Sewage fed aquaculture involves culturing fish in ponds that receive untreated domestic sewage. This provides nutrients to support high fish yields without supplemental feeding. However, using raw sewage poses health risks if pathogens enter the food chain. Proper treatment and management can minimize risks while maintaining environmental and economic benefits, such as wastewater remediation, food production, livelihoods, and groundwater recharge. While a major protein source, shifting to treated sewage would further reduce pollution and public health concerns from this aquaculture system.
This document discusses estuaries and estuarine fisheries in India. It defines an estuary and notes that India has over 55 estuaries along its eastern and western coasts, totaling approximately 30,000 square kilometers. Several major river systems like the Ganges, Mahanadi, Godavari and Krishna form highly productive estuarine ecosystems. The document examines the fish production and ecology of estuaries like the Hooghly, Krishna, Godavari, Mahanadi, Chilka, Pulicat Lake, and Kerala backwaters. It provides details on fish catches, species diversity, and threats like overfishing in several of India's important estuarine systems.
The principle of integrated fish farming involves farming of fish along with livestock or/and agricultural crops.. This type of farming offers great efficiency in resource utilization, as waste or by product from one system is
effectively recycled. It also enables effective utilization of available farming space for maximizing production.
•The rising cost of protein-rich fish food and chemical fertilizers
as well as the general concern for energy conservation have created awareness in the utilization of rice and other crop fields and livestock wastes for fish culture. Fish culture in combination with agriculture or livestock is a unique and lucrative venture and provides a higher farm income, makes available a cheap source of protein for the
rural population, increases productivity on small land-holdings
and increases the supply of feeds for the farm livestock.
Scope of Integrated Fish Farming
The scope of integrated farming is considerably
wide. Ducks and geese are raised in pond, and pond- dykes are used for horticultural and agricultural
crop products and animal rearing.
The system provides meat, milk, eggs, fruits,
vegetables, mushroom, fodder and grains, in
addition to fish.
Hence this system provides better production, provides more employment, and improves socio- economic status of farmers and betterment of rural economy.
Classification of Integrated Fish Farming
Integrated fish farming can be broadly classified into two, namely Agriculture-fish and Livestock-fish systems
Agriculture-fish systems- Agri-based systems include rice-fish integration,
horticulture-fish system, mushroom- fish system, seri-fish system.
Livestock-fish systems- Livestock-fish system includes cattle-fish system, system, pig-fish system, poultry-fish system, duck-fish system, goat-fish system, rabbit-fish system.
The document discusses food and feeding for aquarium fish. It provides information on the types of foods fish need, including live foods like brine shrimp and bloodworms as well as processed foods like flakes and pellets. It also discusses ingredients that make up quality fish food like proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. The document emphasizes the importance of providing the right kind and amount of food, as overfeeding can dirty the tank.
- Mugil cephalus, commonly known as the striped mullet, is an euryhaline fish that is cultured alone or with other fish species like tilapia.
- Grey mullet has been farmed for centuries in extensive and semi-intensive ponds in places like the Mediterranean, Southeast Asia, and Egypt.
- Major producing countries include Italy, Israel, Egypt, Mexico, Peru, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. Mullet is found worldwide in coastal waters except for some regions in the Americas.
This document discusses the management of nursery ponds for fish culture. It describes the pre-stocking, stocking, and post-stocking management of nursery ponds. For pre-stocking management, it discusses dewatering and drying the pond, desilting, controlling predators and weeds, liming, fertilizing, and maintaining water quality. Nursery ponds are typically stocked at 5-6 million spawn per hectare. Post-stocking management includes feeding the spawn based on their growth and harvesting fry after 15 days once they reach 20-25mm in size. The goal of nursery pond management is to nurse the hatchlings until they grow into fry that can be transferred
Aquaculture can have negative environmental impacts if not properly managed. Large amounts of uneaten fish food, fish excrement, and chemicals used in aquaculture can deplete oxygen in water, create algal blooms, and contaminate shellfish. These effects harm ecosystems and can pose health risks. However, the impacts of aquaculture can be reduced by using specialized fish feed, raising fish with other organisms to filter waste, minimizing the use of chemicals, and properly disposing of farm waste.
This document discusses overexploitation of wild fish stocks. It begins by explaining different types of overfishing including growth overfishing, recruitment overfishing, and ecosystem overfishing. It then provides examples of overexploited fish stocks in India like oil sardine, Indian mackerel, and Bombay duck. Studies on fish stock status in Karnataka and Kerala are mentioned, identifying certain species as depleted or declining. The document concludes by discussing the negative impacts of overexploitation, and some potential solutions like establishing marine protected areas and implementing fishing quotas.
The document provides an overview of the global and national scenario of the ornamental fisheries trade and its future scope. Some key points:
- Singapore, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines are among the top exporting countries, while the USA, UK, Germany, Japan, and the Netherlands are the largest importers.
- India has over 100 indigenous freshwater ornamental fish species and potential marine species, but its share of the global ornamental fish trade is only 0.008%. There is room to increase domestic breeding and exports.
- The ornamental fish trade provides opportunities for small entrepreneurs and employment. Increased research, production facilities, and public-private partnerships could help make the industry more
This document discusses estuaries and estuarine fisheries in India. It defines an estuary and notes that India has over 55 estuaries along its eastern and western coasts, totaling approximately 30,000 square kilometers. Several major river systems like the Ganges, Mahanadi, Godavari and Krishna form highly productive estuarine ecosystems. The document examines the fish production and ecology of estuaries like the Hooghly, Krishna, Godavari, Mahanadi, Chilka, Pulicat Lake, and Kerala backwaters. It provides details on fish catches, species diversity, and threats like overfishing in several of India's important estuarine systems.
The principle of integrated fish farming involves farming of fish along with livestock or/and agricultural crops.. This type of farming offers great efficiency in resource utilization, as waste or by product from one system is
effectively recycled. It also enables effective utilization of available farming space for maximizing production.
•The rising cost of protein-rich fish food and chemical fertilizers
as well as the general concern for energy conservation have created awareness in the utilization of rice and other crop fields and livestock wastes for fish culture. Fish culture in combination with agriculture or livestock is a unique and lucrative venture and provides a higher farm income, makes available a cheap source of protein for the
rural population, increases productivity on small land-holdings
and increases the supply of feeds for the farm livestock.
