the presentation provides the details regarding, Tthe broodstock nutrition, essential nutrients and recent data on broodstock nutrition; also larval nutrition; the hatchery utilised live feeds in detail and also microparticulate diet, the recent knowlwdge on essential elements amd minerals in larval nutrition, like taurine, phospholipids, liposomes, waxy spray beds etc
Nutritional requirement of cultivable fin fish: larvae, juveniles and adultsDebiprasad1997
Fish is among the healthiest foods on the planet. It is loaded with important nutrients, such as protein and vitamin D. Fish is also the world's best source of omega-3 fatty acids, which are incredibly important for human body and brain.
Manufactured feeds are an important part of modern commercial aquaculture, providing the balanced nutrition needed by farmed fish.
In the development of modern aquaculture, starting in the 1970s, fishmeal and fish oil were key components of the feeds for these species. They are combined with other ingredients such as vegetable proteins, cereal grains, vitamins and minerals and formed into feed pellets.
The global supply of fish meal and fish oil is finite and fully utilized. Alternative or nontraditional feedstuffs may differ in terms of taste, smell, texture, and color, as well as nutrient composition, from the traditional feedstuffs, which are produced largely from the natural prey of the fish being raised. Alternative feedstuffs may also contain compounds and antinutritional factors that affect digestive or sensory physiology.
Another important area of fish nutrition for the next 20 years will be larval fish nutrition. Currently, the cost and difficulty of rearing a great number of species from the first feeding to the juvenile stage are the most severe bottlenecks to the development of aquaculture production of nontraditional species.
Broodstock And Hatchery Management Of Penaeus Monodonsush_p
Shrimp aquaculture is an important and valuable production sector that has been growing rapidly over the past two decades. Success is largely based on the quality of post larvae, particularly their health condition, thus making hatchery production of quality post larvae crucial to the sector’s sustainability. Vietnam is the leading producer of black tiger shrimp in the world with a production of 300,000 tons in 2011, followed by India and Indonesia with a production of 187,900 tons and 126,200 tons respectively.
Major contribution of the tiger shrimp to global shrimp production and the economic losses resulting from disease outbreaks, it is essential that the shrimp-farming sector invest in good management practices for the production of healthy and quality seed. The Indian shrimp hatchery industry has established a detailed guidance and protocols for improving the productivity, health management, biosecurity and sustainability of the sector. Following a brief review of shrimp hatchery development in India, the major requirements for hatchery production are discussed under the headings: infrastructure, facility maintenance, inlet water quality and treatment, wastewater treatment, biosecurity, standard operating procedures (SOPS), the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) approach, chemical use during the hatchery production process and health assessment. Pre-spawning procedures include the use of wild, domesticated and specific pathogen free/ specific pathogen resistant (SPF/SPR) broodstock, broodstock selection and holding techniques, transport, utilization, health screening, maturation, nutrition and spawning, egg hatching; nauplius selection, egg/ nauplius disinfection and washing and holding, disease testing and transportation of nauplii. Post-spawning procedures include: larval-rearing unit preparation, larval rearing/health management, larval nutrition and feed management, important larval diseases, quality testing/selection of PL for stocking, PL harvest and transportation, nursery rearing and record keeping.
Nutritional requirement of cultivable fin fish: larvae, juveniles and adultsDebiprasad1997
Fish is among the healthiest foods on the planet. It is loaded with important nutrients, such as protein and vitamin D. Fish is also the world's best source of omega-3 fatty acids, which are incredibly important for human body and brain.
Manufactured feeds are an important part of modern commercial aquaculture, providing the balanced nutrition needed by farmed fish.
In the development of modern aquaculture, starting in the 1970s, fishmeal and fish oil were key components of the feeds for these species. They are combined with other ingredients such as vegetable proteins, cereal grains, vitamins and minerals and formed into feed pellets.
The global supply of fish meal and fish oil is finite and fully utilized. Alternative or nontraditional feedstuffs may differ in terms of taste, smell, texture, and color, as well as nutrient composition, from the traditional feedstuffs, which are produced largely from the natural prey of the fish being raised. Alternative feedstuffs may also contain compounds and antinutritional factors that affect digestive or sensory physiology.
Another important area of fish nutrition for the next 20 years will be larval fish nutrition. Currently, the cost and difficulty of rearing a great number of species from the first feeding to the juvenile stage are the most severe bottlenecks to the development of aquaculture production of nontraditional species.
Broodstock And Hatchery Management Of Penaeus Monodonsush_p
Shrimp aquaculture is an important and valuable production sector that has been growing rapidly over the past two decades. Success is largely based on the quality of post larvae, particularly their health condition, thus making hatchery production of quality post larvae crucial to the sector’s sustainability. Vietnam is the leading producer of black tiger shrimp in the world with a production of 300,000 tons in 2011, followed by India and Indonesia with a production of 187,900 tons and 126,200 tons respectively.
Major contribution of the tiger shrimp to global shrimp production and the economic losses resulting from disease outbreaks, it is essential that the shrimp-farming sector invest in good management practices for the production of healthy and quality seed. The Indian shrimp hatchery industry has established a detailed guidance and protocols for improving the productivity, health management, biosecurity and sustainability of the sector. Following a brief review of shrimp hatchery development in India, the major requirements for hatchery production are discussed under the headings: infrastructure, facility maintenance, inlet water quality and treatment, wastewater treatment, biosecurity, standard operating procedures (SOPS), the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) approach, chemical use during the hatchery production process and health assessment. Pre-spawning procedures include the use of wild, domesticated and specific pathogen free/ specific pathogen resistant (SPF/SPR) broodstock, broodstock selection and holding techniques, transport, utilization, health screening, maturation, nutrition and spawning, egg hatching; nauplius selection, egg/ nauplius disinfection and washing and holding, disease testing and transportation of nauplii. Post-spawning procedures include: larval-rearing unit preparation, larval rearing/health management, larval nutrition and feed management, important larval diseases, quality testing/selection of PL for stocking, PL harvest and transportation, nursery rearing and record keeping.
fish nutrition and feeding of fish. different methods of feeding fish. fish feeding behavior. daily feed requirements for fish. storage and selection of quality feeds keeping records of fish feeding and feeder types for fish. FCR and Uniform growth of fish are the ultimate goals to be achieved. university of veterinary and animal sciences Lahore.
