This document outlines a study to model the hydrologic impacts of urban development on Watershed 80 (WS80) located in the Santee Experimental Forest in South Carolina. The study aims to assess current pre-development conditions using three hydrologic models and then simulate runoff and peak flows under varying levels of imperviousness (0-15%) to represent urbanization. Key findings from applying the Rational Method, USGS regression equations, and WinTR-55 model to WS80 are presented along with the design of a culvert to accommodate peak 100-year discharge flows.
Evapotranspiration of Lake Murray Using Pan DataEvanPatrohay
This document summarizes evapotranspiration and methods for estimating it from a reservoir. It describes that evapotranspiration is the sum of evaporation from surrounding surfaces and transpiration from plants. It also discusses using pan evaporation data from Lake Murray in South Carolina combined with climatic data to estimate the reservoir's monthly and annual evapotranspiration using nomographs and the Thornthwaite and Blaney-Criddle methods. It concludes that free water surface evaporation rates may overestimate potential evapotranspiration in hot climates.
This document outlines a study to model the hydrologic impacts of urban development on Watershed 80 (WS80) located in the Santee Experimental Forest in South Carolina. The study aims to assess current pre-development conditions using three hydrologic models and then simulate runoff and peak flows under varying levels of imperviousness (0-15%) to represent urbanization. Key findings from applying the Rational Method, USGS regression equations, and WinTR-55 model to WS80 are presented along with the design of a culvert to accommodate peak 100-year discharge flows.
This document outlines a study to model the hydrologic impacts of urban development on Watershed 80 (WS80), an untouched coastal forested watershed in South Carolina. The objectives are to assess pre-development conditions using three hydrologic models and simulate post-development conditions under varying levels of imperviousness. Materials and methods include delineating the watershed in GIS, collecting soil and rainfall data, and using the Rational Method, NRCS TR-55 model, and USGS regression equations to calculate runoff and peak flows. Preliminary results will be presented along with the design of a culvert to convey peak flows from a 100-year storm under full development.
This document outlines a hydrologic modeling study of an untouched coastal watershed (WS80) in South Carolina. The objectives are to assess pre-development hydrologic conditions using three models and simulate runoff with varying levels of urbanization. Materials and methods include watershed delineation in GIS, modeling peak flow using WinTR-55, USGS regression equations, and the Rational Method. Preliminary results show the Rational Method produced a linear regression between peak runoff and rainfall intensity with an R^2 value of 0.88. The study aims to inform future land development and expansion of the nearby city of Charleston.
This document discusses hydrology and the water cycle. It begins by explaining that hydrology studies the flows of water between the atmosphere, land, and oceans, which make up the water cycle. It then describes the different types of water flows, including precipitation, infiltration, evaporation, transpiration, surface runoff, and groundwater flow. The document also provides statistics on the quantities and distributions of water on Earth. It finishes by outlining some of the uses of hydrology in areas like predicting floods, assessing reservoir needs, and designing hydraulic structures.
The document discusses the hydrologic cycle, which describes the continuous movement and storage of water between the atmosphere, oceans, lakes, soils and land. Water is evaporated from oceans and land surfaces, transported by winds, condensed into rain or snow clouds, and precipitated back onto the Earth where it collects in streams, rivers and lakes before returning to the oceans, completing the cycle. The hydrologic cycle is powered by solar energy and influences climate patterns and variability across different timescales. It is an important process linking the water, energy and carbon cycles.
Effects of Climatic Changes on Surface and Groundwater Resources in the North...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— During the last 5 decades precipitation records in Jordan have shown a general decreasing trend. Such decreases have certainly their impacts on the availability of surface and groundwater, on soil moisture contents (green water) and on the surface and groundwater qualities.
In this article the impacts of decreasing precipitation on the availability of surface and groundwater will be analyzed.
The results show that a decrease in precipitation of 10% will result in the reduction of flood runoff by about 39%, and a reduction in groundwater recharge of 16% in rain rich areas receiving more than 500mm/yr increasing to 59% in areas receiving moderate precipitation of around 300mm/yr.
Evapotranspiration of Lake Murray Using Pan DataEvanPatrohay
This document summarizes evapotranspiration and methods for estimating it from a reservoir. It describes that evapotranspiration is the sum of evaporation from surrounding surfaces and transpiration from plants. It also discusses using pan evaporation data from Lake Murray in South Carolina combined with climatic data to estimate the reservoir's monthly and annual evapotranspiration using nomographs and the Thornthwaite and Blaney-Criddle methods. It concludes that free water surface evaporation rates may overestimate potential evapotranspiration in hot climates.
This document outlines a study to model the hydrologic impacts of urban development on Watershed 80 (WS80) located in the Santee Experimental Forest in South Carolina. The study aims to assess current pre-development conditions using three hydrologic models and then simulate runoff and peak flows under varying levels of imperviousness (0-15%) to represent urbanization. Key findings from applying the Rational Method, USGS regression equations, and WinTR-55 model to WS80 are presented along with the design of a culvert to accommodate peak 100-year discharge flows.
This document outlines a study to model the hydrologic impacts of urban development on Watershed 80 (WS80), an untouched coastal forested watershed in South Carolina. The objectives are to assess pre-development conditions using three hydrologic models and simulate post-development conditions under varying levels of imperviousness. Materials and methods include delineating the watershed in GIS, collecting soil and rainfall data, and using the Rational Method, NRCS TR-55 model, and USGS regression equations to calculate runoff and peak flows. Preliminary results will be presented along with the design of a culvert to convey peak flows from a 100-year storm under full development.
This document outlines a hydrologic modeling study of an untouched coastal watershed (WS80) in South Carolina. The objectives are to assess pre-development hydrologic conditions using three models and simulate runoff with varying levels of urbanization. Materials and methods include watershed delineation in GIS, modeling peak flow using WinTR-55, USGS regression equations, and the Rational Method. Preliminary results show the Rational Method produced a linear regression between peak runoff and rainfall intensity with an R^2 value of 0.88. The study aims to inform future land development and expansion of the nearby city of Charleston.
This document discusses hydrology and the water cycle. It begins by explaining that hydrology studies the flows of water between the atmosphere, land, and oceans, which make up the water cycle. It then describes the different types of water flows, including precipitation, infiltration, evaporation, transpiration, surface runoff, and groundwater flow. The document also provides statistics on the quantities and distributions of water on Earth. It finishes by outlining some of the uses of hydrology in areas like predicting floods, assessing reservoir needs, and designing hydraulic structures.
The document discusses the hydrologic cycle, which describes the continuous movement and storage of water between the atmosphere, oceans, lakes, soils and land. Water is evaporated from oceans and land surfaces, transported by winds, condensed into rain or snow clouds, and precipitated back onto the Earth where it collects in streams, rivers and lakes before returning to the oceans, completing the cycle. The hydrologic cycle is powered by solar energy and influences climate patterns and variability across different timescales. It is an important process linking the water, energy and carbon cycles.
Effects of Climatic Changes on Surface and Groundwater Resources in the North...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— During the last 5 decades precipitation records in Jordan have shown a general decreasing trend. Such decreases have certainly their impacts on the availability of surface and groundwater, on soil moisture contents (green water) and on the surface and groundwater qualities.
