Sensors are devices that detect physical phenomena and convert them into electrical signals. They are classified based on their conversion phenomenon and output type. Common sensor types include temperature, light, pressure, motion, and gas sensors. Sensors play a crucial role in applications like industrial automation, healthcare, consumer electronics, and environmental monitoring by enabling real-time data collection and process monitoring. Recent research trends focus on developing sensors for IoT, flexible/wearable devices, nanotechnology, and machine learning applications.
This document discusses sensors used in IoT applications. It begins by defining sensors as input devices that convert physical quantities into electrical signals. Common sensor types are then described, including temperature, proximity, infrared, pressure, light, ultrasonic, gas, humidity, tilt, and flow sensors. The document classifies sensors as active or passive, and analog or digital. It provides examples of real-world sensor applications in aircraft flight control systems. Overall, the document provides a high-level overview of different sensor types and their uses in IoT and automated systems.
This document provides an introduction to sensors, including definitions of key terms like sensors, transducers, and actuators. It describes different types of sensors such as temperature sensors, accelerometers, light sensors, and ultrasonic sensors. It explains various sensor principles including how sensors can be classified as active or passive, contact or non-contact, and absolute or relative. The document also discusses choosing sensors and interfacing sensors with electronics.
The document discusses sensors used in aircraft autopilot systems. An automatic flight control system uses various sensors to monitor speed, height, position, doors, obstacles, fuel and maneuvers. A computer receives data from these sensors, compares it to pre-designed values, and provides control signals to engines, flaps, and rudders to enable smooth autonomous flight. Sensors provide input to computers, which are the system's brains, and mechanics provide the outputs to control aircraft systems.
The document defines and classifies different types of sensors. It explains that a sensor is a device that detects input from the physical world and converts it into an electrical signal. Sensors are classified as active or passive, and analog or digital. It then describes several common sensor types including temperature, proximity, infrared, ultrasonic, smoke/gas, humidity, and sound sensors. For each sensor type, it provides details on how they work and common applications.
The document discusses sensors and their uses in manufacturing. It defines a sensor as a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a readable form. Sensors are then classified into different types including tactile, proximity, range, miscellaneous, and machine vision sensors. Examples are provided for each type along with their working principles and applications in robotics and manufacturing for tasks like distance sensing, contour tracking, machine vision, process monitoring, and quality control. Key desirable sensor features and concepts like accuracy vs precision are also covered at a high level.
Introduction to sensors & transducers by Bapi Kumar DasB.k. Das
The document discusses sensors and transducers. It defines a sensor as a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal that can be read by an observer or instrument. A transducer is defined as a device that converts one form of energy into another. Sensors convert a physical parameter into an electrical output, while actuators convert an electrical signal into a physical output. Common types of sensors mentioned include temperature, light, magnetic, ultrasonic, pressure, and biosensors. Sensors are used in many applications ranging from industrial machinery to medical devices to consumer electronics.
Sensor Transmitter & Its types 22.pptxAshwin180668
This document discusses different types of sensors and their applications. It describes sensors as devices that detect physical properties and respond by producing an output signal. The main types discussed are analog and digital sensors, as well as temperature, infrared, ultrasonic, pyroelectric, and humidity sensors. For each sensor type, the document explains how it works and provides examples of its applications.
This document discusses sensors used in IoT applications. It begins by defining sensors as input devices that convert physical quantities into electrical signals. Common sensor types are then described, including temperature, proximity, infrared, pressure, light, ultrasonic, gas, humidity, tilt, and flow sensors. The document classifies sensors as active or passive, and analog or digital. It provides examples of real-world sensor applications in aircraft flight control systems. Overall, the document provides a high-level overview of different sensor types and their uses in IoT and automated systems.
This document provides an introduction to sensors, including definitions of key terms like sensors, transducers, and actuators. It describes different types of sensors such as temperature sensors, accelerometers, light sensors, and ultrasonic sensors. It explains various sensor principles including how sensors can be classified as active or passive, contact or non-contact, and absolute or relative. The document also discusses choosing sensors and interfacing sensors with electronics.