Asian Seabass is a very popular food fish in South Asian countries. This presentation deals with Asian seabass farming in Thailand which includes breeding, larval development, and growout technology. This presentation is a part of my internship work at the Asian Institute of technology.
CAGE CULTURE OF FISH THEIR TREND,STATUS AND PRODUCTION Ashish sahu
Cage culture is an aquaculture production system where fish are held in Cage. Cage culture of fish utilizes existing water resources but encloses the fish in a cage which allows water to pass freely through the enclosures and the surrounding water body. Cages are used to culture several types of shell fish and finfish species in fresh, brackish and marine waters. Cages in freshwaters are used for food fish culture and for fry to fingerling rearing.
In 1950s modern cage culture began with the initiation of production of synthetic materials for cage construction. Fish production in cages became highly popular among the small or limited resource farmers who are looking for alternatives to traditional agricultural crops. The mesh size of the cage is kept smaller than the fish body. In India cage culture have been attempted first for Air breathing fish. Cage mesh netting made from synthetic material that can resist decomposition in water for a long period of time. Cage are used to culture several type of shell fish and fin fishes in fresh , brackish and marine water. Cage in fresh water are used for food fish culture and for fry to fingerling rearing. Cages are generally small, ranging in freshwater reservoirs from 1 square meter (m2) to 500 m2.
Definition –
Cage culture is a system in which the cultured Fish 0r animal are enclosed from all side allowing water to pass freely through the enclosures and the surrounding water body.
HISTORY-
Cage culture seem to have developed around 200 year ago in Cambodia where fisherman used to keep clarias spp. And some other fishes in bamboo made cage. Cage culture is traditional in part of Indonesia also attempted for the first time in air breathing fishes in swamp for raising major carp in running water in the river, Yamuna and Ganga at Allahabad and for raising Common carp , Catla , Silver carp, Rohu , Snakehead and Tilapia in still water body of Karnataka. In India sea cage start in 2007 for culture sea bass at Vishakhapatnam by CMFRI. anchored in streams which are practically open sewers. Common carp , where cage are in the southern USA. Around 80 species are being culture in cage. In India cage culture was initially culture in bamboo cage is practice in west java, since early 1940. Modern cage culture in open water bodies probably originated in Japan in early 1950. According to FAO cage culture is being practiced in more than 62 countries and has a become high tech business in developed countries such as floating and submerged cage culture of Salmonids in Norway, Canada and Scotland, Tuna and Yellowtails in Japan , Chinese carp in China, and catfish.
Introduction
Fish Health Management GOALS
Principles of fish health management
Factors affecting fish health
Common symptoms of diseases
General preventive measures
Proper Health Management through Manipulating the disease triangle
Conclusion
References
Reproduction is a fundamental biological process which enables continuation of species. In fisheries biology, reproduction assumes greater significance to understand sexual
dimorphism, process of maturation, size or age of maturity, breeding season, spawning area, sexual segregation, migration, fecundity, embryonic and larval development and
recruitment. Most of the management strategies in capture fisheries are based on reference points that are the manifestations of reproductive biology. In aquaculture,
knowledge of reproductive biology of a fish is essential for hatchery production of fish feeds.
,
Nazmul Haque Syekat
Seed production of giant freshwater prawn fisheries pptAshish sahu
Giant freshwater prawn seed production starts in Andaman - INDIA - A scientist and his team of the Division of Fisheries Science, Central Agricultural Research Institute (CARI), Port Blair, have initiated research on breeding and larval rearing of Giant Freshwater Prawn (M Rosenbergii) under controlled conditions at the CARI farm complex.
fish nutrition and feeding of fish. different methods of feeding fish. fish feeding behavior. daily feed requirements for fish. storage and selection of quality feeds keeping records of fish feeding and feeder types for fish. FCR and Uniform growth of fish are the ultimate goals to be achieved. university of veterinary and animal sciences Lahore.
Asian Seabass is a very popular food fish in South Asian countries. This presentation deals with Asian seabass farming in Thailand which includes breeding, larval development, and growout technology. This presentation is a part of my internship work at the Asian Institute of technology.
CAGE CULTURE OF FISH THEIR TREND,STATUS AND PRODUCTION Ashish sahu
Cage culture is an aquaculture production system where fish are held in Cage. Cage culture of fish utilizes existing water resources but encloses the fish in a cage which allows water to pass freely through the enclosures and the surrounding water body. Cages are used to culture several types of shell fish and finfish species in fresh, brackish and marine waters. Cages in freshwaters are used for food fish culture and for fry to fingerling rearing.
In 1950s modern cage culture began with the initiation of production of synthetic materials for cage construction. Fish production in cages became highly popular among the small or limited resource farmers who are looking for alternatives to traditional agricultural crops. The mesh size of the cage is kept smaller than the fish body. In India cage culture have been attempted first for Air breathing fish. Cage mesh netting made from synthetic material that can resist decomposition in water for a long period of time. Cage are used to culture several type of shell fish and fin fishes in fresh , brackish and marine water. Cage in fresh water are used for food fish culture and for fry to fingerling rearing. Cages are generally small, ranging in freshwater reservoirs from 1 square meter (m2) to 500 m2.