In this article the impacts of decreasing precipitation on the availability of surface and groundwater will be analyzed.
The results show that a decrease in precipitation of 10% will result in the reduction of flood runoff by about 39%, and a reduction in groundwater recharge of 16% in rain rich areas receiving more than 500mm/yr increasing to 59% in areas receiving moderate precipitation of around 300mm/yr.
This document discusses hydrology and the hydrological cycle. It defines hydrology as the science dealing with the occurrence, distribution, and movement of water on Earth. The hydrological cycle involves the constant circulation of water between the atmosphere and Earth's surface through evaporation, precipitation, and runoff. Factors like precipitation characteristics, catchment shape and size, topography, and geology affect the amount of runoff from a catchment area. Accurate measurement of rainfall and runoff is important for irrigation engineering design and management.
This document introduces hydrology and the components of the drainage basin system. It discusses the water budget of a drainage basin including inputs, stores, outputs, and transfers. It also covers how human activity, rainfall-discharge relationships, storm and seasonal hydrographs, and various influences impact drainage basins. Key topics covered are the drainage basin as a system, water storage in different reservoirs, how long it takes for water renewal in different water bodies, and how vegetation and evaporation influence the hydrological cycle.
This document provides an introduction to engineering hydrology. It discusses key hydrological concepts like the hydrological cycle, precipitation types and measurement, and mechanisms of precipitation. Engineering hydrology deals with water resource estimation, processes like precipitation and runoff, and problems like floods and droughts. Precipitation is measured using non-recording rain gauges and recording rain gauges like tipping buckets, weighing buckets, and float gauges. Site selection for rain gauges and data preparation are also outlined.
Brief description of Hydrology, various spheres of Hydrology, applications and utilities of Engineering Hydrology and understanding possibilities of flood.
This document discusses concepts related to water balance calculations for agricultural purposes. It defines key terms like evapotranspiration, field capacity, and wilting point. It also describes how to calculate the water balance and water requirement satisfaction index (WRSI). The water balance calculation compares rainfall received by crops to water lost through evaporation and transpiration. It also accounts for water held in soil available to crops. The WRSI indicates crop performance based on water availability and can be related to expected crop yields.
The document discusses hydrology and the hydrologic cycle. It begins by defining hydrology as the science of water and its movement on the Earth. It then describes the key components of the hydrologic cycle, including evaporation, precipitation, infiltration, transpiration, and the various stages water passes through as it circulates from the oceans to the atmosphere and back again. Engineering applications of hydrology are also mentioned such as flood control and selecting dam sites. Measurement of rainfall is discussed, along with different types of rain gauges used to collect precipitation data.
Engineering Hydrology deals with the occurrence, distribution, and movement of water on Earth. It studies the hydrologic cycle and water balance. Some key topics covered are:
- Precipitation measurement using rain gauges
- Estimating rainfall and adjusting records at stations with missing data
- Calculating average rainfall over an area using Thiessen polygons and isohyetal analysis
- Measuring evaporation and pan coefficients
- Quantifying infiltration rates using Horton's equation
The document provides information on various hydrological concepts and calculation methods through examples, including problems estimating rainfall, determining optimum rain gauge density, calculating lake evaporation losses, and quantifying infiltration depths and rates.
The document discusses India's water resources and sources of water. It provides the following key details:
1) Rainfall in India is 4000 billion cubic meters annually, but only 9% recharges groundwater and 2-8% is used for domestic, industrial, and irrigation purposes. The rest is lost to evaporation or runoff.
2) The main sources of water in India are surface water sources like rivers, lakes, and ponds, and groundwater sources like wells, tube wells, and infiltration galleries.
3) Overuse of water resources has led to problems like depletion of aquifers, reduction in stream and river flows, waterlogging, and increased water disputes between states. Heavy ground
This document discusses various concepts related to water resource engineering. It covers topics like precipitation, runoff, infiltration, evaporation and evapotranspiration. It describes different methods to measure these parameters, like using infiltration tests, pan evaporation, empirical equations and water or energy budget methods. Factors affecting each process are also listed. Various formulas to calculate runoff, evaporation and infiltration rate are presented.
Climate is defined as the average weather in a region over a long period of time, typically 30 years. It is influenced by factors like latitude, altitude, proximity to bodies of water and oceans, and vegetation. There are several classification systems for climates, most commonly the Köppen system which categorizes climates as tropical, temperate, or polar. Tropical climates have high temperatures year-round, temperate climates have distinct seasons with moderate temperature changes, and polar climates are very cold with no warm summers. Paleoclimatology studies past climates through proxies like sediments and tree rings since direct observations are only available recently.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the topic of hydrology given by Prashant S Hiremath. It includes the following key points:
1. Hydrology is defined as the study of the hydrologic cycle, including the occurrence, distribution, movement and properties of water on Earth.
2. The hydrologic cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the Earth's surface, powered by natural forces. It includes processes like precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, condensation, and runoff.
3. Methods for measuring precipitation are discussed, including non-recording mechanisms like standard rain gauges and recording mechanisms like tipping bucket gauges that can measure rainfall intensity over
This document discusses various methods for estimating runoff from rainfall. It begins by defining components of stream flow such as overland flow, interflow, and baseflow. It then discusses catchment characteristics and methods for classifying streams. Various factors that affect runoff are identified, including drainage area, soil type, land use, and antecedent moisture conditions. Two primary methods for estimating runoff are presented: the Rational Method and the SCS Curve Number Method. Worked examples are provided to demonstrate how to apply both methods to calculate peak runoff rates from given rainfall and catchment property data.
This document discusses various methods for calculating actual evaporation from land and vegetation. It introduces concepts like pan evaporation, reference evapotranspiration, and actual evapotranspiration. Methods covered include long-term water balance, Budyko curves, soil moisture functions, complementary relationship approaches, and turbulent transfer models like Penman-Monteith. Measurement techniques involve lysimeters and remote sensing of factors like leaf area index and fractional canopy coverage.
River Discharge, Water Balance And Hydrographsvikellis
I apologize, upon reviewing the document I do not feel comfortable generating a summary without the full context. Summarizing documents requires understanding the overall topic and intent, which is not clear from this partial text.
This document discusses runoff and provides definitions, processes, types, factors affecting runoff, and methods to estimate runoff. It defines runoff as the portion of precipitation that flows towards rivers and oceans as surface or subsurface flow. The key types of runoff discussed are surface runoff, subsurface/interflow, and baseflow. Factors affecting runoff include precipitation characteristics, catchment characteristics, topography, geology, and storage features. Methods to estimate runoff include direct measurement and indirect methods like empirical formulas, the rational method, and unit hydrograph analysis.
Addressing Concerns on Climate Change Science - NOAA ResearchObama White House
The document summarizes a report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) that addresses several key points regarding climate change science:
1) The world has warmed by approximately 0.6°C over the past century according to multiple data sets and models. Temperatures are likely to increase further this century.
2) Future warming may increase transmission of diseases like malaria and dengue fever, though local factors greatly influence disease patterns.