Scope of Integrated Fish Farming
The scope of integrated farming is considerably
wide. Ducks and geese are raised in pond, and pond- dykes are used for horticultural and agricultural
crop products and animal rearing.
The system provides meat, milk, eggs, fruits,
vegetables, mushroom, fodder and grains, in
addition to fish.
Hence this system provides better production, provides more employment, and improves socio- economic status of farmers and betterment of rural economy.
Classification of Integrated Fish Farming
Integrated fish farming can be broadly classified into two, namely Agriculture-fish and Livestock-fish systems
Agriculture-fish systems- Agri-based systems include rice-fish integration,
horticulture-fish system, mushroom- fish system, seri-fish system.
Livestock-fish systems- Livestock-fish system includes cattle-fish system, system, pig-fish system, poultry-fish system, duck-fish system, goat-fish system, rabbit-fish system.
The document discusses food and feeding for aquarium fish. It provides information on the types of foods fish need, including live foods like brine shrimp and bloodworms as well as processed foods like flakes and pellets. It also discusses ingredients that make up quality fish food like proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. The document emphasizes the importance of providing the right kind and amount of food, as overfeeding can dirty the tank.
- Mugil cephalus, commonly known as the striped mullet, is an euryhaline fish that is cultured alone or with other fish species like tilapia.
- Grey mullet has been farmed for centuries in extensive and semi-intensive ponds in places like the Mediterranean, Southeast Asia, and Egypt.
- Major producing countries include Italy, Israel, Egypt, Mexico, Peru, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. Mullet is found worldwide in coastal waters except for some regions in the Americas.
This document discusses the management of nursery ponds for fish culture. It describes the pre-stocking, stocking, and post-stocking management of nursery ponds. For pre-stocking management, it discusses dewatering and drying the pond, desilting, controlling predators and weeds, liming, fertilizing, and maintaining water quality. Nursery ponds are typically stocked at 5-6 million spawn per hectare. Post-stocking management includes feeding the spawn based on their growth and harvesting fry after 15 days once they reach 20-25mm in size. The goal of nursery pond management is to nurse the hatchlings until they grow into fry that can be transferred
Aquaculture can have negative environmental impacts if not properly managed. Large amounts of uneaten fish food, fish excrement, and chemicals used in aquaculture can deplete oxygen in water, create algal blooms, and contaminate shellfish. These effects harm ecosystems and can pose health risks. However, the impacts of aquaculture can be reduced by using specialized fish feed, raising fish with other organisms to filter waste, minimizing the use of chemicals, and properly disposing of farm waste.
This document discusses overexploitation of wild fish stocks. It begins by explaining different types of overfishing including growth overfishing, recruitment overfishing, and ecosystem overfishing. It then provides examples of overexploited fish stocks in India like oil sardine, Indian mackerel, and Bombay duck. Studies on fish stock status in Karnataka and Kerala are mentioned, identifying certain species as depleted or declining. The document concludes by discussing the negative impacts of overexploitation, and some potential solutions like establishing marine protected areas and implementing fishing quotas.
The document provides an overview of the global and national scenario of the ornamental fisheries trade and its future scope. Some key points:
- Singapore, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines are among the top exporting countries, while the USA, UK, Germany, Japan, and the Netherlands are the largest importers.
- India has over 100 indigenous freshwater ornamental fish species and potential marine species, but its share of the global ornamental fish trade is only 0.008%. There is room to increase domestic breeding and exports.
- The ornamental fish trade provides opportunities for small entrepreneurs and employment. Increased research, production facilities, and public-private partnerships could help make the industry more
Transport of hatchlings, fry, and fingerlings is common in aquaculture. Proper techniques involve understanding fish physiology and mortality causes during transport. Seed can be collected from wild or hatcheries. Major carps are collected from flooded rivers during monsoon season. Seed from estuaries and coastal waters include milkfish, mullets, pearlspot, and seabass. Bundhs are seasonal flooded areas that stimulate breeding. Induced spawning techniques breed species that don't spawn in captivity using hormones. Transport uses open or closed oxygenated systems. Factors causing mortality are oxygen depletion, waste accumulation, temperature fluctuations, and stress. Anaesthetics and antibiotics are used to reduce stress and prevent disease.
1) Fish possess various adaptive structures like electric organs, poison glands, and sound producing organs. This document focuses on bioluminescence organs.
2) Bioluminescence involves the production of light by living organisms through a chemical reaction between luciferin and luciferase enzymes. It is common in marine life.
3) Fish bioluminescence can involve symbiotic bacteria or intrinsic photophores. Photophores are light-emitting organs that vary in structure and function between fish species.
This document discusses sewage-fed fish culture, which involves using treated sewage water to culture fish. It provides background on the history and present status of sewage-fed fish culture. The key processes involved are primary and secondary sewage treatment through sedimentation, dilution, and storage before releasing into fish ponds. Farmers culture various fish species using techniques like pond preparation, primary fertilization through sewage, stocking, feeding, and harvesting fish for market. While sewage-fed culture benefits waste recycling and low input costs, it can also pose health risks if not properly managed.
Nutritional requirement of larvae and broodstock of commercially important fi...Akhila S
the presentation provides the details regarding, Tthe broodstock nutrition, essential nutrients and recent data on broodstock nutrition; also larval nutrition; the hatchery utilised live feeds in detail and also microparticulate diet, the recent knowlwdge on essential elements amd minerals in larval nutrition, like taurine, phospholipids, liposomes, waxy spray beds etc
The document discusses India's inland water resources including rivers, reservoirs, lakes, tanks, ponds, wetlands, lagoons and estuaries. It notes that rivers cover over 1.9 lakh km and reservoirs cover over 3.15 million hectares. Major river systems include the Ganga, Brahmaputra, Indus, and rivers along the east and west coasts. Inland fisheries production has increased from 0.75 million tonnes in 1950-51 to over 8 million tonnes in 2009-10. States like West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh are major producers.