Definition –
Cage culture is a system in which the cultured Fish 0r animal are enclosed from all side allowing water to pass freely through the enclosures and the surrounding water body.
HISTORY-
Cage culture seem to have developed around 200 year ago in Cambodia where fisherman used to keep clarias spp. And some other fishes in bamboo made cage. Cage culture is traditional in part of Indonesia also attempted for the first time in air breathing fishes in swamp for raising major carp in running water in the river, Yamuna and Ganga at Allahabad and for raising Common carp , Catla , Silver carp, Rohu , Snakehead and Tilapia in still water body of Karnataka. In India sea cage start in 2007 for culture sea bass at Vishakhapatnam by CMFRI. anchored in streams which are practically open sewers. Common carp , where cage are in the southern USA. Around 80 species are being culture in cage. In India cage culture was initially culture in bamboo cage is practice in west java, since early 1940. Modern cage culture in open water bodies probably originated in Japan in early 1950. According to FAO cage culture is being practiced in more than 62 countries and has a become high tech business in developed countries such as floating and submerged cage culture of Salmonids in Norway, Canada and Scotland, Tuna and Yellowtails in Japan , Chinese carp in China, and catfish.
Introduction
Fish Health Management GOALS
Principles of fish health management
Factors affecting fish health
Common symptoms of diseases
General preventive measures
Proper Health Management through Manipulating the disease triangle
Conclusion
References
Reproduction is a fundamental biological process which enables continuation of species. In fisheries biology, reproduction assumes greater significance to understand sexual
dimorphism, process of maturation, size or age of maturity, breeding season, spawning area, sexual segregation, migration, fecundity, embryonic and larval development and
recruitment. Most of the management strategies in capture fisheries are based on reference points that are the manifestations of reproductive biology. In aquaculture,
knowledge of reproductive biology of a fish is essential for hatchery production of fish feeds.
,
Nazmul Haque Syekat
Seed production of giant freshwater prawn fisheries pptAshish sahu
Giant freshwater prawn seed production starts in Andaman - INDIA - A scientist and his team of the Division of Fisheries Science, Central Agricultural Research Institute (CARI), Port Blair, have initiated research on breeding and larval rearing of Giant Freshwater Prawn (M Rosenbergii) under controlled conditions at the CARI farm complex.
this talks about the nutritional factors that are associated with the spawning, maturation growth and reproduction of fishes. and the recently advanced feeds
The Latin names of some aquatic species can have fascinatingly obscure meanings that provide anyone in need of a hobby with hours of joyful investigation and speculation. The channel catfish is, alas, not one of them: Ictalurus punctatus simply means ‘spotty catfish’, and the briefest glance at one will tell you why.
Carbohydrates are an excellent source of energy and carbon in feed formulations. They can be easily distinguished from the other energy yielding nutrients in terms of their abundance and low price. To illustrate, the collective global production of the major cereal grains i.e., maize, wheat and rice amounted to a colossal 2.5 billion tonnes in the year 2013 (FAO). The total carbohydrate content and the digestible fraction of starch and sugars in these grains can be roughly estimated to be about 2.1 and 1.75 billion tonnes, respectively (www.feedipedia.org). Besides, the unit cost of carbohydrate sources is almost three to five fold less than that of the protein and lipid sources of interest. Therefore, the inclusion level of carbohydrates in commercial fish feed assumes direct economic significance i.e., in terms of lower feed cost per unit weight gain.
Nutritive Value of the Carcass of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchel...IOSRJAVS
The experiment on African catfish Clarias gariepinus fingerlings 3.55±0.01g average weight and 4.09±0.05cm average length, was to know the effect of feeding frequencies on the nutritive value on the carcass, the were fed with commercial feed (Coppens) of 58% crude protein level at 5% body weight, once (at 11:00 am), twice (9:00am and 4:00pm), thrice (9:00am, 1:00pm and 4:00pm), and four times (9:00am, 11:00am, 1:00pm and 4:00pm), daily to satiation for 14 weeks. The Mean Feed Consumption show that Treatment D had the highest total feed consumption of 54.10g, while the lowest feed consumption value of 43.20g was noted Treatment A which was the fish fed once per day. The mean proximate composition of the fish carcass show that crude protein was highest in Treatment D with 62.78±0.22, while Treatment A had the least with 54.72±0.02. Moisture content show that Treatment C had the highest with 11.86±0.14, while Treatment A had the least with 7.80±0.01. Ash content show that Treatment A had the highest with 6.90±0.22, while Treatment D had 1.08±0.63, which was the least. Crude lipid show that Treatment B had the highest with 11.78±0.17, while Treatment C had the least, with 9.24±0.33. The study suggests that body the composition of African catfish fingerlings is affected by the frequency of feeding.The results on feed utilization suggests that C. gariepinus fingerlings should be fed at four times per day for maximum growth and better survival
Nutrients are substance which Nourish the body, promote growth, maintain and repair the body.
Nutrients can be divided into macro and micro nutrients which both are vital for good health.
Macronutrients such as Proteins, lipids, ash and carbohydrate are present in fishes.
Micronutrient such as Vitamins and minerals are essential dietary elements that are essential in very small quantities that mean they must be supplied from outside to body.
Fish as a food has been playing key role in providing the nutrient to many animals as well as humans.
Fish provide essential nutrients especially protein and fat with high biological value so it is often referred as ‘rich food for poor people’.