3) Global sea level rise between 1990-2100 is projected at 0.09-0.88 meters due to thermal expansion and melting ice, though estimates vary.
4) Extreme weather events like heat waves, droughts and heavy rain
This document summarizes the views of key domestic stakeholders on climate change:
1) Business groups like agriculture and automotive industries now support climate policies, while chemical and utility companies prefer voluntary programs.
2) Environmental NGOs believe scientific findings demand international action, like ratifying Kyoto. Other groups advocate renewable energy and efficiency.
3) Some state and local governments have enacted emissions reduction programs, using market-based mechanisms. Religious organizations stress moral responsibility to address climate change.
The document provides a midterm presentation for a stormwater resilience design project in Mexico Beach, Florida. It outlines the background of the project, including how Hurricane Michael devastated the town in 2018. The objectives are to determine hydrologic conditions, design a stormwater wet detention pond on purchased land, and evaluate costs. Approaches include hydrologic modeling, pond design, and creating a cost estimate. Deliverables will include a stormwater management plan, pond designs, and presentation. The timeline is provided in a Gantt chart. A literature review on coastal stormwater, pond design, and Florida standards is also presented.
Modeling the Effects of Land Use Change on FloodingAdam Nayak
Due to population growth, urban areas in Oregon have been expanding, leading to increases in impervious surfaces and net losses in wetlands, riparian vegetation, and forestation in the Northwest. Utilizing ArcGIS and NOAA’s C-CAP imagery, this study classifies and analyzes urban land use changes between 1996 and 2010. These findings shed light on the importance of land use management in urban settings and are being used by local watershed councils to advocate for changes within their stream basins.
This document discusses hydrology and the hydrological cycle. It defines hydrology as the science dealing with the occurrence, distribution, and movement of water on Earth. The hydrological cycle involves the constant circulation of water between the atmosphere and Earth's surface through evaporation, precipitation, and runoff. Factors like precipitation characteristics, catchment shape and size, topography, and geology affect the amount of runoff from a catchment area. Accurate measurement of rainfall and runoff is important for irrigation engineering design and management.
This document introduces hydrology and the components of the drainage basin system. It discusses the water budget of a drainage basin including inputs, stores, outputs, and transfers. It also covers how human activity, rainfall-discharge relationships, storm and seasonal hydrographs, and various influences impact drainage basins. Key topics covered are the drainage basin as a system, water storage in different reservoirs, how long it takes for water renewal in different water bodies, and how vegetation and evaporation influence the hydrological cycle.
This document provides an introduction to engineering hydrology. It discusses key hydrological concepts like the hydrological cycle, precipitation types and measurement, and mechanisms of precipitation. Engineering hydrology deals with water resource estimation, processes like precipitation and runoff, and problems like floods and droughts. Precipitation is measured using non-recording rain gauges and recording rain gauges like tipping buckets, weighing buckets, and float gauges. Site selection for rain gauges and data preparation are also outlined.
Brief description of Hydrology, various spheres of Hydrology, applications and utilities of Engineering Hydrology and understanding possibilities of flood.
This document discusses concepts related to water balance calculations for agricultural purposes. It defines key terms like evapotranspiration, field capacity, and wilting point. It also describes how to calculate the water balance and water requirement satisfaction index (WRSI). The water balance calculation compares rainfall received by crops to water lost through evaporation and transpiration. It also accounts for water held in soil available to crops. The WRSI indicates crop performance based on water availability and can be related to expected crop yields.
The document discusses hydrology and the hydrologic cycle. It begins by defining hydrology as the science of water and its movement on the Earth. It then describes the key components of the hydrologic cycle, including evaporation, precipitation, infiltration, transpiration, and the various stages water passes through as it circulates from the oceans to the atmosphere and back again. Engineering applications of hydrology are also mentioned such as flood control and selecting dam sites. Measurement of rainfall is discussed, along with different types of rain gauges used to collect precipitation data.
Engineering Hydrology deals with the occurrence, distribution, and movement of water on Earth. It studies the hydrologic cycle and water balance. Some key topics covered are:
- Precipitation measurement using rain gauges
- Estimating rainfall and adjusting records at stations with missing data
- Calculating average rainfall over an area using Thiessen polygons and isohyetal analysis
- Measuring evaporation and pan coefficients
- Quantifying infiltration rates using Horton's equation
The document provides information on various hydrological concepts and calculation methods through examples, including problems estimating rainfall, determining optimum rain gauge density, calculating lake evaporation losses, and quantifying infiltration depths and rates.
The document discusses India's water resources and sources of water. It provides the following key details:
1) Rainfall in India is 4000 billion cubic meters annually, but only 9% recharges groundwater and 2-8% is used for domestic, industrial, and irrigation purposes. The rest is lost to evaporation or runoff.
2) The main sources of water in India are surface water sources like rivers, lakes, and ponds, and groundwater sources like wells, tube wells, and infiltration galleries.
3) Overuse of water resources has led to problems like depletion of aquifers, reduction in stream and river flows, waterlogging, and increased water disputes between states. Heavy ground
This document discusses various concepts related to water resource engineering. It covers topics like precipitation, runoff, infiltration, evaporation and evapotranspiration. It describes different methods to measure these parameters, like using infiltration tests, pan evaporation, empirical equations and water or energy budget methods. Factors affecting each process are also listed. Various formulas to calculate runoff, evaporation and infiltration rate are presented.
Climate is defined as the average weather in a region over a long period of time, typically 30 years. It is influenced by factors like latitude, altitude, proximity to bodies of water and oceans, and vegetation. There are several classification systems for climates, most commonly the Köppen system which categorizes climates as tropical, temperate, or polar. Tropical climates have high temperatures year-round, temperate climates have distinct seasons with moderate temperature changes, and polar climates are very cold with no warm summers. Paleoclimatology studies past climates through proxies like sediments and tree rings since direct observations are only available recently.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the topic of hydrology given by Prashant S Hiremath. It includes the following key points:
1. Hydrology is defined as the study of the hydrologic cycle, including the occurrence, distribution, movement and properties of water on Earth.
2. The hydrologic cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the Earth's surface, powered by natural forces. It includes processes like precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, condensation, and runoff.
3. Methods for measuring precipitation are discussed, including non-recording mechanisms like standard rain gauges and recording mechanisms like tipping bucket gauges that can measure rainfall intensity over
This document discusses various methods for estimating runoff from rainfall. It begins by defining components of stream flow such as overland flow, interflow, and baseflow. It then discusses catchment characteristics and methods for classifying streams. Various factors that affect runoff are identified, including drainage area, soil type, land use, and antecedent moisture conditions. Two primary methods for estimating runoff are presented: the Rational Method and the SCS Curve Number Method. Worked examples are provided to demonstrate how to apply both methods to calculate peak runoff rates from given rainfall and catchment property data.
This document discusses various methods for calculating actual evaporation from land and vegetation. It introduces concepts like pan evaporation, reference evapotranspiration, and actual evapotranspiration. Methods covered include long-term water balance, Budyko curves, soil moisture functions, complementary relationship approaches, and turbulent transfer models like Penman-Monteith. Measurement techniques involve lysimeters and remote sensing of factors like leaf area index and fractional canopy coverage.