Setting an aquarium is an important steps to maintaining healthy ornamental fishes. It gives mind relaxation and peaceful. It is a hobby and reduces the stress also
The plankton is divisible into two main groups, the phytoplankton and the zooplankton. The primary productivity which we discussed in chapter 10 is primarily the functional aspect of phytoplankton - the other chlorophyll bearing organisms are also to be included, but in most water bodies such as the culture pond an index of primary productivity could be obtained by the mass or number of phytoplankton in a unit volume of water
This document describes different types of aquaculture practices based on salinity levels: mariculture for saltwater environments, metahaline culture for supersaline areas, brackishwater culture, and freshwater culture. For each environment, various culture methods are outlined, such as cage culture, raft culture, rack culture, and integrated fish farming. Culture techniques like monosex culture and air-breathing fish culture are also summarized.
Composite fish culture involves culturing multiple compatible fish species together in a pond to maximize fish yield and productivity. It enables full utilization of available fish feed by including species with different feeding habits, such as surface feeders, column feeders, and bottom feeders. Common fish used include Indian major carps like rohu, catla, and mrigal as well as exotic carps like grass carp and silver carp. Proper pond preparation, fertilization, stocking density, feeding practices, and harvesting are required to achieve high production yields of 4-6 tons per hectare annually through this polyculture technique.
Hybridization is the act of breeding between two different fish species or genera that do not ordinarily interbreed. There are two types: natural hybridization which can occur when species spawn in the same area due to habitat changes, and artificial hybridization where gametes are manually mixed. This results in a hybrid offspring that has intermediate physical characteristics between the parents. Examples include hybrids of different carp species. Hybrids can be diploid or polyploid depending on chromosome manipulation techniques used. While hybridization may have economic benefits, uncontrolled hybridization could cause losses.
Carps form the mainstay of aquaculture in India contributing over 85% of the total aquaculture production There are 61,259 species of vertebrates recognized world; over 30,700 are fish species of which 8,411 ore fresh water while 11,650 are marine. In India 2,163 spp. are fin fishes have been recorded from upland cold water (157; 7.26%) warm water of the plain (54; 20.99%), Brackish water (182; 8.41%) and marine environment (1,370; 63.43%). Some of these species are cultured at commercial level which covering a lot varieties of fin fishes The three Indian major carps, namely Catla (Catla catla), Rohu (Labeo rohita) and Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigal) contribute the bulk of production to the extent of 75 to85 percent of the total fresh water fish production, the three exotic carp such as Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and Common carp (Cyprinus carpio ), Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella )form the second important group to incorporate several other medium and minor carp and into the carp poly culture system several method were used because of their region specific consumer preference and higher market demand.
History
Carp culture in India was restricted only to a homestead backyard pond activity in west Bengal and Odisha until late 1950 s with seed from riverine sources as the only input resulting low level of production the technological breakthrough breeding of carp through hypophysation in 1957 freshwater aquaculture of the country the country till 1984 virtually laid the foundation of scientific carp farming in the country.
Important characteristics of Indian major carps:-
Indian major carp grow fast and can reproduce even in artificial ponds. They feed upon phytoplankton, zooplankton, decaying organic matter, aquatic plant etc. stomach is absent in the alimentary canal of the major carps. Three types of Indian major carps are cultured in
it includes major reservoir(dam). it includes defenition of dams.it includes its uses.it also includes major types . includes advantages and disadvatages. it icludes various ecological aspects related to the dam
These topic contains global scenario of aquaculture, demand consumption scenario and present status of aquaculture in India. These presentation also contain constraints, future prospects and challenges in aquaculture. Different aquaculture practices throughout the world.
This document discusses post-harvest technology and fish handling practices. It describes how post-harvest technology aims to preserve, process, package and distribute seafood after harvest. It then discusses several fish handling practices including keeping live fish, icing fish, and methods used in artisanal fisheries. The document outlines reasons for fish spoilage including autolysis, bacteria, rancidity, and mechanical damage. It also explains the process of rigor mortis in fish muscles after death.
Freshwater prawn farming has emerged as an industry since the 1960s. Macrobrachium rosenbergii is a commonly farmed freshwater prawn species that is well-suited for intensive aquaculture. The lifecycle includes eggs, larval stages, postlarvae, and adults. Prawns are generally cultured in earthen ponds and fed a balanced diet. Hatcheries produce postlarvae that are stocked into grow-out ponds for harvesting after 3-6 months of cultivation. Freshwater prawn farming provides income opportunities for small farmers and has been expanding rapidly in many countries.
The document provides information on the external and internal anatomy of finfish. It discusses the ten body systems of fish and the three main classes of fish - Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, and Osteichthyes. It describes the external anatomy including common body forms, body covering, scales, and fins. It details the internal anatomy covering organs like the brain, esophagus, stomach, and more. It also discusses the structure, types, and arrangements of scales and fins in more detail.
Cage culture involves raising fish in mesh boxes placed in bodies of water. It originated in Cambodia about 200 years ago when cages were used to transport live fish to market. Cages are constructed with frames made of wood, plastic or steel, with floats to keep them buoyant and weights to anchor them. They come in various shapes and sizes, usually square or rectangular, and are 20-60 cubic meters. Cages are either fixed in flowing water, floating in lakes/rivers/offshore, or submerged and movable in areas prone to cyclones. Fish are fed through natural water movement and supplemental feeding of rice bran, fish meal and soybean cake. Fish production ranges from 3,000-25,000 kg
This document provides information about carp culture and the selection of major carps for aquaculture. It discusses that carp culture is one of the oldest forms of aquaculture and major carps like Catla catla, Labeo rohita, and Cirrhina mrigala contribute over 85% of aquaculture production in India. The document outlines various factors to consider for site selection such as soil type, water availability, and proximity to markets. It also provides details on pond construction and conditioning, and criteria for selecting suitable carps for culture like growth rate, tolerance levels, and consumer preference.
Nursery Pond Management
Objectives:
To obtain required amount of desirable species at desired time at desired price all the year round.
After completing these stages of management the nursery pond is prepared for rearing fry and fingerlings.
The next stage is to select culturable species for stocking in the prepared pond and other management.
If we prepare a good nursery pond we will get a good production .
Soil and water interaction__Physical and Chemical Properties of Soil and Wate...Rajesh Chudasama
In terms of successful and sustainable development of aquaculture two prospects are most important soil and water quality parameters management and its interaction process understanding.
