This document discusses hydrology and the hydrological cycle. It defines hydrology as the science dealing with the occurrence, distribution, and movement of water on Earth. The hydrological cycle involves the constant circulation of water between the atmosphere and Earth's surface through evaporation, precipitation, and runoff. Factors like precipitation characteristics, catchment shape and size, topography, and geology affect the amount of runoff from a catchment area. Accurate measurement of rainfall and runoff is important for irrigation engineering design and management.