosomes (XX) while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY). The SRY gene on the Y chromosome determines male development. Other common sex determination systems include the XX-XO system in insects where females are XX and males XO, and the ZW-ZZ system in birds where females are ZW and males ZZ. Single genes have also been found to determine sex in some species like Drosophila and maize.
Sex determination, M. Sc. Zoology, University of Mumbai
This document discusses the different types of sex determination systems in organisms, including XX-XY, XX-XO, and ZZ-ZW systems. It explains that in the XX-XY system, females are XX and males are XY, with the Y chromosome containing genes like SRY that trigger testis development. The document also covers the XX-XO system where sex is determined by X chromosome number alone, and the ZZ-ZW system where females are ZW and males ZZ, with the Z chromosome taking on the role of the X.
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Sex determination - chromosomal theory of sex determination.
Sex determination - chromosomal theory of sex determination.
Sex Determnation and sex based inheritance(Genetic)
Sex Determnation and sex based inheritance(Genetic)
Sex determination, M. Sc. Zoology, University of Mumbai
Sex determination, M. Sc. Zoology, University of Mumbai
Similar to Sex determination
Sex Determination.ppt
Sexual reproduction in most eukaryotes involves meiosis producing haploid gametes that fuse during fertilization. In higher organisms, sexual differentiation results in phenotypic differences between males and females. The roundworm C. elegans has two sexual phenotypes - males with testes only and hermaphrodites with both testes and ovaries that self-fertilize. In mammals, the Y chromosome contains the SRY gene that determines maleness by directing testes development, which then suppresses female development through testosterone and MIS. Dosage compensation in females involves X chromosome inactivation to equalize X-linked gene expression between sexes.
Salazar
This document discusses several concepts related to genetics and inheritance patterns:
1. Quantitative or polygenic inheritance involves two or more pairs of non-allelic genes that have a cumulative, additive effect on quantitative traits like height. Environmental factors also influence phenotypic expression.
2. Multiple alleles occupy the same locus and control the same character, with one allele dominant over the others. Examples include eye color in fruit flies and blood groups in humans.
3. Sex determination systems include chromosomal (XX-XY and XX-XO types), genic balance, hormonal influence, and environmental factors determining sex in some species. The chromosomal theory states genes are located on chromosomes that serve as vehicles for gene segregation
Sex Differentiation and Development
This document discusses sex determination and differentiation. It begins by explaining that sex is determined by X and Y chromosomes, with females having two X chromosomes and males having one X and one Y chromosome. It then describes the process of sex differentiation in males and females both internally and externally. It discusses factors involved like Müllerian inhibiting substance and testosterone. It outlines several sex chromosomal abnormalities including Turner syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and various types of pseudohermaphroditism. The document aims to explain the physiology of sex determination and differentiation and its abnormalities.
sex determination
This document discusses sex determination and sex expression in animals. It defines key terms like sex chromosomes, autosomes, and allosomes. It describes four main mechanisms of sex determination: sex characters, chromosomal sex determination, monogenic sex determination, and environmental sex determination. For chromosomal sex determination, it provides details on the XX-XY, XX-XO, XO-XX, and ZW-ZZ systems. It also discusses genic balance theory and sex mosaicism in Drosophila.
Sex Determination
This document discusses sex determination and sex expression in animals. It explains that sex is determined by chromosomes and genes, with autosomes being non-sex chromosomes and allosomes or sex chromosomes determining sex. It then describes different systems of chromosomal sex determination including XX-XY, XX-XO, XO-XX, and ZW-ZZ systems. It also discusses monogenic sex determination and environmental sex determination in some species. Sex mosaicism in Drosophila is explained as a combination of male and female tissues in an individual.
Sex determination and differentiation.ppt
The document discusses genetic, endocrine and biochemical aspects of testis and ovarian differentiation and development. It begins by explaining that chromosomal sex determination as XY or XX is the first step, followed by sex determination committing the bipotential gonad to a testis or ovary. In males, testis determination occurs around 6 weeks gestation where Sertoli and Leydig cells form and secrete anti-Mullerian hormone and testosterone respectively. In females, ovarian determination occurs around 7 weeks where follicular cells form primordial follicles. Key genes involved in each pathway are also discussed.
Sex determination and sex ratio..2013 university sulaiamany.biology.dashty ri...
The document discusses human sex determination and sex ratios. It provides background on chromosomal sex determination in mammals, including that females are typically XX and males are typically XY. It explains primary sex determination in development of the gonads and secondary sex determination that affects other sex characteristics. The document also discusses factors that can influence sex ratios, such as sex-selective abortion or infanticide skewing ratios away from the expected 1:1 ratio.