Selection of the site for pond construction soil plays a key role. Soil type, water holding capacity, organic matter, available nutrients and chemical composition of soil these parameters are optimum level is required for aquaculture suitable site.
After water filling of the pond water parameters like pH, dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity, total hardness and total ammoniacal nitrogen interact with soil composition. That things are also dependent on climatic conditions and weather patterns.
The document discusses wastewater treatment processes. It describes that wastewater contains a variety of pollutants from physical to biological contaminants. The size of treatment systems depends on sewage volume and anticipated flows. Common treatment methods include primary, secondary, and tertiary levels. Primary treatment involves screens, comminution, grit removal and sedimentation to remove solids. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like trickling filters, activated sludge, and oxidation ponds to further reduce organic matter. Tertiary treatment can achieve very high removal rates of 99% for drinking water quality effluent.
Transport of hatchlings, fry, and fingerlings is common in aquaculture. Proper techniques involve understanding fish physiology and mortality causes during transport. Seed can be collected from wild or hatcheries. Major carps are collected from flooded rivers during monsoon season. Seed from estuaries and coastal waters include milkfish, mullets, pearlspot, and seabass. Bundhs are seasonal flooded areas that stimulate breeding. Induced spawning techniques breed species that don't spawn in captivity using hormones. Transport uses open or closed oxygenated systems. Factors causing mortality are oxygen depletion, waste accumulation, temperature fluctuations, and stress. Anaesthetics and antibiotics are used to reduce stress and prevent disease.
1) Fish possess various adaptive structures like electric organs, poison glands, and sound producing organs. This document focuses on bioluminescence organs.
2) Bioluminescence involves the production of light by living organisms through a chemical reaction between luciferin and luciferase enzymes. It is common in marine life.
3) Fish bioluminescence can involve symbiotic bacteria or intrinsic photophores. Photophores are light-emitting organs that vary in structure and function between fish species.
This document discusses sewage-fed fish culture, which involves using treated sewage water to culture fish. It provides background on the history and present status of sewage-fed fish culture. The key processes involved are primary and secondary sewage treatment through sedimentation, dilution, and storage before releasing into fish ponds. Farmers culture various fish species using techniques like pond preparation, primary fertilization through sewage, stocking, feeding, and harvesting fish for market. While sewage-fed culture benefits waste recycling and low input costs, it can also pose health risks if not properly managed.
Nutritional requirement of larvae and broodstock of commercially important fi...Akhila S
the presentation provides the details regarding, Tthe broodstock nutrition, essential nutrients and recent data on broodstock nutrition; also larval nutrition; the hatchery utilised live feeds in detail and also microparticulate diet, the recent knowlwdge on essential elements amd minerals in larval nutrition, like taurine, phospholipids, liposomes, waxy spray beds etc
The document discusses India's inland water resources including rivers, reservoirs, lakes, tanks, ponds, wetlands, lagoons and estuaries. It notes that rivers cover over 1.9 lakh km and reservoirs cover over 3.15 million hectares. Major river systems include the Ganga, Brahmaputra, Indus, and rivers along the east and west coasts. Inland fisheries production has increased from 0.75 million tonnes in 1950-51 to over 8 million tonnes in 2009-10. States like West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh are major producers.
Setting an aquarium is an important steps to maintaining healthy ornamental fishes. It gives mind relaxation and peaceful. It is a hobby and reduces the stress also
The plankton is divisible into two main groups, the phytoplankton and the zooplankton. The primary productivity which we discussed in chapter 10 is primarily the functional aspect of phytoplankton - the other chlorophyll bearing organisms are also to be included, but in most water bodies such as the culture pond an index of primary productivity could be obtained by the mass or number of phytoplankton in a unit volume of water
This document describes different types of aquaculture practices based on salinity levels: mariculture for saltwater environments, metahaline culture for supersaline areas, brackishwater culture, and freshwater culture. For each environment, various culture methods are outlined, such as cage culture, raft culture, rack culture, and integrated fish farming. Culture techniques like monosex culture and air-breathing fish culture are also summarized.
Composite fish culture involves culturing multiple compatible fish species together in a pond to maximize fish yield and productivity. It enables full utilization of available fish feed by including species with different feeding habits, such as surface feeders, column feeders, and bottom feeders. Common fish used include Indian major carps like rohu, catla, and mrigal as well as exotic carps like grass carp and silver carp. Proper pond preparation, fertilization, stocking density, feeding practices, and harvesting are required to achieve high production yields of 4-6 tons per hectare annually through this polyculture technique.
Hybridization is the act of breeding between two different fish species or genera that do not ordinarily interbreed. There are two types: natural hybridization which can occur when species spawn in the same area due to habitat changes, and artificial hybridization where gametes are manually mixed. This results in a hybrid offspring that has intermediate physical characteristics between the parents. Examples include hybrids of different carp species. Hybrids can be diploid or polyploid depending on chromosome manipulation techniques used. While hybridization may have economic benefits, uncontrolled hybridization could cause losses.
Carps form the mainstay of aquaculture in India contributing over 85% of the total aquaculture production There are 61,259 species of vertebrates recognized world; over 30,700 are fish species of which 8,411 ore fresh water while 11,650 are marine. In India 2,163 spp. are fin fishes have been recorded from upland cold water (157; 7.26%) warm water of the plain (54; 20.99%), Brackish water (182; 8.41%) and marine environment (1,370; 63.43%). Some of these species are cultured at commercial level which covering a lot varieties of fin fishes The three Indian major carps, namely Catla (Catla catla), Rohu (Labeo rohita) and Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigal) contribute the bulk of production to the extent of 75 to85 percent of the total fresh water fish production, the three exotic carp such as Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and Common carp (Cyprinus carpio ), Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella )form the second important group to incorporate several other medium and minor carp and into the carp poly culture system several method were used because of their region specific consumer preference and higher market demand.
History
Carp culture in India was restricted only to a homestead backyard pond activity in west Bengal and Odisha until late 1950 s with seed from riverine sources as the only input resulting low level of production the technological breakthrough breeding of carp through hypophysation in 1957 freshwater aquaculture of the country the country till 1984 virtually laid the foundation of scientific carp farming in the country.