Protein and fats are the major nutrients of fish which determine the nutritional value of fish.
Fish is a food with excellent nutritive value, which provides high quality protein and a large variety of vitamins and minerals i.e. vitamin A & D, magnesium and phosphorus.
The micro and macro nutrients present in fish makes it better from other animal protein sources. Fish makes a vital contribution to the survival and health of a significant portion of the world's population.
Fish is especially important in the developing world.
In some of Asia's poorest countries (Bangladesh, Cambodia) people derive as much as 75% of their daily protein from fish. In West Africa fish accounts for 30% of animal protein intake.
Fish play an energetic role in terms of nutritional, economic, cultural and recreational activities.
Principal components of Fish
1. Water: Depending upon fish type 86-82% of water is available in fish muscles.
2. Protein
3. Lipid: Fish have a particular role as a source of the long-chainomega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which are major building stones of our neural system. These are important for optimal brain and neurodevelopment in children. Alternative sources of omega-3 fatty acids are found in many vegetable oils, but this is in the form of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), which needs to be converted into DHA. However, in our bodies the conversion from ALA into EPA and DHA is in most cases inefficient, making it difficult to rely only on vegetable oil during the most critical periods of our lives: namely, during pregnancy and the first two years of life (the 1000 day window).
4. Carbohydrates: Fish is an almost Zero- carbohydrate food, good for diabetes and other such patients.
5. Vitamins and minerals
Protein is essential biopolymer that is obtained from both animal and plants sources and these are commonly recognized as a abundant sources of nutrients needed for body growth and development.
Among a wide range of protein sources, fishes play an energetic role in terms of nutritional, economical, cultural, and recreational benefits in the human society; because these are considered to be the richest protein sources.
In developing countries, more than 60 million people rely on fishes and their by-products for income.
Similar to Nutritional requirement of larvae and broodstock of commercially important fish and shell fish (1) (20)
National and international scenario of aquafeeds availability demand and supplyAkhila S
,aquafeeds, demand, and supply of aquafeeds ,covid- 19 impact on aquafeed industry ,major market players in the aquafeed market ,scenario of aquafeeds in india ,shrimp industry in india ,farm-made feed industry in india
primary productivity, photosynthesis, the primary producers in the aquatic environment. the factors affecting primary productivity in water, gross and net primary productivity, methods of measuring primary productivity based on measurements of oxygen evoution, carbohydrate estimation and chlorophyll method. the methods include radiocarbon(C14) method, C13 method , dark and light bottle method chlorophyll method, remote sensing and also incubation
the presentation provides the various fungal pathogens of fish and shell fish along with their lifecycles, the pathology, histology, epizootiology, prevention and treatment measures
the presentation provides details regarding the natural and artificial feeds of fishes, purified and semipurified diets, feeds based on the moisture contents, the larval feeds including the most recent spray dried and vacuumdried feeds, microparticulate diets, the microencapsulated, the microcoated and the microbound diets, microextruded marumerisation, and particle associated rotated agglomeration
the presentation deals in detail the taxonomic aspects,the general behaviour and livelihood,centolecithal eggs, developmental aspects, the anatomical parts of the body,spawning activity, male organ called claspers, the developmental stages which include the granulation and degranulation stage, nuclei formation, germ disc formation, germ disc expansion, the limb bud stage followed by the embryonic moult stages, special reference to the trilobate larvae
the presentation provides the details regarding the murrels or snakeheads which includes the basic taxonomy, some of the important species, distribution, special characters, its aquaculture potential, food and feeding habits, sexual dimorphism, parental care, age at maturity, the maturity stages, breeding season, courtship and mating, natural spawning, fecundity, induced spawning using ovaprim and HCG and LHRHa, and also the detailed facts regarding larval reariing.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Predicting property prices with machine learning algorithms.pdf
Nutritional requirement of larvae and broodstock of commercially important fish and shell fish (1)
1. NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT OF
BROODSTOCK AND LARVAL NUTRITION OF
COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT FISH AND
SHELL FISH
Submitted by,
Akhila S,MFSc 2018
Fish Nutrition and feed Technology
3. • One of the most poorly understood and
researched areas of finfish nutrition
• due to the necessity of suitable indoor or
outdoor culture facilities for maintaining large
groups of adult fish and the consequent higher
cost of running and conducting extended
broodstock feeding trials.
• many of the deficiencies and problems
encountered during the early rearing phases of
newly hatched finfish larvae are directly related
to the feeding regime (including nutrient level
and duration) of the broodstock.
4. Effects of Nutrition on
Fecundity of broodstock fish
• *Fecundity determines the egg quality, which can be
affected by some nutritional deficiency in the
broodstock diet.
• Reduced fecundity could be either caused by a nutrient
imbalance on the brain–pituitary–gonad endocrine
system or by the restriction in the availability of a
biochemical component for egg formation
• one of the major nutritional factors that has been
found to significantly affect reproductive performance
in fish is the dietary essential fatty acid content
• In most fishes, the fatty acid composition of the female
gonad is greatly affected by the dietary fatty acid
content, which in turn significantly influences egg
quality in a short period of time
5. • Polyunsaturated fatty acids can also regulate eicosanoid
production, particularly prostaglandins, which are
involved in several reproductive processes including the
production of steroid hormones and gonadal
development such as ovulation
• Fish ovaries have a high capacity to generate eicosanoids,
among them prostaglandin E (PGE) derived from
cycloxygenase action and *leukotrienes LTB4 and
LTB5 derived from **lipoxygenase action.