River Discharge, Water Balance And Hydrographsvikellis
I apologize, upon reviewing the document I do not feel comfortable generating a summary without the full context. Summarizing documents requires understanding the overall topic and intent, which is not clear from this partial text.
This document discusses runoff and provides definitions, processes, types, factors affecting runoff, and methods to estimate runoff. It defines runoff as the portion of precipitation that flows towards rivers and oceans as surface or subsurface flow. The key types of runoff discussed are surface runoff, subsurface/interflow, and baseflow. Factors affecting runoff include precipitation characteristics, catchment characteristics, topography, geology, and storage features. Methods to estimate runoff include direct measurement and indirect methods like empirical formulas, the rational method, and unit hydrograph analysis.
Addressing Concerns on Climate Change Science - NOAA ResearchObama White House
The document summarizes a report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) that addresses several key points regarding climate change science:
1) The world has warmed by approximately 0.6°C over the past century according to multiple data sets and models. Temperatures are likely to increase further this century.
2) Future warming may increase transmission of diseases like malaria and dengue fever, though local factors greatly influence disease patterns.
3) Global sea level rise between 1990-2100 is projected at 0.09-0.88 meters due to thermal expansion and melting ice, though estimates vary.
4) Extreme weather events like heat waves, droughts and heavy rain
This document summarizes the views of key domestic stakeholders on climate change:
1) Business groups like agriculture and automotive industries now support climate policies, while chemical and utility companies prefer voluntary programs.
2) Environmental NGOs believe scientific findings demand international action, like ratifying Kyoto. Other groups advocate renewable energy and efficiency.
3) Some state and local governments have enacted emissions reduction programs, using market-based mechanisms. Religious organizations stress moral responsibility to address climate change.
The document provides a midterm presentation for a stormwater resilience design project in Mexico Beach, Florida. It outlines the background of the project, including how Hurricane Michael devastated the town in 2018. The objectives are to determine hydrologic conditions, design a stormwater wet detention pond on purchased land, and evaluate costs. Approaches include hydrologic modeling, pond design, and creating a cost estimate. Deliverables will include a stormwater management plan, pond designs, and presentation. The timeline is provided in a Gantt chart. A literature review on coastal stormwater, pond design, and Florida standards is also presented.
Modeling the Effects of Land Use Change on FloodingAdam Nayak
Due to population growth, urban areas in Oregon have been expanding, leading to increases in impervious surfaces and net losses in wetlands, riparian vegetation, and forestation in the Northwest. Utilizing ArcGIS and NOAA’s C-CAP imagery, this study classifies and analyzes urban land use changes between 1996 and 2010. These findings shed light on the importance of land use management in urban settings and are being used by local watershed councils to advocate for changes within their stream basins.
This document summarizes the Metro Boston Climate Change Adaptation Strategy. It discusses the project scope, predicted climate impacts for Massachusetts including increased temperatures and sea level rise. A vulnerability assessment was conducted for key sectors like human health, coastal zones, natural resources, infrastructure, and the local economy. Adaptation approaches discussed include protecting and restoring natural defenses, protecting floodplains and wetlands, adopting building guidelines, zoning changes, and potential managed retreat strategies. Examples of actions Massachusetts communities are taking to adapt were also provided.
World Engineers Summit Conf, Singapore July 2015 [Compatibility Mode]Roger Falconer
Global water security faces several challenges:
- Freshwater resources are unevenly distributed and declining due to factors like climate change and population growth.
- Nearly 2 billion people lack access to clean drinking water and proper sanitation.
- Water demand exceeds sustainable limits in many regions due to increasing food and energy needs.
- Integrated water resource management and new hydroscience tools are needed to help close the gap between water supply and demand as part of efforts to achieve global water security.
This document discusses the functions and values of rivers. It defines a river and explains that a river's characteristics are influenced by its watershed area, surficial geology, soils, land use, vegetation, and stormwater management. Urbanization can negatively impact rivers by increasing impervious surfaces and altering natural hydrologic responses. Proper stormwater management and maintaining floodplains and natural corridors are important for preserving river ecosystems and habitats. The document stresses using accurate precipitation data to properly design infrastructure like culverts that affect river flows.
This document discusses the functions and values of rivers. It defines a river and explains that rivers are dependent on their watershed characteristics like geology, soils, land use, vegetation and stormwater management. Urbanization can negatively impact rivers by increasing impervious surfaces and altering natural hydrologic patterns. To maintain natural river conditions, development must balance pre- and post-development flows through techniques like floodplain preservation, stormwater basins, and using accurate precipitation data. Overall, the document emphasizes that rivers are complex ecosystems that require consideration of their full watershed to support natural hydrologic and ecological functions.
The document outlines plans to develop a field-scale research facility to study the effects of sea level rise on freshwater bottomland hardwood forests. It will include two experimental sites - one tidally influenced sub-catchment channel and one non-tidal controlled rice field. Researchers will monitor vegetation response, soil response, and hydrologic response to changes in sea level. The facility will be designed and modeled using software like ArcGIS, HEC-RAS, and AutoCAD to control water flows and mimic rising sea levels. Literature on local hydrology, tidal patterns, and previous mesocosm experiments will inform the facility's design.
The document provides details about a wetland restoration project at the Santee Experimental Forest in South Carolina. The objectives are to restore wetlands through engineering designs that improve soil and water management. Approaches include surveying the site, analyzing soil samples, monitoring groundwater, modeling water flow, and evaluating design options based on effectiveness, cost and environmental impacts. Preliminary results show filling the degraded channel increases flooding areas while lowering water velocities, and installing a weir structure further improves hydrologic conditions for wetland restoration.
The document outlines a student capstone project to restore wetlands at the Francis Marion National Forest. The objectives are to develop engineering systems for soil and water management, design hydraulic structures, and evaluate designs based on effectiveness, cost, and environmental impacts. Approaches include surveying the site, analyzing soils, monitoring groundwater, modeling hydrology, and evaluating proposed solutions like bottom contouring, culvert removal, weirs, and low water crossings to restore the degraded hydrology and natural habitat.
South Carolina Botanical Garden Detention Pond Implementation and Prairie Res...Jacobsimmons007
The document outlines the design of a detention pond and prairie restoration project at the South Carolina Botanical Garden. It provides background on the site and issues with excessive stormwater runoff overwhelming existing drainage systems. The objectives are to construct a detention pond to reduce runoff and restore a former pesticide testing field to native prairie. Methods included modeling watershed hydrology, designing the pond dimensions and outlet structure, and developing a prairie restoration plan. Results showed the detention pond would significantly reduce peak runoff flows and volumes compared to pre-development conditions.
Capstone Senior Design Final PresentationNatalieDell2
The document outlines a project to design and implement a detention pond and prairie restoration at the South Carolina Botanical Garden. It provides background on the site and issues with excessive stormwater runoff overwhelming existing drainage systems. The objectives are to design a detention pond to reduce runoff and restore a former pesticide testing field to native prairie. Methods included modeling watershed hydrology, designing the pond dimensions and outlet structure, and developing a prairie restoration plan. Results included soil analyses, delineating the watershed area, pre- and post-development hydrographs showing reduced peak runoff with the pond, and pond design specifications.