Important characteristics of Indian major carps:-
Indian major carp grow fast and can reproduce even in artificial ponds. They feed upon phytoplankton, zooplankton, decaying organic matter, aquatic plant etc. stomach is absent in the alimentary canal of the major carps. Three types of Indian major carps are cultured in
it includes major reservoir(dam). it includes defenition of dams.it includes its uses.it also includes major types . includes advantages and disadvatages. it icludes various ecological aspects related to the dam
These topic contains global scenario of aquaculture, demand consumption scenario and present status of aquaculture in India. These presentation also contain constraints, future prospects and challenges in aquaculture. Different aquaculture practices throughout the world.
This document discusses post-harvest technology and fish handling practices. It describes how post-harvest technology aims to preserve, process, package and distribute seafood after harvest. It then discusses several fish handling practices including keeping live fish, icing fish, and methods used in artisanal fisheries. The document outlines reasons for fish spoilage including autolysis, bacteria, rancidity, and mechanical damage. It also explains the process of rigor mortis in fish muscles after death.
Freshwater prawn farming has emerged as an industry since the 1960s. Macrobrachium rosenbergii is a commonly farmed freshwater prawn species that is well-suited for intensive aquaculture. The lifecycle includes eggs, larval stages, postlarvae, and adults. Prawns are generally cultured in earthen ponds and fed a balanced diet. Hatcheries produce postlarvae that are stocked into grow-out ponds for harvesting after 3-6 months of cultivation. Freshwater prawn farming provides income opportunities for small farmers and has been expanding rapidly in many countries.
The document provides information on the external and internal anatomy of finfish. It discusses the ten body systems of fish and the three main classes of fish - Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, and Osteichthyes. It describes the external anatomy including common body forms, body covering, scales, and fins. It details the internal anatomy covering organs like the brain, esophagus, stomach, and more. It also discusses the structure, types, and arrangements of scales and fins in more detail.
Cage culture involves raising fish in mesh boxes placed in bodies of water. It originated in Cambodia about 200 years ago when cages were used to transport live fish to market. Cages are constructed with frames made of wood, plastic or steel, with floats to keep them buoyant and weights to anchor them. They come in various shapes and sizes, usually square or rectangular, and are 20-60 cubic meters. Cages are either fixed in flowing water, floating in lakes/rivers/offshore, or submerged and movable in areas prone to cyclones. Fish are fed through natural water movement and supplemental feeding of rice bran, fish meal and soybean cake. Fish production ranges from 3,000-25,000 kg
This document provides information about carp culture and the selection of major carps for aquaculture. It discusses that carp culture is one of the oldest forms of aquaculture and major carps like Catla catla, Labeo rohita, and Cirrhina mrigala contribute over 85% of aquaculture production in India. The document outlines various factors to consider for site selection such as soil type, water availability, and proximity to markets. It also provides details on pond construction and conditioning, and criteria for selecting suitable carps for culture like growth rate, tolerance levels, and consumer preference.
Nursery Pond Management
Objectives:
To obtain required amount of desirable species at desired time at desired price all the year round.
After completing these stages of management the nursery pond is prepared for rearing fry and fingerlings.
The next stage is to select culturable species for stocking in the prepared pond and other management.
If we prepare a good nursery pond we will get a good production .
Soil and water interaction__Physical and Chemical Properties of Soil and Wate...Rajesh Chudasama
In terms of successful and sustainable development of aquaculture two prospects are most important soil and water quality parameters management and its interaction process understanding.
Selection of the site for pond construction soil plays a key role. Soil type, water holding capacity, organic matter, available nutrients and chemical composition of soil these parameters are optimum level is required for aquaculture suitable site.
After water filling of the pond water parameters like pH, dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity, total hardness and total ammoniacal nitrogen interact with soil composition. That things are also dependent on climatic conditions and weather patterns.
The document discusses wastewater treatment processes. It describes that wastewater contains a variety of pollutants from physical to biological contaminants. The size of treatment systems depends on sewage volume and anticipated flows. Common treatment methods include primary, secondary, and tertiary levels. Primary treatment involves screens, comminution, grit removal and sedimentation to remove solids. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like trickling filters, activated sludge, and oxidation ponds to further reduce organic matter. Tertiary treatment can achieve very high removal rates of 99% for drinking water quality effluent.
This document describes various municipal wastewater treatment processes including primary treatment to remove settleable solids, secondary treatment using biological processes like trickling filters and activated sludge to reduce BOD, and tertiary treatment using oxidation ponds. It provides details on screening, grit removal, sedimentation, trickling filters, activated sludge, and aerobic, anaerobic and facultative ponds. Diagrams and videos are referenced to illustrate key processes. The goal of wastewater treatment is to extract pollutants, remove toxins, neutralize particles, kill pathogens, and reduce BOD, COD and eutrophication.
Stabilization ponds, also known as oxidation ponds, are large, shallow ponds that treat wastewater through interactions between sunlight, algae, and bacteria. Algae grow using nutrients from wastewater and release oxygen used by aerobic bacteria to break down organic matter. The algae and bacteria have a symbiotic relationship where algae provide oxygen for bacteria and bacteria provide carbon dioxide for algae. Together, they work to treat wastewater through bacterial oxidation and algal photosynthesis in the pond's water columns and sediments.
Municipal sewage treatment systems carry out various steps involved. These steps are primary treatment, secondary (or) biological treatment, and tertiary treatment.
Oxidation ponds, also known as stabilization ponds, are shallow man-made bodies of water that use natural biological processes to treat wastewater. There are four main types of oxidation ponds: facultative ponds, maturation ponds, river purification lakes, and high-rate aerobic stabilization ponds. Facultative ponds use algae and bacteria to remove organic matter from wastewater through aerobic and anaerobic zones, achieving 50% BOD removal on average. Maturation ponds are often used after facultative ponds to further polish the effluent and remove pathogens over 10-15 days. High-rate ponds are very shallow and mixed to promote algal growth for biom
Sewage Treatment and waste disposal.pptxKhem Sharma
The document discusses sewage treatment and waste disposal. It begins by defining domestic waste and sewage, and outlines some of the public health risks of improper waste disposal, including disease transmission. It then describes the composition and aims of sewage treatment, including reducing biochemical oxygen demand and removing pathogens. Primary treatment involves screening, sedimentation, and removal of solids. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like trickling filters or activated sludge to further break down organic matter before disinfection and disposal of the treated effluent and sludge.