• The excess of EFA also have a negative effect on
reproductive performance of fish.˜
• High dietary n−3 HUFA levels could affect the brain–
pituitary–gonad endocrine axis since both EPA and DHA
have been found to reduce in vitro the steroidogenic
action of gonadotropin in the ovary of teleost fish
6. • Other nutrients which have been shown to
affect fecundity include vitamin E and
ascorbic acid
• Dietary antioxidant requirements increase
during reproduction
• Supplementation of 0.1% *tryptophan in
the diets of ayu Plecoglossus altivelis.
resulted in a significant increase in the
serum testosterone levels thus advancing
time of spermiation in males and induced
maturation of females
7. Effect of broodstock
nutrition on fertilization
• Dietary eicosapentaenoic (EPA)and arachidonic acid (AA)
levels show a correlation with fertilization
• Since sperm fatty acid composition depends upon the
essential fatty acid content of broodstock diet in species such
as rainbow trout and European Seabass it is possible that
sperm motility and in turn fertilization would be affected.
• The timing of spermiation may be delayed and subsequently
fertilization rates reduced by depressed steroidogenesis
caused by a broodstock EFA deficiency or imbalance
• prostaglandins are also recognized as important pheromones
in some teleost fish
• The antioxidant function of vitamins C and E can provide an
important protective role for the sperm cells during
spermatogenesis and until fertilization by reducing the risk of
lipid peroxidation, which is detrimental for sperm motility.
8. Effect of broodstock nutrition
on embryo development
• AA and EPA or DHA play an important structural role as
components of phospholipids in fish biomembranes and
are associated with the membrane fluidity and correct
physiological functions for bound membrane enzymes and
cell functions in marine fish
• the n-3 PUFA are regarded as major energy sources during
early embryonic development
• Free radicals are able to deteriorate egg membranes and
membrane integrity. Vitamin E, vitamin C and carotenoids
e.g. astaxanthin, are strong scavengers of active oxygen
species and have been shown to have a protective role
against the action of free radicals.
• vitamin E functions as an inter- and intra-cellular
antioxidant to maintain homeostasis of labile metabolites
in the cell and tissue plasma
9. • The carotenoid content of broodstock diets has also been
reported to be important for normal development of fish
embryo and larvae
• Carotenoids constitute one of the most important
pigment classes in fish, with a wide variety of functions
including protection from adverse lighting conditions, a
provitamin A source, chemotaxis of spermatozoa and
antioxidant functions including singlet oxygen quenching.
• vitamin C is necessary for the synthesis of collagen during
embryo development.
• Vitamin A is considered important for embryo and larval
development due to its important role in bone
development, retina formation and differentiation of
immune cells.
• Other dietary nutrients which have been found to affect
the reproductive performance of marine fish include
dietary protein intake.*
10. Effects of broodstock
nutrition on larval quality
• Few studies have been able to show the
improvement of seed quality through
implementation of broodstock nutrition
• *Increased n-3 HUFA ,particularly
docosahexaenoic acid levels in
broodstock diets were reported to
significantly enhance the weight of fish
larvae and their resistance to osmotic
shock
11. Timing of broodstock
nutrition
• In some fishes, egg composition is readily affected by the
diet within a few weeks of feeding
• In those species which are continuous spawners with
short vitellogenetic periods, it is possible to improve
spawning quality by modification of the nutritional quality
of broodstock diets even during the spawning season
• it is possible to improve egg quality and hatching rates of
seabass by feeding broodstock with appropriate amounts
of HUFA during the vitellogenetic period
• In batch spawners with up to 6 months of vitellogenesis,
such as in salmonids, broodstock must be fed a good
quality diet for several months before the spawning
season to improve their reproductive performance
• In some fishes like salmons, the muscle and egg fatty acid
profiles reflect the dietary FA profiles only after 2 months
of feeding while some take only 15 days
12. Valuable ingredients for
broodstock diets
• Several feedstuffs have been recognized as highly valuable
for broodstock nutrition
• Cuttle fish meal and squid meal
• High dietary value of cuttle fish meal was due to the fat-
insoluble fraction of the meal*
• Certain components were identified in squid meal that
improves egg quality
• Broodstock were fed with diets fish meal, squid meal,
defatted fish meal with squid oil or defatted squid meal
with fish oil
• **Raw krill are also included in broodstock diets, with
doubled percentage of buoyant eggs, total hatch and
normal larvae.The polar and non-polar lipid fractions of
krill contain important nutritional components like
phosphatidyl choline and astaxanthin
13. Broodstock feeding practices
• For most cultured fish species, the commercially available so-
called broodstock diets are just larger sized on-growing diets
• In most fish hatcheries, brood fish are fed with fresh marine
by-products or in combination with commercial feeds
• Most common fresh marine organisms fed to brood fish are
squid, cuttle fish, mussels, krill and small crustaceans
• Main problem include inadequate nutrient levels and high risk
of disease transmission to parents and off springs including
endo and ecto parasites, and bacterial and viral pathogens,
etc.
• The nutritional quality of formulated feeds can be effectively
improved.* but would lead to high production costs, and be
higher if developed for individual species
• However, the benefits of improving the survival and thus
increasing the production of marine fish larvae will have far
reaching economic return than the initial cost of feeding the
broodstock feed.
14. SUMMARY
• In summary, information on the nutrient requirements of
broodstock fish is limited to a few species.
• Certain nutrients such as essential fatty acids and antioxidant
nutrients have been shown to be particularly important in
broodstock nutrition.
• Their requirements during reproduction is higher than those
of juveniles, but excess amounts of nutrients or an imbalance
can be detrimental for reproduction. Some minerals, such as
phosphorous, and other nutritional aspects, such as protein
quality, are also known to be important for fish reproduction.