South Carolina Botanical Garden Detention Pond Implementation and Prairie Res...colbycofield
The document outlines a project to address stormwater issues and restore native plant habitats at the South Carolina Botanical Garden. It discusses constructing a detention pond to reduce flooding from excessive rainfall runoff. It also describes converting a former pesticide testing field into a native prairie to improve biodiversity, aesthetics and visitation. Literature on stormwater management techniques, pond design, and prairie restoration is reviewed to inform the project approaches and methods using tools like ArcGIS and HEC-1 to model hydrology and design the detention pond.
The document provides details of a wetland restoration project at the Santee Experimental Forest in South Carolina. The objectives are to restore hydrology, soils, and habitat through approaches like channel filling and installing water control structures. Soil samples found sandy soils suitable for wetland growth. Modeling assessed pre-development flooding and erosion conditions and how post-development changes like channel filling and adding a weir would impact water flow and storage. The results inform the final design recommendations.
The document provides details of a wetland restoration project at the Santee Experimental Forest in South Carolina. The objectives are to restore hydrology, soils, and habitat through approaches like channel filling and installing water control structures. Soil samples found sandy soils suitable for wetland growth. Modeling assessed pre-development flooding and erosion conditions and how post-development changes like channel filling and adding a weir would impact water flow and storage. The results inform the final design recommendations.
Hydrology of urban areas and agricultural lands.pptxDrSr6
This slides are based on the hydrology of urban and agricultural areas. It also focuses on urban flood which is one of the most disastrous issues, due to poor and unsustainable hydrology management in urban areas. Furthermore, it shows the water stability in an agricultural system in comparison to urban areas.
The document outlines a wetland restoration project at the Santee Experimental Forest. The objectives are to restore wetlands through engineering designs for soil and water management, designing hydraulic structures for water flow, and evaluating designs based on effectiveness, cost and environmental impacts. Approaches include surveying the site, analyzing soil samples, measuring hydrology and modeling hydrology and sediment transport to identify the best restoration options. Literature reviewed wetland restoration techniques like bottom contouring, water control structures, and establishing vegetation. Methods discussed include soil collection, monitoring groundwater, bottom contouring of the channel, and culvert removal. AutoCAD was used to model channel dimensions and hydraulic structures.
The Four Major Rivers Restoration Project in South Korea aimed to improve water resources and prepare for climate change impacts. It dredged rivers to increase water flow capacity, built weirs to control flow, and restored tributaries and ecosystems along 1,729 km of rivers between 2009-2012. The project increased water supply by 250 million cubic meters and significantly reduced flooding. It created wetlands and habitats while developing cultural spaces, though some issues with infrastructure deterioration occurred. The project enhanced South Korea's ability to address both flooding and water scarcity in the face of increasing precipitation and droughts.
The document outlines plans to design a field-scale research facility to study the effects of sea level rise on freshwater bottomland hardwood forests. It discusses selecting a site location within an existing forested wetland and designing the facility to manipulate water levels and mimic predicted tidal influences from rising sea levels. Literature on site hydrology, tidal patterns, and previous mesocosm experiments is reviewed to inform the design. Methods, preliminary results of modeling water flows and site layout, and cost estimates are provided. The goal is to gain critical data on vegetation, soil, and hydrologic responses to help improve models of how ecosystem services may be impacted by climate change.
Development of a Field-Scale Research Facility to Assess the Effects of Sea L...RachelMordovancey
This project encapsulated engineering and ecological design to develop a site for a sea level rise research facility in the Santee Experimental Forest in Huger, SC.
The document proposes developing a field-scale research facility to study the effects of sea level rise on freshwater bottomland hardwood forests. It outlines:
1. Taking a representative area of a freshwater tidal wetland and manipulating its water levels to gain data on ecosystem responses to sea level rise.
2. The facility will test the hypothesis that as sea levels rise and hydroperiods change, these wetlands will shift in type and previously non-tidal wetlands will become tidally influenced.
3. The objectives are to design water control structures, develop an operational plan, and produce a site plan for the research area located in a bottomland hardwood forest in South Carolina.
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Senior Capstone Design Final presentation
1. Hydrologic Modeling of Development
Effects on an Untouched Coastal Watershed
Julianna Corbin, Hunter Morgan, Evan Patrohay, Ty Williams
Clemson University, Clemson, SC
December 3, 2020
4. Background
● Above image shows the urban centers of the US
○ Southeastern Trend:
■ Higher densities
■ More urban centers
● Below image shows state of forests in the US
○ Almost everywhere in the southeast
contains forests that are regularly cut
○ With population growth trends, some of
this forest is never replanted
● EPA projects 2,029 mi² of forest in SC to be
cleared for urban use by 2050
5. Background
● Charleston Metro Area (CMA) population = 802,122 people
● The area is growing at:
○ ×3 the population growth rate of the USA
○ ×2 the population growth rate of South Carolina
● 30 new residents move in per day
○ Charleston (+13%)
○ North Charleston (+16%)
○ Mount Pleasant (+32%)
Percent growth from 2010-2019
6. Background
● The city is bounded by the Atlantic
Ocean to the east
● Constrained by the harbor
○ Ashley, Cooper, Wando Rivers
● Much of the land area is marshy and not
fitting for development
Means the city has to expand to the north & west!
Towards the Francis Marion Forest.
FMNF
7. Background
● Projected expansion of
development areas in the
Greater Charleston area
○ Towards Francis Marion
National Forest where
Santee Experimental
Forest is located
8. Background
● Mission of the Santee Experimental Forest:
○ Understand coastal plain forest hydrology
○ Silviculture and forest management
● Now, that Charleston, SC is encroaching into
the Francis Marion National Forest:
○ Wish to understand how will
imperviousness impacts forest hydrology
and ecosystem functions
9. Background
● Watershed of interest: WS80
○ 1st order watershed
○ ~ 400 acres
○ Drains into a tributary
of the Cooper River
○ Last logged in 1937
○ Most undisturbed
watershed in SEF since
that time
10. Background - Urbanization and Stormwater Flooding
● Natural land
○ Vegetation and soil intercept and soak up rainfall and slow runoff
○ Momentum of runoff is reduced and roots anchor the soil, reducing erosion
● Developed land
○ Rainfall hits impervious surfaces intensifies runoff
■ Rooftops, roads, parking lots, pavement
○ Natural water cycle is changed
○ Streets collect stormwater and channel it into waterways
○ Pollutants from urban surfaces are collected and transported into lakes, streams, and the ocean
■ Decreased water quality
○ Storm drains directly transport runoff and pollutants to bodies of water
○ Greater frequency and severity of flooding, channel erosion, and destruction of aquatic ecosystems
12. Rationale
● Running urban hydrologic analyses is important for future land development
○ How does impervious surfaces affect hydrology here?