Matters of sex
Dr. Wiskott noted an inherited condition in a German family that affected three boys who died of the same illness involving bruising, eczema, bloody diarrhea, and infections. The boys died from bleeding in their digestive tracts and blood infections. Dr. Wiskott observed that the condition seemed to only affect boys in the family and was inherited in nature.
Sex-determination and Sex-linked Inheritance.pptx
The sexually reproducing organisms are classified into two types such as monoecious (hermaphrodite) and dioecious. In monoecious organisms, both male and female gametes (sex cells) are produced by a single individual. The organisms in which both male and female gametes are produced by different individuals are called dioecious. Living organisms, with a very few exceptions, are differentiated into male and female individuals. The sexes of the individuals are genetically determined.
The biological system that determines the development of sexual characteristics in an organism is called sex determination.
There are two different systems of sex determination- Chromosomal sex determination and Non-genetic sex determination.
Sex Differentiation TDF
The document discusses human sexual development from fertilization through the three trimesters of pregnancy. It covers the formation of gonads and duct systems, factors that determine chromosomal and phenotypic sex, and the roles of genes and hormones in sexual differentiation. The timeline of organ formation and growth is provided for each trimester, noting that all major organ systems are developed by the end of the first trimester.
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The document discusses the development of the male and female genital tracts. It begins with an overview that the gonads arise from mesoderm and the genital ducts arise from paired mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts. The mesonephric ducts develop into male genital ducts if the SRY gene is present, while the paramesonephric ducts develop into female genital ducts if SRY is absent. It then goes into detail about the development of the testes, ovaries, and genital ducts in both sexes.
Sexual Differentiation (Learn easy way)
Sexual differentiation in humans occurs through a multi-step process determined by chromosomal, gonadal, hormonal, and morphological sex. The presence or absence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome triggers testis or ovary development from the initially undifferentiated gonad. The testes secrete testosterone and Müllerian inhibiting hormone which masculinize the internal and external genitalia as well as the brain, preventing female development. In the absence of these hormones, the individual develops along female lines. Disorders can occur at each stage of differentiation, resulting in intersex conditions or abnormalities in sexual development.
Development of gonads
The document summarizes the development of gonads from a bipotential stage into either ovaries or testes. It explains that in early development, the gonads are identical in both sexes until around the 6th week. In males, the Y chromosome contains the SRY gene which produces testicular determining factor (TDF) and causes the medulla to develop into testes. The testes then secrete hormones like testosterone and MIF that cause the development of male internal and external genitalia. In females without the SRY gene, the cortex develops into ovaries in the absence of these male sex hormones, allowing female genitalia to form instead.
Genetic Source
This document discusses mechanisms of sex determination in living organisms. It begins by explaining that sex is determined by the type of sex cell (gamete) produced - male or female. It then describes several mechanisms, including:
1. Chromosomal mechanisms, where sex is determined by sex chromosomes (X/Y in many mammals including humans, X/O in some insects).
2. Genic balance and environmental mechanisms.
It focuses on chromosomal mechanisms, explaining XY and ZW systems where the heterogametic sex determines offspring sex. The majority of the document provides details on chromosomal sex determination in various species.
Chromosomes 221009
The document discusses the evolution of human chromosomes and genes. It notes that humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, including one pair of sex chromosomes that are either XX or XY. The Y chromosome is much smaller than the X chromosome and contains far fewer genes. Over time, the Y chromosome has degraded and lost genetic material due to an evolutionary process where females select mates from a large pool of males. This allows for mutations to accumulate on the Y chromosome without consequence, leading to its shrinking size in many species.
10 sex detrmination 2-2.pdf hzulqarnain640@gmail.com
Sex determination can occur through genetic or environmental factors. Genetically, sex is determined by sex chromosomes and can involve XX-XY, ZW-ZZ, or XO systems. Environmentally, temperature or social cues can determine sex in some reptiles, fish, and invertebrates. Sexual reproduction provides genetic diversity and DNA repair compared to asexual reproduction, though some species can reproduce both sexually and asexually or change sex during their lifetime.
Reproductive physiology
The document summarizes the processes of gametogenesis in males and females. It describes that gametogenesis is the formation of gametes (sperm in males and eggs in females) from primordial germ cells in the gonads. This involves mitosis to produce more germ cells, followed by meiosis which reduces the chromosome number to produce haploid gametes. The document also outlines the structures involved in male and female reproduction such as testes/ovaries, accessory ducts and glands, and hormones important for gamete production and the reproductive cycles.