• The importance of many other nutrients such as vitamin A,
vitamin B6 and folic acid has not yet been established within
broodstock feeds and deserve future research.
• Future in vitro studies may provide clues to function and
certain unexplained biochemical mechanisms of certain
micronutrients in reproduction of fish; however, these studies
should complement in vivo research rather than substitute it.
15. PENAEID SHRIMP BROODSTOCK
NUTRITION
• Healthy females (25-30 cm body length and 200-320 g weight) and males (20-25
cm; 100-170 g) captured from the wild are preferably used as broodstock in the
induced ovarian maturation process.
• Broodstock from greater depths (60-80 m), or more than 20 miles offshore, are
preferable due to the lower prevalence of shrimp diseases, which are higher in
coastal shrimp farming areas.
• Once the shrimp have recovered from transport stress for a few days, they are
stocked in a circular maturation tank that is normally covered and kept in a dark
room. The same stocking density (2-3/m²) is used for both females and males.
• Shrimp are subsequently induced to moult by manipulating the salinity of the
water. After mating has occurred, which is easily determined by the presence of a
spermatophore in the thelycum and hardening of the shell, the eyestalk of females
is unilaterally ablated for endocrine stimulation
• Broodstock are fed with squid, mussel or cockle meat, supplemented by
polychaete or Artemia biomass to enhance reproductive performance.
16. Amino acid requirement for
some species
Penaeus
japonicus
Penaeus
monodon
Penaeus
setiferus
Macrobrachium
rosenbergii
Lipid % ? 2.5-10.0 3-8 2.5-6.0
Protein % 48-60 35-39 20-32 20-25
Lysine 1/% 9.2 ? ? ?
Methionine 1/% 2.7 2/ ? ? ?
Essential
Components:
1-2% n-3 series fatty acids, particularly HUFA members of the series; high n-3/n-6
fatty acid ratio; marine protein for marine shrimp particularly.
Negative Factors: excessive cholesterol level; excessive vitamin C; Ca/P ratio >2.0
1/Based on the amino acid profile of mussel flesh (as % of
protein).
2/Cystine present.
17. Common Carp
Lipid up to 18% (higher levels
spare protein)
Protein 25-38%
Amino Acids lysine 5.7%)% of dietary
methionine (cystine absent) 3.1%) protein
Available Phosphorus 0.6-0.7%
DE 2 700-3 100 kcal/kg
Essential Components: at least 1% of each of n-3 and n-6 series fatty acids; high lipid diets
for oogenisis in broodfish.
Negative Factors: non-protein nitrogen: there is some evidence that carp may be able
to utilize this (this is disputed, however); rancid fat; high lipid or
carbohydrate after ovulation of broodfish.
18. Indian and Chinese Carps
fry & fingerlings juveniles & growers broodfish
Lipid (min %) 8 5 5
Protein (min %) 30 25 30
Calcium (min/max %) 0.8-1.5 0.5-1.8 0.8-1.5
Available Phosphorus
(min/max %)
0.6-1.0 0.5-1.0 0.6-1.0
Lysine (min., as % of
protein)
6.7 6.4 6.0
Methionine/Cystine
(min as % of protein)
4.0 3.6 3.3
DE (kcal/kg) 3 100 2 800 2 800
19. Tilapia
Lipid 10% (fry to 0.5g)
8% (0.5-35 g animals)
6% (35 g - market size)
Protein 50% (fry to 0.5 g size)
35% (0.5-35 g animals)
30% (35 g - market size)
Digestible Carbohydrate 25%
Fibre 8% (fry to 10g)
8-10% (10 g - market size)
Lysine
Methionine + 50% cystine
4.1
1.7
as % of dietary protein
DE 2 500-3 400 kcal/kg
Essential Components: not less than 1% each of n-3 and n-6 series fatty acids
Negative Factors: rancid fats
20. General specifications for warmwater carnivorous species were
given by ADCP (1983) as follows:
fry + fingerlings juveniles + growers broodfish
Protein (min %) 36 30 36
Calcium (min/max %) 1.0-1.5 1.0-1.5 1.0-1.5
Available Phosphorus
(min/max %)
0.5-0.8 0.5-0.8 0.5-0.8
Lysine (min % of
protein)
5.6 5.3 5.0
Methionine + Cystine
(min 7, of protein)
3.3 3.0 2.8
22. LIVE FEEDS
• Living capsule of larvae
• Artemia, rotifer, cladoceran, zooplankton etc..
• Small size, autolytic digestion
• High nutrient content
• A pre requisite is consistent supply throughout the year
• Usually procurement expenses and inconsistent supply
• Also deficient in crucial nutrients like DHA, often leading
to some nutritional defeciencies thereby needing
enrichment.
• Enrichment done with n-3 HUFAs(artemia,rotifers) and
lipid soluble vitamins like A,D, E, K and taurine also
required.