The document discusses sensors used in aircraft autopilot systems. An automatic flight control system uses various sensors to monitor speed, height, position, doors, obstacles, fuel and maneuvers. A computer receives data from these sensors, compares it to pre-designed values, and provides control signals to engines, flaps, and rudders to enable smooth autonomous flight. Sensors provide input to computers, which are the system's brains, and mechanics provide the outputs to control aircraft systems.
The document defines and classifies different types of sensors. It explains that a sensor is a device that detects input from the physical world and converts it into an electrical signal. Sensors are classified as active or passive, and analog or digital. It then describes several common sensor types including temperature, proximity, infrared, ultrasonic, smoke/gas, humidity, and sound sensors. For each sensor type, it provides details on how they work and common applications.
The document discusses sensors and their uses in manufacturing. It defines a sensor as a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a readable form. Sensors are then classified into different types including tactile, proximity, range, miscellaneous, and machine vision sensors. Examples are provided for each type along with their working principles and applications in robotics and manufacturing for tasks like distance sensing, contour tracking, machine vision, process monitoring, and quality control. Key desirable sensor features and concepts like accuracy vs precision are also covered at a high level.
Introduction to sensors & transducers by Bapi Kumar DasB.k. Das
The document discusses sensors and transducers. It defines a sensor as a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal that can be read by an observer or instrument. A transducer is defined as a device that converts one form of energy into another. Sensors convert a physical parameter into an electrical output, while actuators convert an electrical signal into a physical output. Common types of sensors mentioned include temperature, light, magnetic, ultrasonic, pressure, and biosensors. Sensors are used in many applications ranging from industrial machinery to medical devices to consumer electronics.
Sensor Transmitter & Its types 22.pptxAshwin180668
This document discusses different types of sensors and their applications. It describes sensors as devices that detect physical properties and respond by producing an output signal. The main types discussed are analog and digital sensors, as well as temperature, infrared, ultrasonic, pyroelectric, and humidity sensors. For each sensor type, the document explains how it works and provides examples of its applications.
1. Sensors are devices that detect physical parameters and convert them into signals that can be processed by systems. Common sensors measure temperature, pressure, velocity, rotation, flow, and other variables.
2. Sensors are needed in industry to monitor machinery and prevent failures, in the environment to detect hazards, and for safety and security applications like fire detection.
3. Common sensors used in robotics include position sensors, proximity sensors, range sensors, tactile sensors, and force sensors. Position sensors like LVDTs and RVDTs convert linear or angular displacement into electrical signals.
This presentation discusses robotic sensors. It defines a robot and explains that robotic sensors detect physical signals and convert them to electrical signals to estimate a robot's environment and condition. The document then categorizes and describes various types of robotic sensors including light, sound, temperature, contact, proximity, distance, pressure, tilt, voltage, current, IMU, and acceleration sensors. It provides examples and applications of each sensor type. The presentation concludes by noting sensors allow robots to complete various tasks and that more complex robots require more sensors.
This document discusses IoT sensing and actuation. It defines transduction as the process of energy conversion from one form to another. Sensors convert various forms of energy into electrical signals, while actuators convert electrical signals into various forms of energy, typically mechanical energy. The document describes different types of sensors and their characteristics like resolution, accuracy, and precision. It also discusses sensor errors and deviations. Finally, it categorizes sensing into four types - scalar sensing, multimedia sensing, hybrid sensing, and virtual sensing - based on the nature of the environment being sensed.
The document discusses different types of sensors, their characteristics and applications. It describes common sensors such as temperature, current and level sensors. Temperature sensors include thermistors and thermocouples. Current sensors consist of Hall sensors and magnetostriction sensors. The document also introduces smart sensors which integrate additional features like self-calibration. Finally, it outlines industrial applications of various sensors in areas like power plants, electrical machines and robotics.
Advanced sensors can be either analogue or digital. Analogue sensors produce a continuous output signal proportional to the measured quantity, while digital sensors produce a discrete output signal representing the measured quantity. Common sensors include position sensors like potentiometers and inductive sensors, temperature sensors like thermostats and thermocouples, light sensors like photoresistors and phototransistors, and motion sensors like passive infrared sensors. These sensors convert a physical input like position, temperature, light, or motion into an electrical output signal.
