This document outlines a five-day short course on Arduino programming fundamentals and the Proteus Design Suite, focusing on various types of sensors and their applications in robotics and automation. It explains the principles behind different sensors, such as LDR, flex, temperature, and accelerometer sensors, and their necessity for providing environmental awareness, localization, and task-specific sensing in robotic systems. The document also details specific sensor functionalities and includes examples of applications in both industry and domestic settings.

1. SENSORS
FIVE DAY SHORT TERM COURSE
ON
ARDUINO PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS AND
PROTEOUS DESIGN SUITE 8.0
Prepared by
Shashank M Gowda
Asst. Prof. Dept., of ECE, YIT, Moodbidri

2. SENSORS
What are Sensors?
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Definition
A device which provides a usable output in response to a
specified measurand
A sensor acquires a physical parameter and converts it into a signal
suitable for processing (e.g. optical, electrical, mechanical)
Each sensor is based on a transduction principle - conversion of
energy from one form to another
 Also known as transducers

3. SENSORS
Detectable Phenomenon
Stimulus Quantity
Acoustic Wave (amplitude, phase, polarization), Spectrum, Wave
Velocity
Biological & Chemical Fluid Concentrations (Gas or Liquid)
Electric Charge, Voltage, Current, Electric Field (amplitude,
phase,
polarization), Conductivity, Permittivity
Magnetic Magnetic Field (amplitude, phase, polarization), Flux,
Permeability
Optical Refractive Index, Reflectivity, Absorption
Thermal Temperature, Flux, Specific Heat, Thermal Conductivity
Mechanical Position, Velocity, Acceleration, Force, Strain, Stress,
Pressure, Torque

4. SENSORS
Why Do Robots Need Sensors?
Provides “awareness” of surroundings
What’s ahead, around, “out there”?
Allows interaction with environment
Robot lawn mower can “see” cut grass
Protection & Self-Preservation
Safety, Damage Prevention, Stairwell sensor
Gives the robot capability to goal-seek
Find colorful objects, seek goals
Makes robots “interesting”

5. Why do robots need sensors?
Where am I?
localization
?

6. Why do robots need sensors?
Will I hit anything?
obstacle detection

7. Sensing for specific tasks
Where is the cropline?
Autonomous
harvesting

8. Sensing for specific tasks
Autonomous material handling
Where are the forkholes?

9. Sensing for specific tasks
Where is the face?
Face detection & tracking

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Choosing a Sensor

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TYPES OF SENSORS

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LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)
It is also known as photo-resistor
 a resistor whose resistance varies
with the amount of light falling
on it.

14. SENSORS
FLEX SENSOR
This sensor can detect flexing or
bending in one direction.
These sensors are easy to use,
they are basically resistors that
change value based on how much
they're flexed.
If they're unflexed, the resistance
is about ~10KΩ.

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TEMPERATURE SENSOR

17. SENSORS
 The LM35 is an integrated circuit sensor that can be used
to measure temperature with an electrical output
proportional to the temperature (in °C).
 It can measure temperature more accurately than a using
a thermistor.
 The LM35 has an output voltage that is proportional to
the Celsius temperature. The scale factor is .01V/°C
TEMPERATURE SENSOR

18. SENSORS
TEMPERATURE SENSOR

19. SENSORS
IR based Obstacle detector
Range adjustable with preset.
Operating voltage 5V DC
Sensitivity upto 30 cm
Digital Logic output
Application in Industry safety devices

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The current sensor module
ACS712
Pin 5V power supply, on-board
power indicator
The module can measure plus or
minus 30 amps, corresponding to
the analog output of 185 mV / A
If there is no the detection current
through, the output voltage is
VCC / 2

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23. SENSORS
OPTOCOUPLER

24. SENSORS
TOUCH SENSOR
force voltage
measurement
electrical flow

25. SENSORS
TILT SENSORS
gravity

26. ALCOHOL SENSOR
 Detects the presence of alcohol in the
surroundings
 Sensitive material of MQ-3 gas sensor is SnO2,
which with lower conductivity in clean air.
 When the target alcohol gas exist, the sensor’s
conductivity gets higher along with the gas
concentration rising.
Applications
 Alcohol checker
 Breathalyser
 Alcohol gas alarm(domestic and Industrial)
SENSORS

27. SENSORS
ACCELEROMETER SENSOR
Applications
 Mobile devices
 Gaming systems
 Disk drive protection
 Image stabilization
 Sports and health devices
Features
 3-axis sensing Small,
 low profile package 4 mm × 4 mm × 1.45 mm LFCSP
 Low power : 350 μA (typical)
 Single-supply operation: 1.8 V to 3.6 V
 10,000 g shock survival
 Excellent temperature stability

28. SENSORS
• The JoyStick is a analog sensor that
can be used to control your arduino.
• Analog JoySticks are basically
potentiometers, so they return
values which can be made visible
using the provided code in this step.
JOYSTICK

29. SENSORS
• The Hall Magnetic Sensor is a magnetic
switch.
• If no magnetic field is present, the signal
line of the sensor is HIGH.
• If a magnetic field is presented to the
sensor, the signal line goes LOW, at the
same time the LED on the sensor lights up.
HALL MAGNETIC SENSOR

30. SENSORS
HEARTBEAT SENSOR
This sensor can detect a
pulse or heartbeat when a
finger is placed between the
LED and photosensor.

31. PIR SENSOR
SENSORS
A passive infrared sensor (PIR sensor) is
an electronic sensor that measures
Infrared(IR) light radiating from objects in its
field of view.

32. SENSORS
Temperature above ABSOLUTE ZERO Heat Radiation
Its called as Passive…???

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35. SENSORS
Output does not stay on even if there is movement.

36. SENSORS
Controls the time
for which the
trigger pulse will be
ON
 Clockwise
increases the delay

37. SENSORS
 Used to increase or decrease the
distance at which the sensor can
detect movements.

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45. SENSORS
ULTRASONIC DISTANCE SENSOR
 Ultrasonic sensor uses sonar to determine distance to an object
like bats or dolphins do.

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 Operation is not affected by sunlight or black material.
 Ultrasound is sound waves with frequencies higher
than the upper audible limit of human hearing.

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