23. • The use of live feeds how ever restricts
the understanding of quantitative
nutrient requirements and interaction
of nutrient in larvae
• Also understanding larval nutrition is
complicated as the requirement varies
for the separate larval stages due the
the changing digestive tract anatomy
and associated digestive enzymes
24. DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
• Satisfaction of nutrient requirement is
definitely influenced by the type and
quantity of digestive enzyme produced by
different stages of larval development
• Although the array of digestive enzymes
available are different and quantitatively
restricted, particularly during early stages
of development, sufficient number and
concentration are eventually produced for
good growth and survival during different
stages of metamorphosis
25. Commonly used live feeds in
Aquahatcheries
YEAST
• Serve as primary sourse of feed for larvae as well as zooplankton
• Act as artificial larval diets
MICRO ALGAE
• Chlorophyll bearing multicellular/ unicellular plants
– Chlorophyta(Freshwater)
– Phaeophyta(Marine)
– Rhodophyta(Marine)
• Diatoms – chaetoceros, skeletonema
• Small plankters : isochrysis, tetraselmis, chlorella
• They mainly serve as food source for copepods and cladocerans,
rotifers and artemia
• Contain 30-40% protein, 10-20% lipids, 5-15% carbohydrates
26. INFUSORIA
• Microscopic, single-celled animalcules, mainly
ciliata
• Usually serve as started diets
• Freshwater : Paramecium, Stylonchia
• Marine : fabrea, Euplotes
ROTIFERS
• wheel animalcules
• Eg : Brachionus plicatilis, Brachionus
rotundiformes
• 52-59% protein, 13% fats, 3.1% n-3 HUFA
• They are fed with bakers yeast and artificial
diets to enhance nutritional QUALITY.
27. ARTEMIA
• obtained in hatcheries mainly in the form of cysts
• 90% of cysts obtained from salt lake of Utah
• 1 gram cyst produces about 2-3 lakh naupli
COPEPODS
• One of the main copepod species cultured in hatcheries
include Tigriopus japonicus
CLADOCERANS
• Mainly cultured species include Daphnia, Moina etc..
• Contain about 705 protein
• One of their main advantage is that they show high
reproductive capacity
Inspite of all the above considerations and species cultured,
one of the main problem include the difficulty to obtain
pure strains and also the possibility of disease occurance
28. MARINE FISH
• Marine fish can neither biosynthesize 22:6(n-3) de novo
nor from shorter chain precursors such as 18:3(n-3),
therefore 22:6(n-3) and 20:5(n-3) are essential dietary
constituents for marine fish
• In fish 22:6(n-3) is present in very high concentrations in
neural and visual cell membranes and synaptosomal
membranes, as in the case of mammals.
• An insufficiency of 22:6(n-3) in marine larval fish diet is
likely to impair neural and visual development with
significant if not serious consequences for a whole range
of physiological and behavioural processes including those
dependent on neuroendocrines.
• Abnormal pigmentation in cultured marine flatfishes is
related to HUFA deficiencies.
29. • From detailed studies, it was examined that
excess levels of AA(20:4(n-6)) was found to be
deleterious, because of a generalized
biochemically-induced stress in the fish through
excess eicosanoid production.
• In commercially available fish oils, 20:4(n-6) are
found to be consistently at low levels (< 1% of
the total fatty acids).
• Nearly all mariculture production systems rely
heavily on live feeds viz., rotifers, atremia
nauplii and copepods
• Artemia and Brachionus strains, being defecient
in EPA and also DHA makES (n-3) HUFA
enrichment necessary
• Enrichment done with emulsions of fish oils or
even some commercial products
30. • Current problems in enrichment of live feed include
1. content is very small in triacylglycerol micelles
generated in enrichment procedures and are
prone to autooxidation, especially under
vigorous aeration.
2. Natural antioxidants such as á-tocopheryl
acetate and ascorbyl palmitate are not
effective especially until hydrolysed in the
intestinal tract and absorbed
• Lecithin can be used to considerable advantage in
enriching the nauplii with 22:6(n-3) rich fish oils,
because lecithin acts as a natural emulsifying agent
and a natural protectant against autooxidation
• Lecithin derived from fish eggs is superior to soy
lecithin because fish egg lecithin contains readily
assimilable 22:6(n-3) and 20:5(n-3) in the ratio of
2:1.
31. • *Alternatives to fish oil fractions rich in 22:6(n-3) are
1. A heterotrophic dinoflagellate Crytothecodenium
cohnii which is mass produced commercially to
produce triacyl glycerol rich in 22:6(n-3) -
commercial product by MARTEK®;
2. Spray dried Schizochytrium spp. rich in PUFA is a
single celled heterotrophic marine protist of the
group labyrinthulomycota - commercial product
KELCO®.
3. Copepods cultures have to be developed because
they have a preponderance of phospholipids rather
than triacylglycerols in their body.
4. Copepods enriched with freeze thawed cells of C.
cohni or Schizotricodinium spp. is another
possibility ensuring the appropriate HUFA ratio
delivery to larval marine fishes
32. Commercial fish oils
• Commercial fish oils are the richest source of fats and
fatty acids
• Commercial fish oils are enriched with EPA and DHA by
fractional distillation, solvent extraction and also urea
adduction or by a combination of these methods
• (n-3) PUFA’s are available as ethyl ester, free fatty acids
and rarely as triacylglycerols among which ethyl esters are
already used to enrich artemia
• Commercial fish oils can meet enrichment requirements
because saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in
fish oils are as important as energy yielding molecules and
(n-3) PUFA are useful for structural purposes
• over enrichment with PUFA could conceivably result in
insufficient energy content in the diet.*
33. • The only DHA rich natural fish oil known so far
is tuna orbital oil (TOO), which contains 30%
DHA, 7% EPA and 2% AA
• Blending of 90% TOO with 10% lecithin from
fish roe produces the most ideal enrichment
emulsion known to date
• maintenance of the levels of DHA: EPA: AA in
artemia till the larval fish feeds on it has not
been successful because all these fatty acids
especially DHA is metabolized by artemia after
bioencapsulation leading to lowering of its
content in the enriched organism.
• a strain of artemia from China designated as
Artemia sinica is found to retain the levels of
DHA up to 24 h post-enrichment.*
34. MICROPARTICULATE DIET
• Quantitative and qualitative nutritional requirement
of larvae differs according to age, feeding habit and
capacity of digestive system.