Advanced sensors can be either analogue or digital. Analogue sensors produce a continuous output signal proportional to the measured quantity, while digital sensors produce a discrete output signal representing the measured quantity. Common sensors include position sensors like potentiometers and inductive sensors, temperature sensors like thermostats and thermocouples, light sensors like photoresistors and phototransistors, and motion sensors like passive infrared sensors. These sensors convert a physical input like position, temperature, light, or motion into an electrical output signal.
Sensors are devices that detect physical phenomena and convert them into signals that can be measured and processed. They are used to measure properties like temperature, light, motion, pressure, and more. Sensors are found in many applications to enable automation and monitoring, from industrial plants and medical devices to cars, phones, and home appliances. Common sensors include temperature sensors, accelerometers, light sensors, magnetic sensors, ultrasonic sensors, photogates, and gas sensors like CO2 sensors.
The document discusses different types of sensors that can be used with Arduino including temperature, proximity, infrared, ultrasonic, light, smoke, gas, alcohol, touch, color, humidity, tilt, and accelerometer sensors. For each sensor type, it provides a brief description of how the sensor works and includes example Arduino code for reading data from and interfacing with the sensor.
This article provides an introduction to the fundamental of Sensors and Transducers. It illustrates the different classifications of sensors and transducers. Explains capacitive, resistive and inductive transducers in brief. Also shows the examples under these types of transducers.
This document provides a summary of 20 existing sensors and their uses. It discusses sensors such as temperature sensors, pressure sensors, touch sensors, image sensors, motion sensors, light sensors, humidity sensors, vibration sensors, proximity sensors, color sensors, gas/smoke sensors, alcohol sensors, tilt sensors, ultrasonic sensors, infrared sensors, flow sensors, leak sensors, radiation sensors, level sensors, and flame sensors. For each sensor, it provides a brief definition and examples of applications. The document was submitted by a student as part of a course assignment on microprocessors and assembly language.
This document provides an overview of sensors for an Internet of Everything course. It defines what a sensor is and discusses different types of sensors including temperature, proximity, accelerometer, infrared, pressure, light, ultrasonic, smoke, gas, alcohol, touch, color, humidity, position, magnetic, microphone, tilt, flow, level, PIR and touch sensors. It also classifies sensors as active vs passive and by means of detection. An architecture for a single node sensor is presented including a microcontroller, communication device and transceiver. Real-time applications of sensors in aircraft autopilot systems are described.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
The document discusses different types of sensors, including displacement sensors like linear potentiometers and LVDTs, ultrasonic sensors, force sensors, temperature sensors, and pressure sensors. It provides details on how each sensor type works and describes common applications. The key points covered are the operating principles of common sensor technologies, their uses in fields like automation, medical, and manufacturing, and how sensors convert physical properties into electrical signals that can be measured.
Proximity sensors are contactless sensors that detect the presence or movement of nearby objects without physically touching them. They work by sensing electromagnetic fields (inductive), capacitance changes (capacitive), ultrasonic waves (ultrasonic), or infrared light (IR). Proximity sensors have a long service life since they have no moving parts, can detect objects in various environments and conditions, and are used in a wide range of applications including smartphones, industrial automation, and more. The ideal proximity sensor quickly and accurately detects objects without being affected by surface properties or environmental factors.
This Presentation provides some basics of Sensors Technology.........
It gives few ideas to learn about sensors which are as normally used as electrical & electronics applications.......
Sensors can be categorized as either active or passive. Active sensors require an external power source to respond to environmental inputs and generate an output, such as sensors used in weather satellites. Passive sensors do not require external power and rely on environmental sources like light or heat, such as mercury thermometers. Sensors are used across many industries and applications, including in industrial equipment, healthcare devices like heart rate monitors, consumer electronics with light and proximity sensors, agriculture with soil and climate sensors, and security systems using cameras, door sensors, and biometrics.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
1. Sensors are devices that detect physical parameters and convert them into signals that can be processed by systems. Common sensors measure temperature, pressure, velocity, rotation, flow, and other variables.
2. Sensors are needed in industry to monitor machinery and prevent failures, in the environment to detect hazards, and for safety and security applications like fire detection.
3. Common sensors used in robotics include position sensors, proximity sensors, range sensors, tactile sensors, and force sensors. Position sensors like LVDTs and RVDTs convert linear or angular displacement into electrical signals.