Oxidation ponds and lagoons are open basins designed to treat sewage and wastewater through natural biological processes. There are several types including aerobic, anaerobic, and facultative ponds as well as maturation ponds. Aerobic ponds maintain dissolved oxygen throughout while anaerobic ponds operate without oxygen. Facultative ponds contain aerobic, anaerobic, and facultative zones. Lagoons are deeper than ponds and can be aerobic or facultative. Proper design, regular maintenance, and operating multiple ponds/lagoons in series improves treatment efficiency.
This document discusses various stages and methods for wastewater treatment. It begins with an overview of the typical stages: primary treatment to remove solids, secondary treatment using biological processes, and tertiary treatment for disinfection. It then provides details on specific treatment methods and components used at each stage, including screens, grit chambers, sedimentation tanks, trickling filters, activated sludge, and anaerobic digestion. The document also discusses aerated lagoons, rotating biological contactors, septic tanks, and aerated water treatment systems as alternatives for secondary treatment.
Human excreta and improper excreta disposal pose major public health risks like soil, water, and food contamination which can spread diseases. There are various methods for excreta disposal, including latrines, septic tanks, and sewerage systems, with the goal being proper segregation and treatment of excreta to prevent transmission of diseases. Community sanitation aims to break the disease cycle at key points like excreta disposal, water protection, and fly control.
The document summarizes the three step municipal sewage treatment process:
1. Primary/mechanical treatment removes coarse solid materials through sedimentation.
2. Secondary/biological treatment uses aerobic and anaerobic microbial activity to break down organic matter, including through trickling filters, oxidation ponds, and the activated sludge process.
3. Tertiary/final treatment uses chemical treatment and chlorination to further purify the water before discharge.
This document discusses water treatment processes. It describes that water treatment removes contaminants from wastewater through physical, chemical, and biological processes. The objective is to produce a safe fluid and solid waste suitable for disposal or reuse. Sewage can be treated either close to its source in a decentralized system, or collected and transported to a centralized municipal treatment plant. Key processes mentioned include screening, grit removal, primary sedimentation, biological treatment, and disinfection.
SOURCES AND EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTANTS ON HUMAN HEALTH, QUALITY STANDARDS FO...JYOTI DEVENDRA
This document discusses sources and effects of water pollution on human health. It outlines various sources of water pollution including sewage, industrial waste, pesticides, fertilizers and others. It describes the waste water treatment process including preliminary, primary, secondary and tertiary treatments. The secondary treatment involves biological processes like activated sludge process, trickling filters and anaerobic digestion to remove organic matter. Tertiary treatment further removes nutrients and disinfects the water. The document provides information on water quality standards and processing steps to treat domestic and industrial waste water.
The document discusses wastewater and sewage treatment. It describes the various stages of treatment - primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary treatment involves physical processes like screening and sedimentation to remove solids. Secondary treatment uses biological processes via microorganisms to break down organic matter. Tertiary treatment provides additional removal of nutrients and disinfection before water is released. The goal of treatment is to remove impurities and improve water quality before it is returned to the environment.
This document provides an overview of the sewage treatment process. It begins with an introduction to sewage treatment and its importance. It then describes the various stages of treatment - preliminary (screening), primary (settling), secondary (trickling filters or activated sludge), tertiary (additional filtration), and solids processing (digestion or composting). The final effluent is disinfected before discharge while solids are disposed of in landfills. The document outlines the key objectives, processes, and equipment used at each treatment stage.
1) Modern sewage treatment plants use biological and multi-step processes to purify sewage water.
2) The primary steps are screening, grit removal, and primary sedimentation to remove solids.
3) Secondary treatment further breaks down organic matter, using methods like trickling filters or activated sludge processes.
4) Tertiary treatment can further polish the water before disposal into waterways, irrigation, or potentially for drinking water.
1. Modern sewage treatment plants use biological and multi-step processes to purify sewage water.
2. The primary steps are screening, grit removal, and primary sedimentation to remove solids.
3. Secondary treatment further breaks down organic matter, using methods like trickling filters or activated sludge processes.
4. Tertiary treatment can further polish the water before disposal into waterways, irrigation, or potentially for drinking water.
1) Modern sewage treatment plants use biological and multi-step processes to purify sewage water.
2) The primary steps are screening, grit removal, and primary sedimentation to remove solids.
3) Secondary treatment further breaks down organic matter, using methods like trickling filters or activated sludge processes.
4) Tertiary treatment can further polish the water before disposal into waterways, irrigation, or potentially for drinking water.
Pond management involves proper site selection, construction, and maintenance of water quality parameters. Key water quality factors to monitor include oxygen, pH, temperature, salinity, turbidity, and nitrogen compounds. Pond preparation between crops requires removing settled waste through dry or wet cleaning methods. Maintaining optimal conditions of these water quality parameters is important for health, growth and productivity of farmed aquatic species.
What are Oxidation Ponds ?
Oxidation Pond is an open, flow through earthen basin of controlled shape specially design and constructed to treat sewage and bio-degradable industrial waste by natural processes involving bacteria and in many instances algae.
What are Oxidation Ponds ?
Oxidation Pond is an open, flow through earthen basin of controlled shape specially design and constructed to treat sewage and bio-degradable industrial waste by natural processes involving bacteria and in many instances algae.
What are Oxidation Ponds ?
Oxidation Pond is an open, flow through earthen basin of controlled shape specially design and constructed to treat sewage and bio-degradable industrial waste by natural processes involving bacteria and in many instances algae.
What are Oxidation Ponds ?
Oxidation Pond is an open, flow through earthen basin of controlled shape specially design and constructed to treat sewage and bio-degradable industrial waste by natural processes involving bacteria and in many instances algae.
What are Oxidation Ponds ?
Oxidation Pond is an open, flow through earthen basin of controlled shape specially design and constructed to treat sewage and bio-degradable industrial waste by natural processes involving bacteria and in many instances algae.
What are Oxidation Ponds ?
Oxidation Pond is an open, flow through earthen basin of controlled shape specially design and constructed to treat sewage and bio-degradable industrial waste by natural processes involving bacteria and in many instances algae.
What are Oxidation Ponds ?