• Size of larval feed depends on feeding behaviour of
larvae
– Filter feeders(5-150µm)
– Particle feeders(40-700µm)
• Benefits
• Uniform nutrition
• Year round availability
• Convenience of suitable particle size
• Cost effective compared to live food culture
35. Types of micro-particulate diets
Micro- encapsulated
• Encapsulating the feed particles in a coat, preferably a
lipid walled microcapsule or cross linked proteins
Micro bound
• Common type
• Produced by binding all the ingredients together using a
binder
– Crumbled feeders(cake or pellet produced first and
then crumbled)
– On size feeders
Micro-coated
• Coating is usually done using a lipid for watersoluble
nutrients like vitamins, minerals and amino acids
36. Taurine – a crucial nutrient in
larval nutrition
• Aminoethylsulphonic acid
• Enhances growth and survival of
larvae
• Enhances the pigmentation of larvae
• Facilitates proper eye functioning
37. Selenium
• Trace mineral in anti-oxidant system
• Prevents damage due to oxidative
stress and also accelerates growth
and development of larvae
38. Protein hydrolysates
• Enzymes like Protease, Lipase and amylase remain scarce
during early stages of development.
• Results in insufficient digestion and absorption of protein,
lipid and other nutrients into the body
• Consists of low-molecular weight protein resulting from
protein pre digestion which are more likely to be
absorbed by the enterocytes
• Protein hydrolysates of raw materials like fish meal,
chicken viscera and yeast can be made following satndard
protocol
• Proteins are hydrolysed in-vitro using proteolytic enzyme
papain(endopeptidase) leading to formation of di and tri-
peptides, which can be used as supplements in larval
feeds
39. Phospholipids
• Major structural lipid componentin the
cell membranes, helping to maintain its
fluidity and permeability
• Aids transportation of substances across
cell(nutrients from intestine to other
cells of larvae)
• Improves stress-resistance,skeleton
development in flatfish metamorphosis
and pigmentation
40. Wax spray beds(WSBs)
Improve delivery of water soluble
substances to marine larvae
Liposomes
Important role in delivering water
soluble nutrients to marine
suspension feeders
41. REFERENCE
• Effect of broodstock nutrition on reproductive performance of fish
Author links open overlay panelM.SIzquierdoa
HFernández-
Palaciosa
A.G.Jtaconb(
Aquaculture Volume 197, Issues 1–4, 1 June
2001, Pages 25-42)
• CMFRI - Winter School Course Manual on “Recent Advances in
Breeding and Larviculture of Marine Finfish and Shellfish”. 30.12.2008
- 19.1.2009
• ADCP/REP/87/26 - Feed and Feeding of Fish and Shrimp
• Nutrient requirements of fish and shrimp,NRC
• Live feed culture and larval rearing of marine finfishes G. Gopakumar,
A. K. Abdul Nazar and R. Jayakumar Mandapam Regional Centre of
CMFRI Mandapam Camp - 623520, Tamil Nadu, India
• Micro –particulate diet, a boon for larval culture- sikandra Kumar,
CIFE,Versova
Editor's Notes
*Fecundity is the total number of eggs produced by each fish expressed either in terms of eggs/spawn or eggs/body weight.
*leukotrienes (LTB4) enhance the steroidogenic action of LH in mammals
** products derived from lipoxygenase action was found to be involved in oocyte maturation
˜reduced fecundity was associated with high n−3 HUFA egg content, increased EFA content alone should not be used as a criterion to assess the egg quality
*a precursor of the neurotransmitter serotonin
*For example, a low protein–high calorie diet caused a reduction in red seabream reproductive performance .In another sparid, gilthead seabream, a broodstock diet well balanced in essential amino acids, improved vitellogenin synthesis. Moreover, reduction of dietary protein levels from 51% to 34% together with an increase in dietary carbohydrate levels from 10% to 32% reportedly reduced egg viability in seabass .These diets have been shown to cause alterations in GnRH release in seabass broodstock during spawning and plasma hormonal levels of the gonadotropin GtH II, the latter known to play an important role in oocyte maturation and ovulation
*However, excessive levels of ny3 HUFA in broodstock diets (over 2%) caused yolk sac hypertrophy in gilthead seabream larvae and a decrease in larval survival rates This is probably associated with an increase in antioxidant nutrient requirement since an increase in dietary a-tocopherol
levels from 125 to 190 mgrkg prevented the appearance of yolk sac hypertrophy and larval mortality
*(total number of eggs produced daily (per kilogram of female)and percentages of viable and fertilized eggs)
**further increase in the krill meal content up to 20% and 30% caused a clear reduction in egg quality which was associated with high levels of
astaxantin
*For example, an increase in the levels of dietary n-3 HUFA up to 2%, with an a-tocopherol content up to 250 mgrkg, and the inclusion of squid meal rather than fishmeal, was found to increase larval production three-fold compared with fish fed commercial diets. Larval quality in terms of growth, survival and swim bladder
inflation was also improved
*Levels and ratios of 22:6(n-3): 20:5(n-3): 20:4(n-6) more closely resemble larval natural diets and the
probability of natural protection of PUFA by natural antioxidants and delivery to larvae is always advantageous
*Eventhough (n-3) PUFA can be catabolized for energy, they are more difficult to catabolize than saturated or monounsaturated fatty acids.
*The future direction of PUFA nutrition in mariculture is to blend the range of products available to us to achieve either economical larval survival or brood stock maturation and spawning. The clues have naturally come from the nutrient profiles of mature fish eggs