This presentation discusses robotic sensors. It defines a robot and explains that robotic sensors detect physical signals and convert them to electrical signals to estimate a robot's environment and condition. The document then categorizes and describes various types of robotic sensors including light, sound, temperature, contact, proximity, distance, pressure, tilt, voltage, current, IMU, and acceleration sensors. It provides examples and applications of each sensor type. The presentation concludes by noting sensors allow robots to complete various tasks and that more complex robots require more sensors.
This document discusses IoT sensing and actuation. It defines transduction as the process of energy conversion from one form to another. Sensors convert various forms of energy into electrical signals, while actuators convert electrical signals into various forms of energy, typically mechanical energy. The document describes different types of sensors and their characteristics like resolution, accuracy, and precision. It also discusses sensor errors and deviations. Finally, it categorizes sensing into four types - scalar sensing, multimedia sensing, hybrid sensing, and virtual sensing - based on the nature of the environment being sensed.
The document discusses different types of sensors, their characteristics and applications. It describes common sensors such as temperature, current and level sensors. Temperature sensors include thermistors and thermocouples. Current sensors consist of Hall sensors and magnetostriction sensors. The document also introduces smart sensors which integrate additional features like self-calibration. Finally, it outlines industrial applications of various sensors in areas like power plants, electrical machines and robotics.
Advanced sensors can be either analogue or digital. Analogue sensors produce a continuous output signal proportional to the measured quantity, while digital sensors produce a discrete output signal representing the measured quantity. Common sensors include position sensors like potentiometers and inductive sensors, temperature sensors like thermostats and thermocouples, light sensors like photoresistors and phototransistors, and motion sensors like passive infrared sensors. These sensors convert a physical input like position, temperature, light, or motion into an electrical output signal.
Advanced sensors can be either analogue or digital. Analogue sensors produce a continuous output signal proportional to the measured quantity, while digital sensors produce a discrete output signal representing the measured quantity. Common sensors include position sensors like potentiometers and inductive sensors, temperature sensors like thermostats and thermocouples, light sensors like photoresistors and phototransistors, and motion sensors like passive infrared sensors. These sensors convert a physical input like position, temperature, light, or motion into an electrical output signal.
Sensors are devices that detect physical phenomena and convert them into signals that can be measured and processed. They are used to measure properties like temperature, light, motion, pressure, and more. Sensors are found in many applications to enable automation and monitoring, from industrial plants and medical devices to cars, phones, and home appliances. Common sensors include temperature sensors, accelerometers, light sensors, magnetic sensors, ultrasonic sensors, photogates, and gas sensors like CO2 sensors.
The document discusses different types of sensors that can be used with Arduino including temperature, proximity, infrared, ultrasonic, light, smoke, gas, alcohol, touch, color, humidity, tilt, and accelerometer sensors. For each sensor type, it provides a brief description of how the sensor works and includes example Arduino code for reading data from and interfacing with the sensor.
This article provides an introduction to the fundamental of Sensors and Transducers. It illustrates the different classifications of sensors and transducers. Explains capacitive, resistive and inductive transducers in brief. Also shows the examples under these types of transducers.
This document provides a summary of 20 existing sensors and their uses. It discusses sensors such as temperature sensors, pressure sensors, touch sensors, image sensors, motion sensors, light sensors, humidity sensors, vibration sensors, proximity sensors, color sensors, gas/smoke sensors, alcohol sensors, tilt sensors, ultrasonic sensors, infrared sensors, flow sensors, leak sensors, radiation sensors, level sensors, and flame sensors. For each sensor, it provides a brief definition and examples of applications. The document was submitted by a student as part of a course assignment on microprocessors and assembly language.
This document provides an overview of sensors for an Internet of Everything course. It defines what a sensor is and discusses different types of sensors including temperature, proximity, accelerometer, infrared, pressure, light, ultrasonic, smoke, gas, alcohol, touch, color, humidity, position, magnetic, microphone, tilt, flow, level, PIR and touch sensors. It also classifies sensors as active vs passive and by means of detection. An architecture for a single node sensor is presented including a microcontroller, communication device and transceiver. Real-time applications of sensors in aircraft autopilot systems are described.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
The document discusses different types of sensors, including displacement sensors like linear potentiometers and LVDTs, ultrasonic sensors, force sensors, temperature sensors, and pressure sensors. It provides details on how each sensor type works and describes common applications. The key points covered are the operating principles of common sensor technologies, their uses in fields like automation, medical, and manufacturing, and how sensors convert physical properties into electrical signals that can be measured.