Oxidation Pond is an open, flow through earthen basin of controlled shape specially design and constructed to treat sewage and bio-degradable industrial waste by natural processes involving bacteria and in many instances algae.
What are Oxidation Ponds ?
Oxidation Pond is an open, flow through earthen basin of controlled shape specially design and constructed to treat sewage and bio-degradable industrial waste by natural processes involving bacteria and in many instances algae.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
1. Sewage Fed Aquaculture
Definition of Sewage: Sewage is defined as a cloudy fluid arising out of
domestic, municipal and industrial waste, containing mineral and organic
matter in solution or having particles of solid matter floating, in
suspension, or in colloidal and pseudo-colloidal form in a dispersed state.
Sludge differs from sewage in that it is the solid portion of waste and
does not include fecal matter urine.
Composition of sewage: Sewage may vary considerably in composition
and strength from place to place owing to marked differences in the
dietary habit of the people, composition of trade waste and water
consumption. The strength of sewage is determined by the amount of O2
required to oxidize completely the organic matter and ammonia present
in it. There is also variation in composition between domestic and
industrial sewage, the later containing more pollutants in terms of heavy
metals and bacterial load and other toxic ingredients. While the sewage
is very rich in anaerobes when it is raw but gradually transforms to an
enriched freshwater when it undergoes treatment. Sewage contains living
matter especially bacteria and protozoa. The water content of sewage
may be 98 – 99.9 %, rest being dry solid matter. Domestic sewage has
been reported to contain about 250 – 400 ppm of organic carbon and
80 – 120 ppm of total nitrogen, thus giving the C:N ratio of around 3:1.
Industrial sewage may contain more organic carbon and hence may have
a higher C: N ratio. Nitrogen in sewage is present partly as organically
bound element and partly as ammonical nitrogen.
History of sewage fed fish culture
The fish farmer of Kolkata developed a unique technique of
utilization of domestic sewage for fish culture long back in 1930s. The
early inspiration of utilizing the sewage for fish culture emerged from
the waste. Stabilization pond used as water source of vegetable fields.
This technique
is considered to be the largest operational system in the world to convert
the waste in consumable product. The growing fish demand of the metro
2. city Kolkata is widely met by this technique.
Present status of sewage fed fish culture:
In the course of time the area under sewage-fed fish culture
reached up to 12,000 ha. But recently due to rapid and indiscriminate
urbanization it has come down to 4,000 ha. (approx) resulting in crisis of
livelihood of rural people. There are appeals to Government to declare
the existing sewage-fed aquaculture area as sanctuaries.
Treatments of sewage:
1. Primary treatment: This is mostly the physical removal of solids by
mechanical means. The solid material is removed by screening (for
larger coarse particles), skimming (for floating solids) and
sedimentation (for suspended particles whose density is greater than
that of liquid) techniques.
2. Secondary treatment: Soluble organic and inorganic matter, namely
the carbohydrates, proteins, fats, hydrocarbons and other
nitrogenous materials which are degraded mostly biologically,
using microorganisms into the smaller constituents i.e. CO2, H2O,
NO3, NO2, SO4, PO4 etc. which can be easily disposed. Sometimes
chemical* and physical removals of substances are combined with
this to increase the effectiveness. There are three basic methods for
secondary treatments: activated sludge (flocculation), biological
filtration and waste stabilization (in oxidation ponds – pl. see page
2). In the activated sludge or flocculation process, the sewage is
aerated by diffused air or by mechanical means. The activated
sludge (or biological floc) contains the microorganisms that remove
the soluble and insoluble organic matter in the sewage by a
combination of adsorption and oxidation or assimilation. Aeration
supplies the sludge microorganisms with oxygen and keeps the floc
in suspension. After a suitable contact time (1 – 20 hrs) the sludge
is separated from the sewage effluent in a settling tank. Some of the
settled sludge is returned for aeration along with new sewage but
3. most of it is treated separately in a sludge treatment plant.
3. Tertiary treatment: This is biological and chemical removal of
soluble products of partial or complete oxidation. For example,
removal of NO3, NO2, SO4, PO4 etc.
4. Quaternary treatment: Physical or chemical removal of refractory
organic or other substances which may be unpleasant and even
toxic.
Chemical treatment comprises of (a) Coagulation or chemical precipitation
(e.g. by alum)
(b) deodorization (by Cl2, FeCl3) and (c) disinfections or sterilization (by Cl2,
CuSO4, limingetc.).
The process generally adopted for the use of sewage treatment before release
in fish ponds are:
(1) Sedimentation (2) Dilution and (3) Storage.
Sedimentation: The function of sedimentation is to remove suspended
solids from sewage to the maximum possible extent. It is done by letting
sewage into a pond/tank at a high velocity of flow. Sedimentation results
due to sudden drop in velocity when sewage enters a large pond from
sewage channel. Sedimentation is best carried out by in two successive
stages i.e. primary and secondary. The primary stage is intended to settle
down most of the heavier solids while the secondary stages serves two
purposes: (a). Provision of additional period to help to mix and
homogenize variations in the flow and (b). Promotion of natural
purification process. It has been estimated that about 33% BOD is got rid
of by sedimentation process, which may effect with 90% settlement of
suspended solids and about 25% reduction in albuminoid ammonia.
Dilution and storage: Before introduction of sewage into any fishery its
dilution by freshwater should be so effected that a positive dissolved
oxygen balance (1:1 or 1:2) is maintained and the concentration of
unwholesome ingredients such as CO2, H2S, NH3 etc. kept below lethal
limit. The oxygen required for biochemical reaction is obtained from
4. fresh water used for dilution and through green algae, and other
vegetation in the water body. Sewage is stored here for few days. During
storage, the biological processes carried out by microorganisms present
in the raw sewage oxidize it.
Use of oxidation ponds (waste stabilization ponds) for
sewage-fed fish culture has been suggested by many several workers.
