Any deviation in the normal nasal septum is called DNS (Deviated Nasal Septum).
Deviated Nasal Septum may be caused by mechanical trauma and may be
associated with some developmental defects.
Any deviation in the normal nasal septum is called DNS (Deviated Nasal Septum).
Deviated Nasal Septum may be caused by mechanical trauma and may be
associated with some developmental defects.
An oroantral communication is an unnatural perforation between oral cavity and maxillary sinus.
Oroantral fistula is an epithelized, pathological, communication between these two cavities. A fistulous tract present more than 14 days should be considered as chronic fistula.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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7. Treatment :-
minor degree of septal deviation with no symptoms
does not require any t/t . It is only when deviated
septum produce mechanical nasal obstruction or
symptomatic require operation.
Operation for septal correction :-
Submucous resection of septum ( SMR )
Septoplasty
8. COTTLE’S LINE
the septum can be devided in
to ant and post segment by a
vertical line drawn between
nasal process of frontal and
nasal spine of maxillary bone
called cottle’s line.
Deviations anterior to this
line are corrected by
septoplasty and post to this
line are corrected by SMR.
9. SMR:- It is generally done in adult under local aneasthesia.it
consists of elevating the mucoperichondrial and mucoperiosteal flaps on
either side of septal framework by a single incision made on one side of
septum , removing deflected part of bony and cartilaginous septum and
repositioning the flaps.
Septoplasty ;- it is a conservative approach to septal
surgery.in this operation much of the septal framework is retained,
only the most deviated parts are removed. Rest of the septal
framework is corrected and repositioned by plastic means.
Mucoperichondrial , mucoperiosteal flap is generally raised only on one
side of septum retaining the attachment and blood supply on the other
side.
septal surgery is usually done after the age of 17 yrs so as not to
intrefere with growth of nasal skeleton.
11. Patients below 17 years of
age.
Acute episodes of
respiratory infection.
Bleeding diathesis.
Untreated diabetes or
hypertension.
12. Operation is done under combination of :
◦ Intravenous analgesia: Sedation / tranquilization /
comfort.
◦ Topical anesthesia :
Spray decongestant 10-15 min prior to induction
(diminish bleeding).
Neuro-surgical cottonoids soaked in 4% Xylocaine with
adrenaline are positioned in each nasal cavity
(tamponade, anesthesia, and vasoconstriction).
◦ Local infiltration: 2% xylocaine with adrenaline.
Principle of hydraulic dissection is used
Position : Reclined position with head end
elevated.
13. Killians Incision
5 mm above caudal border of the
septal cartilage.
It is a curvilinear, convex
forwards incision (Left side /
concave side).
Cuts only through mucosa and
perichondrium.
14. 2. Elevation of mucoperichondrial
and mucoperiosteal flaps:
Mucoperichondrial flap is elevated on the concave
side of cartilaginous septum continued
posteriorly to elevate mucoperiosteum on same
side.
An incision is made on cartilage through its entire
thickness a few mm posterior to mucosal incision
and a muco perichondrial flap is elevated on
opposite side
15. Working between two flaps a small incision is
made on the edge of septal cartilage 2-3 mm
below the roof of nose using turbinectomy
scissor.
The blade of Ballinger swivel knife is now
inserted into this nick and knife is moved back
wards, downwards and forwards. The septal
cartilage is removed as a whole piece using the
luc’s forcep.
A dorsal and caudal strut of cartilage is
retained.
16.
17. A separate break through over bone is
required (as in different plane).
Crest is then removed with gouge and hammer.
Now nasal speculum is removed.
18. 5. Stitching
If flap is torned tear is reinforced by
inserting an autologous cartilage / bone graft in
between flaps suturing
19. Patient placed in semi-sitting position to
prevent oozing of blood. Change outer nasal
dressing if soaked.
Soft diet to avoid active mastication.
Pain if present should be controlled with
analgesics.
Antibiotic cover for 5-6 days.
20. Nasal pack should be removed after 24 hours and
thereafter, decongestant nasal drops and steam
inhalations are given daily for 5-6 days.
Silk stitch, if any is removed on 5th and 6th day.
Patient should avoid trauma to nose for several
days.