Sexual Determination and Differentiation
Sex is determined by chromosomal, gonadal, and phenotypic factors. Chromosomal sex is determined at fertilization by the presence of either two X chromosomes (female) or one X and one Y chromosome (male). Between 6-8 weeks of gestation, the undifferentiated gonads will develop into either ovaries or testes depending on the presence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome. The development of testes or ovaries then leads to further anatomical changes through the secretion of hormones and regression or development of duct systems that result in either male or female phenotypic characteristics. Disorders of sex development can occur when there is a discrepancy between these factors.
sex determination
This document discusses various mechanisms of sex determination in plants, including environmental, chromosomal, and genic mechanisms. It also describes sex-linked, sex-influenced, and sex-limited traits in inheritance. For chromosomal sex determination, species can have homomorphic or heteromorphic sex chromosomes, with mechanisms involving one or more sex chromosomes. Genic sex determination can be influenced by single or multiple genes. Sex-linked traits are inherited differently between sexes due to genes located on sex chromosomes. Sex-influenced and sex-limited traits also show differences in expression or effects between sexes.
Sex determination
Sex Determination definition.
Chromosomal Sex Determination.
Primary sex determination.
Secondary Sex determination.
Genetic mechanism.
Environmental Sex Determination.
Conclusion.
Similar to Sex determination (20)
Sex determination and sex ratio..2013 university sulaiamany.biology.dashty ri...
Sex determination and sex ratio..2013 university sulaiamany.biology.dashty ri...
10 sex detrmination 2-2.pdf hzulqarnain640@gmail.com
10 sex detrmination 2-2.pdf hzulqarnain640@gmail.com
Recently uploaded
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
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◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
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◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
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6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
fermented food science of sauerkraut.pptx
This ppt contains the production of a fermented food name - sauerkraut
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
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Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
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Sex determination
- 1. Sex Determination Read pp65-75 in text
- 2. Outline 1.Different mechanisms for sex determination 2. Mammalian Y chromosome 3. SRY 4. Testosterone
- 3. mammals Drosophila XX female female XY male male Chromosomal sex determination in mammals and flies
- 4. mammals Drosophila XX female female XY male male XO female male XXY male female XYY male male Sex is determined differently in mammals and flies
- 5. Mechanisms of sex determination Chromosomal sex determination: In flies and mammals females are the homogametic sex (XX) and males the heterogametic sex (XY). In butterflies and birds males are the homogametic sex (ZZ) and females the heterogametic sex (ZW). Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) XX females; XY males X:autosome ratio determines sex 1.0 female; 0.5 male Mammals The single Y-linked gene SRY determines the male phenotype.
- 6. Environmental sex determination In some reptiles, the temperature of embryonic development determines sex.
- 7. Clownfish live in small groups inhabiting a single anemone. The group consist of a breeding pair, which cohabit with a few non-reproductive, smaller male clownfish. When the female dies, the dominant male changes sex and becomes the female.
- 8. Outline 1.Different mechanisms for sex determination 2. Mammalian Y chromosome 3. SRY 4. Testosterone
- 9. The Y chromosome is necessary and sufficient for male development! But what on Y is important for male development?
- 10. The Y chromosome is a wasteland; it contains very few genes. Which one controls maleness.
- 12. Outline 1.Different mechanisms for sex determination 2. Mammalian Y chromosome 3. SRY 4. Testosterone
- 13. SRY is both necessary and sufficient for male development
- 14. SRY is a transcription factor
- 15. Indifferent gonad SRY no SRY Testes Ovaries
- 17. Outline 1.Different mechanisms for sex determination 2. Mammalian Y chromosome 3. SRY 4. Testosterone
- 18. Sry Testes form from gonad Testosterone anti-Mullerian hormone Mullerian ducts degenerate
- 19. receptor AMH Testosterone (steroid) and anti-Mullerian hormone (peptide) both regulate transcription Steroids are lipid soluble and can pass through the plasma membrane. Their receptors are in the cell. Peptide hormones cannot pass through the plasma membrane. Their receptors are in the cell membrane.
- 21. Sry OFF Ovaries form from gonad No AMH No testosterone No DHT Mullerian ducts Wollfian ducts degenerate Internal female structures External female structures Oviduct, cervix, uterus, upper vagina Uterus, lower vagina, clitoris, labia