The term waste stabilization ponds is applied to a body of water artificial
or natural employed with the intention of retaining sewage or organic
waters until wastes are rendered inoffensive for discharge into receiving
waters or on land through physical, chemical and biological process
(self-purification). This pond is suitable in India because of plentiful of
sunshine. These are also cheap to construct and easy to operate. Organic
matter contained in the waste is stabilized and converted in the pond into
more stable matter in the form of algal cell, which find their way into the
effluent. These ponds are of three types:
i). Anaerobic ponds: It is pretreatment digester and requires no dissolved
oxygen. These are designed to take on higher organic loading so that
anaerobic condition prevailed throughout the pond. Such ponds are 2.5 –
3.7 m deep. Ends products are CH4, H2S, NH3.
ii). Aerobic ponds: These are shallow, depth is 0.3m or less, so designed
that growth of algae through photosynthetic action is maximized. Waste
material is stabilized through microorganisms only and aerobic condition
is always maintained. Ends products are CO2, H2O, NO3, SO4, PO4 etc.
iii). Facultative ponds: These are 0.9 – 1.5 m deep and are aerobic
during day hours as well as for some hours at night. Only for few
remaining hours of night, bottom layer become anaerobic. Aerobic,
anaerobic and facultative may all be found in a facultative pond. In India,
most of the waste stabilization ponds are of facultative type. The village
ponds and natural depressions in rural areas are example of waste
stabilization ponds.
Technologies adopted by farmers:
The sewage fed ponds are locally known as BHERIES. These are the
ponds of different sizes, which can be as big as 40 ha. The ponds are
5. shallow with a depth raging from 0.5 to 1.5 m. Generally the culture
practice includes five phases:
1. Pond preparation.
2. Primary Fertilization.
3. Fish stocking.
4. Secondary fertilization (Periodic)
5. Harvesting of fish.
Pond Preparation:
Pond preparation is undertaken generally in winter (Nov – Feb)
when the fish growth is reported slowest. Ponds are drained, desilted,
tilled and dried in sun. The pond dikes are consolidated. Silt traps
(perimeter canal along the dikes) 2-3 meter wide and 30-40 cm. deep are
dug, as they get filled during regular harvesting of fishes. Aquatic weeds
as water hyacinth (Eichhornia) is grown along the pond dikes, which
save the dikes from wave, and give shelter to fishes against high
temperature and poaching and above all it extracts heavy metals from the
sewage, supplies oxygen by photosynthetic activity. The bamboo sluice
gate is repaired which helps to prevent the entry of unwanted fishes and
escape of cultured fishes.
Primary fertilization:
After pond preparation, sewage is passed in to the pond from the
feeder canal through bamboo sluice. It is left to stabilize for 15 – 20 days.
The self-purification of sewage takes place in presence of atmospheric
oxygen and sunlight. When the water turns green due to photosynthetic
activity, the pond is considered ready for stocking.
Fish stocking:
All the species of Indian major carps e.g. Labeo rohita (Rohu),
Catla Catla, Cirrhinus mrigala (Mrigal) and Exotic carps e.g.
Hypophthalmichtys molitrix (Silver carp), Ctenopharyngodon idella
(Grass carp), Cyprinus carpio (Common carps) are preferred to be
stocked but the percentage of Mrigal is kept greater and that of exotic
carps is lesser. The popularity of Talapia and fresh water prawn,
6. Macrobrachium rosenbergii is increasing these days. Pangasius
hypophthalmus is also stocked by some farmers to get rid of mollusks.
As the sewage contains high content of nutrient, the farmers keep very
high stocking density,
i.e. 40,000 to 50,000 fingerlings/ha.
Secondary Fertilization (Periodically):
After stocking, sewage is taken in ponds throughout the culture period
at regular intervals @ 1
– 10% of the total water volume of the pond. In bigger ponds, water
level is maintained by continuous inflow and out flow. The requirement
of sewage is determined by observing the water colour, transparency,
temperature and depth.
Feeding of stocked fishes:
Due to high contents of nutrients in sewage, the cultured fishes
don’t require at all any supplementary feeding. However, occasionally,
especially in rainy season when the potential sewage is lacking, they are
fed with supplementary feed.
Health care of fishes:
The fishes are most vulnerable to bacterial diseases, but
surprisingly the occurrence of bacterial or any other disease is not
common in sewage-fed fish farms. Even when EUS was prevailing in
recent years in other areas, the sewage-fed ponds were uninfected.
However, parasitic infections by Lernea (Anchor worm) and Argulus
(Fish lice) are common but they are not given any proper treatment.
There is a need to develope a technique to keep these problems aloof.
Harvesting (in rotational manner with stocking):
The bheri farmers have evolved rotational cropping system to
maintain the supply to the market. Fishes are stocked and harvested
throughout the culture period leading to periodical stocking and regular
harvesting. After completion of one phase, fishes are restocked @ 1 Kg
fingerlings per 5 kg harvested fish. Another harvest phase starts after 15
7. days of restocking. Generally, drag nets are used for harvesting by
encircling technique. Some fishes like Tilapia and Common carp require
hand picking technique for their harvesting. Specialized fishermen are
employed in fishing.
CIFA, Bhubaneswar, constructed Aquaculture Sewage Treatment Plant
(ASTP) like the outline given below:
Influent high velocity Sedimentation tank slow rate Duck weed pond (Domestic s
Fish for sale Marketing pond Fish rearing
Advantages of sewage-fed Fish culture:
1. No manuring and supplementary feeding is required due to high
content of nutrients in sewage.
2. Input cost is very low (only in fish seed) and production is very good.
3. This is the biological method of treating the waste water
especially municipal sewages before its final disposal in river.
4. It reduced the pollution load of river and in the aquatic ecosystems.
5. It produces animal proteins i.e. fish at cheaper rate and contributes
towards food security.
6. The bherries and ponds in which fishes are cultured act as water
harvesting structures.
7. The process recharges the ground water and saves the big city
from drying and collapse. The buildings, other establishments &
structures above the surface layers of soil may collapse when the
underground water column is dried and a vacuum is created
below the soil layer.
8. It generates income and lakhs of families manage their livelihood from
it.
Negative aspect of sewage fed aquaculture – Use of Raw sewage:
❖ The sewage contains high load of organic and inorganic matters,
toxic gases but its dissolved oxygen contents is very low.
❖ As the raw sewage is used in fish ponds, there is a chance of infection
and pollutions to enter
8. into human body through fish. But this risk can be minimized if good
managerial practice is followed, e.g.
- Use of treated sewages for fish culture instead of raw sewage.
- Keeping the fish for 3-4 weeks in marketing pond (Clean fresh
water pond) before marketing.