21. ImmediateImmediate DelayedDelayed
Hemorrhage (PrimaryHemorrhage (Primary)) Reactionary / secondary h’gReactionary / secondary h’g
CSF rhinorrhoeaCSF rhinorrhoea Septal hematomaSeptal hematoma
Trauma to surrounding tissueTrauma to surrounding tissue Septal abscessSeptal abscess
Septal perforation 6.91%Septal perforation 6.91%
Flapping nasal septumFlapping nasal septum
SupratipSupratip
Depression/SaddlingDepression/Saddling
Widening , Bulbosity of tipWidening , Bulbosity of tip
Retraction of columellaRetraction of columella
Synechiae and adhesionsSynechiae and adhesions
Toxic Shock SyndromeToxic Shock Syndrome
22. Most deviated septa may be appropriately
reconstructed rather than resected and septal
functions preserved without embarrassing the
septal support.
23. Freer’s Incision
A unilateral (hemitransfixation)
incision at lower border of septal
cartilage is adequate for septoplasty
conveniently made on left side.
Advantages:
Site is relatively avascular plane.
Mucosal edges are tough and thick
here so less chances of tears.
Easy to repair even if tear occurs.
Easy access to whole of septum, its
caudal border, region of anterior nasal
spine and premaxillary crest.
Easily extendible if rhinoplasty is
planned (full Transfixation).
24. 1. Incision – Freer’s type.
2. Elevation of mucoperichondrial
and mucoperiosteal flaps –
Submucoperichondrial plane is located
and developed.
If fracture adhesions, cartilage
overlaps or scarring interferes than
bypass these vexing areas.
26. ◦ Inferior tunnel
Incise periosteum over anterior
nasal spine and elevating
backwards over the crest of
premaxillae, vomer working
below Chondro-vomero suture
line unite anterior and
inferior tunnels.
◦ Posterior Tunnel
Exposing bony septum by
sharp dissection small
incision at bony cartilagenous
junction to elevate
mucoperiosteum of opposite
side.
27. Cartilage:
Separate lower border of septal
cartilage from osseous base.
This lower border of cartilage is
encased in perichondrium which
can be elevated around its lower
border and few millimeters over
the convex side of septum.
Disarticulation of bony and
cartilaginous septum.
28. After cartilage has been freed an attempt is made to
reposition it in midline to rest on osseous base but
due to excess height it may not be possible. So a
small strip can be removed (3-4 mm wide).
29. A series of transeptal transperichondrial through and
through suture are positioned to coapt the flaps,
thereby closing all dead space.
Hemostasis promoted and hematoma avoided.
Figure of eight suture used sometimes to immobilize the
lower border of septum to anterior nasal spine
Finally septo-columellar incision is closed.
30. Can be done in children.
Flapping of the septum does not occur.
Perforation does not occur usually (0.86%).
Revision surgery if needed is easy.
31. It is a procedure done both for diagnosis and
treatment of sinusitis, where a canula is
inserted into the maxillary sinus via an opening
made in the inferior meatus
32. Therapeutic:
Antral Lavage:
(a) In cases of chronic maxillary sinusitis, not
responding to conservative medication.
(b) For instillation of medicaments and irrigation in
cases of atrophic rhinitis.
Diagnostic:
1. Proof puncture: Radiological appearances of
sinusitis is confirmed by a puncture.
2. The washing can be sent for pus, smear culture,
antibiotic sensitivity and cytological examination.
33. 1. Not done in children below 3 years of age due
to proximity of the orbital floor and teeth in
small maxillary sinus
2. Acute sinusitis.
3. Traumatic conditions damaging orbital floor
and maxilla.
4. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus
34. It is usually done under local anaesthesia but
can be done under general anaesthesia.
The 3 main nerves blocked by local anaesthesia
are:
1. Superior alveolar nerve near the inferior
meatus
2. Anterior ethmoidal nerve near the roof of
the nose
3. Posteriorly the sphenopalatine ganglion
35. Puncture sides:
The Tilley Lichtwitz trocar and cannula is
passed under the attachment of the inferior
turbinate pointing to the homolateral ear.
Procedure:
An Higginsons syringe with sterile or normal
water at 37 Degree Celsius is attached to
cannula and the maxillary sinus is flushed.
Three successive flushed of clear saline water
are required.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41. 1.Bleeding: This occur from local blood vessels
2. Orbital damage: Perforation of the orbital
floor causing proptosis and pain
3. Cheek swelling: Breaching of soft tissue of
the cheek and anterior wall
4. Air embolism due to injury to veins.
5. Infection of maxillary sinus
6. Vasovagal Shock
7. Anaesthesia Complications