Proximity sensors are contactless sensors that detect the presence or movement of nearby objects without physically touching them. They work by sensing electromagnetic fields (inductive), capacitance changes (capacitive), ultrasonic waves (ultrasonic), or infrared light (IR). Proximity sensors have a long service life since they have no moving parts, can detect objects in various environments and conditions, and are used in a wide range of applications including smartphones, industrial automation, and more. The ideal proximity sensor quickly and accurately detects objects without being affected by surface properties or environmental factors.
This Presentation provides some basics of Sensors Technology.........
It gives few ideas to learn about sensors which are as normally used as electrical & electronics applications.......
Sensors can be categorized as either active or passive. Active sensors require an external power source to respond to environmental inputs and generate an output, such as sensors used in weather satellites. Passive sensors do not require external power and rely on environmental sources like light or heat, such as mercury thermometers. Sensors are used across many industries and applications, including in industrial equipment, healthcare devices like heart rate monitors, consumer electronics with light and proximity sensors, agriculture with soil and climate sensors, and security systems using cameras, door sensors, and biometrics.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
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2. Table Contents
– Definition
– Introduction
– History of Sensors
– Choosing a Sensor
– Classification of Sensors
– Types of Sensors
– Applications
– Trends and recent research
– Conclusion
2
3. Sensors?
• American National Standards Institute
– A device which provides a usable output in response to a specified measurand
• A sensor acquires a physical quantity and converts it into a signal
suitable for processing (e.g. optical, electrical, mechanical)
• Nowadays common sensors convert measurement of physical
phenomena into an electrical signal
• Active element of a sensor is called a transducer
4. Transducer?
A device which converts one form of energy to another
When input is a physical quantity and output electrical → Sensor
When input is electrical and output a physical quantity → Actuator
e.g. Piezoelectric:
Actuators
Sensors
Physical
parameter
Electrical
Output
Electrical
Input
Physical
Output
Force -> voltage
Voltage-> Force
=> Ultrasound!
Microphone, Loud Speaker
5. Sensors?
• American National Standards Institute
– A device which provides a usable output in response to
a specified measurand
• A sensor acquires a physical quantity and converts it into
a signal suitable for processing (e.g. optical, electrical,
mechanical)
• Nowadays common sensors convert measurement of
physical phenomena into an electrical signal
• Active element of a sensor is called a transducer
6. Transducer?
A device which converts one form of energy to another
When input is a physical quantity and output electrical → Sensor
When input is electrical and output a physical quantity → Actuator
e.g. Piezoelectric:
Actuators
Sensors
Physical
parameter
Electrical
Output
Electrical
Input
Physical
Output
Force -> voltage
Voltage-> Force
=> Ultrasound!
Microphone, Loud Speaker
16. Need forSensors
• Sensors are pervasive. They are embedded in
our bodies, automobiles, airplanes, cellular
telephones, radios, chemical plants, industrial
plants and countless other applications.
• Without the use of sensors, there would be no
automation !!
– Imagine having to manually fill Poland Spring
bottles
17. Classification of Sensors
In the first classification of the sensors, they
are divided in to Active and Passive.
• Active Sensors are those which require an
external excitation signal or a power signal.
• Passive Sensors, on the other hand, do not
require any external power signal and
directly generates output response.
●●●
17
18. Classification of Sensors
The next classification is based on conversion
phenomenon
• i.e., the input and the output. Some of the
common conversion phenomena are
Photoelectric, Thermoelectric,
Electrochemical, Electromagnetic, Thermo-
optic, etc.
●●●
18
19. Classification of Sensors
• Analog Sensors produce an analog output i.e.,
a continuous output signal (usually voltage but
sometimes other quantities like Resistance
etc.) with respect to the quantity being
measured.
• Digital Sensors, in contrast to Analog Sensors,
work with discrete or digital data. The data in
digital sensors, which is used for conversion
and transmission, is digital in nature.