● WS80’s preservation makes it an excellent “control” for these hydrologic analyses
○ Assumed a typical Atlantic Coastal Plain Forested Watershed
○ Running peak flow / runoff modeling will give best approximation of a natural
watershed in this region
● Comparing results with current literature will expand datasets and increase
confidence in the mission of Santee Experimental Forest
13. Objectives
The objectives of this project are to:
1. Assess the pre-development hydrologic conditions of Watershed 80, located within the USDA
Forest Service’s Santee Experimental Forest northeast of Charleston, SC, using three different
stormwater hydrology models
(The Rational Method, NRCS TR-55 model, and USGS Regional Regression Equations).
1. Simulate runoff volume and peak flow rate with varying levels of urbanization, defined by 0%,
5%, 10%, and 15% imperviousness on Watershed 80 using the same models and compare the
values obtained to real-life data.
2. Design a culvert to transport the amount of peak discharge at the outlet of watershed 80
calculated from the model with the highest peak-flow at a 100-yr return period.
14. Approaches
Task 01: To obtain aerial, visual, soil, and elevation maps of Watershed 80
Task 02: To procure rainfall intensity data and stream flow data from the SEF website
Task 03: To delineate sub-basins and drainage area on GIS and Civil 3D
Task 04: To simulate peak flow and runoff values of the watershed using WinTR-55
Task 05: To perform the same calculations using the USGS Regression Equation
Task 06: To utilize the Rational Method for further calculations of peak flow and runoff values
Task 07: To repeat tasks 4-6 with three increasing iterations of imperviousness
Task 08: To design a culvert for a 100-year storm
17. The Southeast United States
● Approximately 55% of the Southeast US is forested
○ Timber production has increased dramatically
■ Doubled in the past few decades
■ Est. 4.9 million hectares of former forest
expected to be lost to development by
2020
○ Shift in maintenance has created a significant
nonpoint source pollution rise of sediments
● Some of this forest is not returning due to population
settlements
18. The Southern Coastal Plain
● Southern Coastal Plain
○ Barrier islands, coastal lagoons, marshes,
flat plains, swampy lowlands
○ Characterized by wet soils, low elevation,
little relief
● Location of WS80 and Charleston
20. Urban Stormwater Flow
● Urbanization presents significant danger to the
integrity of surrounding streams
○ Riparian buffers can be wiped out from
intense peak discharge values
○ Floodplain damage occurs during large
storm events
● Damaged buffers lead to increased exposure, UV
radiation and higher water temperatures
○ Threatens natural habitats
21. Urban Stormwater Flow
● Urban runoff contributes to polluted streams and
decreased water quality
○ Harmful to natural habitats
○ Trash and debris flows from streets into
the stream system
● This degrades the water quality of the stream
and can lead to irreversible damage
22. Stormwater Flooding in Charleston
● Charleston flooded 1 out of 5 times in 2019
● Harbor flood gauges exceeded 7.0 feet 89 times
○ Flooding occurs at 7.0 ft
24. Stormwater Management
● Municipal stormwater infrastructure can be used to
control flooding and convey runoff away from streets
○ Reduces pollution, erosion in local streams, and
sewer overflows
○ Includes gravity and force pipes, lateral line pipes,
catch basins, detention basins, manholes, valves,
pumps, and culverts
● Efforts are growing across the country as the need for
these systems and programs increase
25. Low Impact Design
● Low impact design (or green infrastructure) is used
to retain water within the landscape and reduce
downstream discharge
○ Includes bioretention, biofiltration,
infiltration basins, media filters, porous
pavements, green streets, and bioswales
● Integration stormwater management and low
impact design techniques
○ Used to improve retention and infiltration
○ Reduces peak discharge and flooding
○ Promotes the environmental restoration of
streams and waterbodies
26. WS8O
● Minimal disturbance within watershed
○ Latest human disturbance was in 1936 then the
US Forest Service acquired land
○ Only major disturbance since was a natural one
- Hurricane Hugo 1989
■ >80% of forest canopy was severely
damaged
■ Current forest stands within WS80 have
regenerated back to pre-hurricane levels
based on a study from Clemson in 2014
○ Lack of disturbance make WS80 an ideal study
subject for hydrologic studies of coastal forests
in SC
27. WS8O
● Characteristics:
○ Is 23% wetland
○ Slopes <1%
○ Soils: Primarily sandy loams, clay subsoils -- poorly drained
○ Vegetation: Loblolly pine, longleaf pine, cypress, sweet gum
● Weather characteristics:
○ Mean annual rainfall → 54 inches
○ Mean annual temperature → 64°F
● Monitored for:
○ Meteorological data, flow gauging, groundwater, water
quality
○ Contains a v-notch weir at outflow
28. Climate Change Risks
● Risk Management must take into account:
○ Biophysical factors influencing future stormflow
○ Socioeconomic factors influencing community adaptation to alterations in stormflow
● Projections:
○ 4-12°F increase in southeast US temperatures by 2100
○ More extreme hydrological events → frequent +10 yr storms
○ Population growth + urban land cover increase 101-192% by 2060
30. Materials
● Santee Experimental Forest published datasets
○ GIS
○ Weather stations
● Mapping using ArcGIS software
● Mapping using AutoCAD Civil 3D
● Peak flow modeling using WinTR-55
● Low-impact design testing using L-THIA
● Data processing using Microsoft Excel
● Peak flow comparisons using NOAA published datasets
● Culvert design using HY-8 and Solidworks softwares
31. Soil Data for Watershed WS80
● NRCS resources used in collecting necessary soil
data
● Intended use is for proposal of development on
soils of different hydrologic soil groups for
comparison
32. Watershed Delineation
● Published data sets were utilized to input
layers into ArcGIS
● Data was also input into AutoCAD Civil
3D for delineation
● Drainage areas were collected based on
delineation
East Sub-Basin West Sub-Basin
Area [acres] Area [acres]
198 191
34. Modeling Method #1 - Rational Method
● Developed by Thomas Mulvaney in 1851 and introduced in the US by Emil Kuichling in 1889
● Empirical formula used to estimate peak runoff discharge (Q) in small watersheds
● Function of drainage basin size, characteristics, and precipitation
Thomas Mulvaney Emil Kuichling
35. The Rational Method Equation:
Q= CiA
where
Q = peak flow rate [ft3/s]
C = runoff coefficient [dimensionless]
i = average rainfall intensity-duration [in/hr]
A = drainage area [acres]
36. Runoff Coefficient (C)
● Related to the abstractive and diffusive
elements found throughout drainage
basins
● Attributed to basin size, shape,
topography, soil, geology, and land use
● Range from 0 to 1
● Table of example C values from a
manual published by the SC
Department of Transportation
37. Rainfall intensity (i)
● Calculated by measuring
the amount of rainfall per
unit time in a specific
location
● The unit of time selected
for the Rational Method is
the same as the time of
concentration
● Rainfall intensity curve of
WS80 from NOAA
estimated i-values
38. Area (A)
● The purpose of the Rational Method is to estimate peak discharge
from smaller watersheds
○ Recommended that it be applied to watersheds with drainage areas up 200
acres
○ Valid up to 300 acres for low-lying tidewater areas
● WS80 exceeds the size limitations of the Rational Method
○ Area of about 389 acres
39. Assumptions and Limitations of the Rational Method
When applying the Rational Method it is assumed:
1. That precipitation is uniform over the entire basin
2. The precipitation does not vary with time or space
3. The duration of the storm is equal to the time of concentration
4. The designed storm of a specified frequency produces the design flood of the same frequency
5. That the basin area increases roughly in proportion to increases in length
6. The time of concentration is relatively short and independent of storm intensity
7. That the runoff coefficient does not vary with storm intensity or antecedent soil moisture
8. The runoff is dominated by overland flow
9. The basin storage effects are negligible
40. Modeling Method #2 - USGS Regression Equations
● In 2014, the USGS worked in collaboration with the SCDOT to gather data from 488
stream gauges across the east coast
● Done for 3 hydrologic regions (HRs):
○ HR1 - Piedmont
○ HR3 - Sand Hills
○ HR4 - Coastal Plain ← of interest for us
● Created specific regression equations based on:
○ Return period
○ Stream gauge peak flows
○ NOAA weather data
41. Modeling Method #2 - USGS Regression Equations
Peak Flow = 𝑓(Area, % Annual Exceedance (AEP), % Imperviousness)
The regression equations used are governed by the following parameters:
42. Modeling Method #2 - USGS Regression Equations
DRNAREA = drainage area [mi²]
IMPNLCD06 = % impervious area [-]
DEVNLCD06 = % developed land
I24H50Y = 24-hr, 50 yr maximum
precipitation [in]
Special note: Given the acceleration of climate change, the I24H50Y is variable
and will not always accurately represent the climate of the region.