19
20. Types of Sensors
Temperature Sensor
• One of the most common and most
popular sensors is the Temperature
Sensor. A Temperature Sensor, as the
name suggests, senses the temperature
i.e., it measures the changes in the
temperature.
●●●
20
21. Temperature Sensor: Bimetallic Strip
• Bimetallic Strip
L = L0[1+ β(T -T0)]
• Application
– Thermostat (makes or
breaks electrical
connection with
deflection)
22. Temperature Sensor: RTD
• Resistance temperature device
(RTD)
R = R0[1+α(T -T0)]
0
R = R0e T
T
γ
1
−
1
23. Other Temperature Sensors
• Thermistor
T h er mi
⏟
s
t
o
r
• Thermocouple: Seeback effect to
transform a temperature difference to a
voltage difference
Resistor
Thermal
R exp
Eg
2kT
24. Types of Sensors
Proximity Sensors
• A Proximity Sensor is a non-contact type
sensor that detects the presence of an object.
Proximity Sensors can be implemented using
different techniques like Optical (like Infrared
or Laser), Sound (Ultrasonic), Magnetic (Hall
Effect), Capacitive, etc.
●●●
24
25. Light Sensor
• Light sensors are used in
cameras, infrared detectors, and
ambient lighting applications
• Sensor is composed of
photoconductor such as a
photoresistor, photodiode, or
phototransistor
26. Photoresistors
• Light sensitive variable resistors.
• Its resistance depends on the intensity of light incident upon it.
– Under dark condition, resistance is quite high (M: called dark resistance).
– Under bright condition, resistance is lowered (few hundred ).
• Response time:
– When a photoresistor is exposed to light, it takes a few milliseconds, before it
lowers its resistance.
– When a photoresistor experiences removal of light, it may take a few seconds
to return to its dark resistance.
• Photoresisotrs exhibit a nonlinear characteristics for incident optical illumination
versus the resulting resistance.
Symbol
log10 R =α − β log10 P
R
104
103
102
101
101 102 103 104
Relative illumination (P)
27. Types of Sensors
Infrared Sensor (IR Sensor)
• IR Sensors or Infrared Sensor are light
based sensor that are used in various
applications like Proximity and Object
Detection. IR Sensors are used as proximity
sensors in almost all mobile phones.
●●●
27
28. Types of Sensors
Light Sensor
• Sometimes also known as Photo Sensors, Light
Sensors are one of the important sensors. A
simple Light Sensor available today is the Light
Dependent Resistor or LDR.
• The property of LDR is that its resistance is
inversely proportional to the intensity of the
ambient light i.e., when the intensity of light
increases, its resistance decreases and vise-versa.
●●●
28
29. Types of Sensors
Smoke and Gas Sensors
• One of the very useful sensors in safety
related applications are Smoke and Gas
Sensors.
• Almost all offices and industries are
equipped with several smoke detectors,
which detect any smoke (due to fire) and
sound an alarm.
●●●
29
30. Types of Sensors
Alcohol Sensor
• As the name suggests, an Alcohol Sensor
detects alcohol. Usually, alcohol sensors are
used in breathalyzer devices, which determine
whether a person is drunk or not.
• Law enforcement personnel uses breathalyzers
to catch drunk-and-drive culprits.
●●●
30
31. Types of Sensors
Touch Sensor
• We do not give much importance to touch
sensors but they became an integral part of
our life.
• Whether you know or not, all touch screen
devices (Mobile Phones, Tablets, Laptops,
etc.) have touch sensors in them
●●●
31
32. Types of Sensors
Color Sensor
• A Color Sensor is an useful device in building color
sensing applications in the field of image
processing, color identification, industrial object
tracking etc.
• The TCS3200 is a simple Color Sensor, which can
detect any color and output a square wave
proportional to the wavelength of the detected
color.
●●●
32
33. Types of Sensors
Humidity Sensor
• If you see Weather Monitoring Systems, they
often provide temperature as well as humidity
data.
• So, measuring humidity is an important task in
many applications and Humidity Sensors help
us in achieving this.
●●●
33
34. Types of Sensors
Tilt Sensor
• Often used to detect inclination or orientation,
Tilt Sensors are one of the simplest and
inexpensive sensors out there.