43. Modeling Method #2 - USGS Regression Equations
Variance of Prediction Standard Error of Prediction
where
γ2
xi
U
x‘i
is the model error variance
variables for site i, augmented by 1 as the
first element
is the covariance matric for the regression
is the transpose of xi
where
Sp,ave
AVP
is the average standard error of
prediction, in percent
the average variance of prediction
44. Modeling Method #2 - USGS Regression Equations
Average Variance of Prediction
and
Standard Error of Prediction
*based on hydrologic region and return period.
● Used to give a general idea of an
estimated range of peak flow values
● Based on inherent uncertainty of the
regression equations
45. Limitations of the USGS Regression Equations:
1. Generally for use in areas with <10% impervious area (rural areas)
a. Study used limit of 15% imperviousness
2. Drainage area should be > 0.1 mi²
a. This watershed is 0.6 mi² in area
3. Not appropriate where significant man-made structures alter flow
a. V-notch weir at outlet, assumed non-significant
4. Do not apply where tidal effects are found
Modeling Method #2 - USGS Regression Equations
46. Modeling Method #3 - WinTR-55
● Single event small watershed
hydrology analysis program
● First launched in 1975
○ Several updates since
● Managed by the Natural Resources
Conservation Service (NRCS)
47. Modeling Method #3 - WinTR-55
● User inputs
○ Sub-basin drainage areas
○ Sub-basin Curve Numbers
○ Time of Concentration
○ Rainfall
● Computes outflow of watershed
● Can incorporate outflow through
culverts
48. WinTR-55 Limitations
● Sub-basin areas should be at least one acre
● No more than 25 square miles total
● Sheet flow must be less than 100 feet
● No more than ten sub-basins
49. Study of Low-Impact Design (LID)
● Long Term Hydrologic Impact Analysis (L-THIA)
○ Estimates changes in runoff from
past/proposed development
○ Based on climate data, soil type, & land use
● Enables study on how LID will reduce runoff based
on the % imperviousness of this study
51. HY-8 Advantages and Limitations
Advantages
● Simple user interface
● No hydraulic cross-section or survey
data required
● Relatively adaptive and easy to alter with
a change in design requirements
Limitations
● Only single stream crossings
● Not appropriate for bridges with piers
● Assumes the headwater section is a pool,
rather than a riffle
53. Results - Rational Method
● Data for WS80 obtained
from SEF historical rainfall
and streamflow database
● Peak rainfall intensity
○ Tc = 3 hr
● Peak runoff (Q)
● Prior 2-day and 5-day
accumulated rainfall
Rainfall Event Peak rainfall intensity
(i) [in/(3-hr)]
Peak Runoff
(Q) [ft3/s]
2-day prior
total rainfall [in]
5-day prior total
rainfall [in]
Dec 14-15 2018 1.02 47 0.01 1.23
Feb 2-15 2016 1.52 27 0.00 0.01
Oct 6-19 2016
(Hurricane Matthew)
3.46 206 0.00 0.00
Jul 9-15 2017 2.85 8.5 0.20 0.30
Sep 10-23 2017
(Tropical Storm Irma)
2.65 60 0.03 0.24
Aug 29 - Sep 13 2019
(Hurricane Dorian)
2.13 50 1.10 1.06
Sep 29 - Oct 8 2015
(Hurricane Joaquin)
6.95 610 4.59 4.38
54. Results - Rational Method
● Linear regression of peak runoff (Q) vs rainfall intensity (i), total rainfall of 2-days and 5-days prior:
● Q vs i
● R2 = 0.88
● Q vs 2-day prior rainfall
● R2 = 0.83
● Q vs 5-day prior rainfall
● R2 = 0.76
55. Results - Rational Method
● Multivariate regression
○ Used to compare changes in each
combination to explain which variable
can determine the peak flow response
● Data from rainfall intensity biased by single
extreme value
○ Removing extreme point did not provide
significant information
● These events alone do not explain the variance
in peak flow
○ Parameters such as distributed soil moisture or
evapotranspiration could influence peak flow
Regression
P-value
Rainfall
intensity
2-day
rainfall
5-day
rainfall
Peak runoff vs rainfall
intensity and 2-day rainfall
0.006 0.92 -
Peak runoff vs rainfall
intensity and 5-day rainfall
0.005 - 0.76
Peak runoff vs rainfall
intensity, 2-day rainfall, and
5-day rainfall
0.031 0.17 0.16
56. Rainfall Event Q [ft3/s] i [in/3-hr] A [acres] C (= Q/iA)
Dec 14-15 2018 47 1.02
389
0.117
Feb 2-15 2016 27 1.52 0.046
Oct 6-19 2016 (Hurricane Matthew) 206 3.46 0.153
Jul 9-15 2017 8.5 2.85 0.008
Sep 10-23 2017 (Tropical Storm Irma) 60 2.65 0.058
Aug 29 - Sep 13 2019 (Hurricane
Dorian)
50 2.13 0.061
Sep 29 - Oct 8 2015 (Hurricane Joaquin) 610 6.95 0.225
Determination of C-value
● INPUTS: Q, i, A ● OUTPUT: C
57. Average C values
Average 0.096
Standard
Deviation
0.069
Avg C 0.096
Avg C + 10% 0.105
Avg C + 15% 0.119
Avg C + 25% 0.143
58. Pre Development Results
Return period [yr]
Rainfall
intensity(i)
[in/hr]
Area (A)
[acres]
Runoff coefficient (C) [-]
Cavg C+10% C+20% C+25%
2 0.88
389 0.096 0.105 0.115 0.119
5 1.21
10 1.49
25 1.95
50 2.39
100 2.91
● INPUTS: C, i, A
60. Post Development Results
The following equation was used to calculate the weighted average C-value for the simulated
development areas:
CW = (C1A1 + C2A2 + … + CnAn)/(A1 + A2 + … An)
where
CW = weighted runoff coefficient [-]
C = runoff coefficient [-]
A = drainage area [acres]
61. Post Development Results
● Rational Method Equation: Q = CiA
Return period
[yr]
i [in/hr] A0 [acres] A5% [acres] A10% [acres] A15% [acres] Cavg Cres Weighted
C5%
Weighted
C10%
Weighted
C15%
2 0.88
389 20 39 58 0.096 0.400 0.111 0.126 0.141
5 1.21
10 1.49
25 1.95
50 2.39
100 2.91
● INPUTS: C, i, and A
64. Results - USGS Regression Equations
Figure 1: Pre-development peak flow Figure 2: Increase in flow by imperviousness
65. Results - USGS Regression Equations
Trends:
● Peak flow and imperviousness have a highly linear relationship
● Greatest difference in flow occurs for a 25-yr storm (Δ109 cfs from 0% - 15%)
○ Smaller differences in flow at either extreme
66. Results - USGS Regression Equations
● Increase in peak flow is more dramatic
for smaller return-period storms
○ Common storms will on average
cause more damage
● Flows from large return-period storms
are not affected as much
○ But their flow rates are more
unpredictable
67. USGS Regression Equations using NOAA values
● NOAA 24-hr 50-yr intensity = 8.85 in
○ WS80 value was higher because
Hurricanes Joaquin & Matthews
and tropical storms factored in
● Results shown:
○ Peak flows reduced in every case
○ Reduced by close to 50% at and
above 50-yr storms
68. WinTR-55 Inputs
Land Use Information
● Used a Curve Number of
67 for pre development
and undeveloped
conditions (Epps et al
2013)
● Used Curve Number of
98 for simulated
developed area
Rainfall Data
● Used depths for 2, 5, 10,
25, 50, 100, and 200 year
storms derived by
Amatya et al.