• Previously, tilt sensors are made up of Mercury
(and hence they are sometimes called as
Mercury Switches) but most modern tilt
sensors contain a roller ball.
34
35. Magnetic Field Sensor
• Magnetic Field sensors are
used for power steering,
security, and current
measurements on
transmission lines
• Hall voltage is proportional
to magnetic field
n q t
I B
H
V =
36. Ultrasonic Sensor
• Ultrasonic sensors are used for position measurements
• Sound waves emitted are in the range of 2-13 MHz
• Sound Navigation And Ranging (SONAR)
• Radio Dection And Ranging (RADAR) –
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES !!
15° - 20°
37. Photogate
• Photogates are used in
counting applications (e.g.
finding period of period
motion)
• Infrared transmitter and
receiver at opposite ends of
the sensor
• Time at which light is broken
is recorded
38. Sensors crucial factors
•Sensitivity, Resolution, accuracy and
precision
•Uncertainty is referred to as an error.
• Accuracy and precision are two important
factors to consider while taking
measurements.
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39. Sensors crucial factors
• Sensitivity deals with responsiveness
• Resolution with the smallest detectable change
• Accuracy with closeness to the true value
• Precision with consistency in measurements.
Each of these aspects is crucial in determining the
reliability, usefulness, and applicability of sensor
measurements in various fields and applications.
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40. Trends and recent research directions
in sensor technology :
1. Internet of Things (IoT) Sensors: IoT has been a driving force in
sensor technology. Advancements in miniaturization, low-power
consumption, and wireless connectivity have led to the
development of sensors for various applications, including smart
homes, healthcare, agriculture, and industrial monitoring.
2. Environmental Sensors: There has been a growing focus on
developing sensors to monitor environmental parameters such as
air quality, water quality, and soil conditions. These sensors aim to
provide real-time data to address environmental concerns and
support sustainability efforts.
3. Biomedical Sensors: Research in biomedical sensors has been
extensive, with a focus on wearable sensors for continuous health
monitoring, point-of-care diagnostic devices, and implantable
sensors for monitoring specific health conditions. These sensors
aim to improve healthcare by enabling early disease detection
and personalized medicine.
4. Advanced Imaging Sensors: Advancements in imaging sensors,
including those used in cameras, LiDAR (Light Detection and
Ranging), and hyperspectral imaging, have enabled higher
resolution, faster data acquisition, and improved accuracy for
various applications like autonomous vehicles, medical imaging,
and agriculture.
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41. 5. Flexible and Stretchable Sensors: Researchers have been
working on developing sensors that can bend, stretch, and
conform to various surfaces. These flexible and stretchable
sensors have potential applications in wearable electronics,
robotics, and human-machine interfaces.
6. Nanotechnology in Sensors: Utilizing nanomaterials and
nanotechnology has led to the development of highly sensitive
and selective sensors. Nanoscale sensors offer improved
detection limits and can be used in areas such as gas sensing,
environmental monitoring, and healthcare diagnostics.
7. Energy Harvesting Sensors: Efforts are ongoing to create self-
powered or energy-efficient sensors that can harvest energy
from their environment (such as vibrations, light, or
temperature gradients). These sensors aim to reduce reliance
on external power sources and prolong operational lifetimes.
8. Machine Learning and Sensor Fusion: Integration of machine
learning algorithms and sensor fusion techniques has
enhanced the capabilities of sensors in interpreting complex
data patterns, reducing noise, and improving accuracy in
various applications like robotics, autonomous systems, and
predictive maintenance.
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42. Applications
Various applications of sensors in different
industries:
•Automotive
•Healthcare
•Consumer electronics
•Industrial automation
•Environmental monitoring
58. Conclusion
✓ A sensor is a device that detects the change in the
environment and responds to some output on the
other system.
✓ A sensor converts a physical phenomenon into a
measurable analog voltage (or sometimes a
digital signal) converted into a human-readable
display or transmitted for reading or further
processing.
✓ Sensors are central to industrial applications
being used for process control, monitoring, and
safety.
✓ Sensors are also central to medicine being used
for diagnostics, monitoring, critical care, and
public health.
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