Time of Concentration
● Used a time of
concentration of 3 hours
derived by Amatya et al.
● Calculated a time of
concentration of 1.66
hours for simulated
development
74. Comparison of Models
Figure 1: Comparison of Models at Pre-development Figure 2: Comparison of Models at 10% Imperviousness
75. Results - Low Impact Design
Using:
● Bioswales
● Downspout disconnections
● Green roofs
● Porous pavement
● Natural resource conservation
Models functions by calculating reduction in curve
number by LID and applying to runoff equations.
76. With 50% LID
● Avg. runoff volume reduced from
0.24 → 0.21 acre-ft
● Annual runoff depth reduced from
4.84 → 4.28 in
● Unweighted residential depth
reduced from 8.38 → 4.69 in
77. With 100% LID
● Avg. runoff volume reduced from
0.24 → 0.17 acre-ft (-20%)
● Annual runoff depth reduced from
4.84 → 3.59 in (-16%)
● Unweighted residential depth
reduced from 8.38 → 0.09 in (-98%)
Even on just 15% of the land,
LID practices are proven to
have a very considerable
impact on runoff.
78. Culvert Design: Rationale
● The existing box culvert at the outlet of WS80 will
not be able to withstand the peak flow of a 100-
year storm if the land is developed
● It is necessary to design a larger culvert to be able
to pass the water from a 100-year storm,
assuming 15% impervious ground cover
● The simulated results were considered when
determining the metrics for the proposed culvert
80. Culvert Design
● HY-8 interface and design
specifications
● The inputs are:
○ Storm discharge data
○ Tailwater characteristics
○ Roadway dimensions
○ Culvert data
○ General site info
● Outputs:
○ 2-D model
○ Cross Rating Curve
81. Culvert Design
● HY-8 used an iterative process
to generate a 2-D model
representative of the proposed
culvert
● The model shows the culvert
and water passage looking from
a side view
82. Culvert Design
● Minimum discharge = 448 cfs
● Design discharge = 511 cfs
● Maximum discharge = 670
● The culvert is designed to pass all 3
scenarios and not overtop until a
storm peak flow reaches nearly 695
cfs
84. 3-Dimensional Culvert Model
● Solidworks was used to produce a 3-dimensional
representation of the culvert that was designed
● The dimensions and characteristics produced
from HY-8 were used to generate this
Solidworks model
85. Culvert Design: Cost-Benefit Analysis
IN GENERAL:
● Benefits
○ Increased driving safety
○ Decreased traffic interruption
due to roadway flooding
● Costs
○ Materials
○ Excavation
○ Construction
○ Maintenance
DESIGN OBJECTIVES:
1. Safely provide public transportation
2. Remain stable and pass worst-case flooding scenario
3. Minimize maintenance problems
4. Reduce upstream flooding potential
5. Control scour and erosion above/below culvert
86. ● Shape
○ Circular
■ Most common, very efficient, support high loads
○ Elliptical/Arch
■ Use when height limited, allows for natural streambed
■ Expensive, scour of increased concern
○ Box → chosen
■ For the largest projects, can add width with more cells
■ Usually precast (quick construction but more delicate
installation)
Culvert Design: Cost-Benefit Analysis
87. ● Material
○ Corrugated Metal
■ Can be corroded if water is acidic
■ Infeasible for this size
○ Plastic (PVC)
■ Smooth, can increase flow velocities
■ Infeasible for this size
○ Concrete → chosen
■ Strong, long service life, relatively cheap
■ Weak to chipping over time
■ Cast in large amounts, fits channel geometry best
Culvert Design: Cost-Benefit Analysis
88. ● Service Life
○ Depends on importance of road
○ This road can be rebuilt in a relatively short time, a shorter service
life will be selected
● Risk Analysis
○ Minor stream crossings are “somewhat simplistic”
○ Total Expected Cost = Annual capital cost + Annual economic risk
○ When optimized → Least Total Expected Cost (LTEC)
● Organism Passage
○ Not necessary in this case
Culvert Design: Cost-Benefit Analysis
89. ● Estimated Dollar Cost of Installation (Cost scenarios of river crossings ~ USDA)
○ Most excavation money saved, hole already exists
○ Equipment → ~$10,000 total for backhoe, concrete pump, trucks
○ Labor → ~$30-40/hr (low end = general, high end = skilled/equipment operators)
○ Time → ~40-100 hrs (low end = general, high end = equipment operation)
■ Assume 1 person general labor, 2 persons skilled/equipment
■ ~$20,000 total
● Examples for Comparison (Minnesota Culvert Analysis)
○ Was a study of TOTAL COST of full culvert replacement, similar to this project
○ Culvert structure typically 50-70% of total costs
○ 28’ wide → $71,795
○ 30’ wide → $81,811
○ 36’ wide → $121,885
Culvert Design: Cost-Benefit Analysis
92. Acknowledgements
● Dr. Christophe Darnault, Clemson University
● Dr. Rui Xiao, Clemson University
● Dr. Devendra Amatya, USDA Forest Service
● Andy Harrison, USDA Forest Services
● Dr. Andrzej Wałȩga, University of Agriculture,
Krakow, Poland
Photo from our socially distant September
24 site visit to SEF. Pictured from L to R,
Andy Harrison, Dr. Amatya, Ty, Julianna,
Hunter, and Evan.