This document discusses new technologies in cell and molecular biology. It provides an overview of molecular biology and its history. Current applications include understanding disease pathophysiology, diagnosis, transplantation, gene therapy, and drug design. Molecular imaging techniques like PET, SPECT, MRI, ultrasound, and optical imaging allow non-invasive characterization of key biomolecules and events in vivo. These techniques can be used for diagnostic, therapeutic, and surgical applications by targeting specific molecules with molecular probes. Advances in targeted contrast agents are improving detection and visualization of diseases at the molecular level.
Specializing in the design and troubleshooting of qPCR, mutagenesis, and cloning experiments at IDT, Scientific Applications Specialist, Adam Clore PhD, gave this presentation about the intelligent selection of PCR primers. Topics include identifying transcript variants for your target of interest and selecting primers that amplify only specific transcripts. Adam also discussed the growing SNP database and the potential impact of SNPs on qPCR data, how to locate any SNPs that fall in your target amplicon, and the use of free NCBI and IDT tools to help you avoid them.
Specializing in the design and troubleshooting of qPCR, mutagenesis, and cloning experiments at IDT, Scientific Applications Specialist, Adam Clore PhD, gave this presentation about the intelligent selection of PCR primers. Topics include identifying transcript variants for your target of interest and selecting primers that amplify only specific transcripts. Adam also discussed the growing SNP database and the potential impact of SNPs on qPCR data, how to locate any SNPs that fall in your target amplicon, and the use of free NCBI and IDT tools to help you avoid them.
It contains information about- DNA Sequencing; History and Era sequencing; Next Generation Sequencing- Introduction, Workflow, Illumina/Solexa sequencing, Roche/454 sequencing, Ion Torrent sequencing, ABI-SOLiD sequencing; Comparison between NGS & Sangers and NGS Platforms; Advantages and Applications of NGS; Future Applications of NGS.
Next generation Sequencing or massive parallel sequencing is a high throughput approach to sequence genetic material using the concept of massively parallel processing. It is also called second generation sequencing.This enables researchers a wide variety of applications & study biological systems.
diagnosis of cancer, bioluminescent detection, diagnosis of cancer, haplotype mapping, imaging gene expression in vivo, types of cancer diagnosis method, ultrasound imaging
The NICB (National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology) is located on the Dublin City University (DCU) campus in Dublin, Ireland. It is a leading multidisciplinary centre of translational research in fundamental and applied cellular biotechnology, molecular cell Biology, ocular diseases and biological chemistry. It includes a multidisciplinary team of Cell and Molecular Biologists, Biotechnologists, Chemists and Informatics specialists.
The NICB prioritises translational research involving collaborations with industry and with clinicians, and is committed to educating people from all backgrounds in the area of Biomedical Science.
This slideshare summarises the main research areas of the NICB, including:
Molecular basis for biopharmaceutical production by animal cells
Cancer – drug resistance, invasion and biomarkers
Tissue Engineering/Stem Cell Therapy – ocular diseases, diabetes
Using animal cells as research tools and models for disease research
It contains information about- DNA Sequencing; History and Era sequencing; Next Generation Sequencing- Introduction, Workflow, Illumina/Solexa sequencing, Roche/454 sequencing, Ion Torrent sequencing, ABI-SOLiD sequencing; Comparison between NGS & Sangers and NGS Platforms; Advantages and Applications of NGS; Future Applications of NGS.
Next generation Sequencing or massive parallel sequencing is a high throughput approach to sequence genetic material using the concept of massively parallel processing. It is also called second generation sequencing.This enables researchers a wide variety of applications & study biological systems.
diagnosis of cancer, bioluminescent detection, diagnosis of cancer, haplotype mapping, imaging gene expression in vivo, types of cancer diagnosis method, ultrasound imaging
The NICB (National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology) is located on the Dublin City University (DCU) campus in Dublin, Ireland. It is a leading multidisciplinary centre of translational research in fundamental and applied cellular biotechnology, molecular cell Biology, ocular diseases and biological chemistry. It includes a multidisciplinary team of Cell and Molecular Biologists, Biotechnologists, Chemists and Informatics specialists.
The NICB prioritises translational research involving collaborations with industry and with clinicians, and is committed to educating people from all backgrounds in the area of Biomedical Science.
This slideshare summarises the main research areas of the NICB, including:
Molecular basis for biopharmaceutical production by animal cells
Cancer – drug resistance, invasion and biomarkers
Tissue Engineering/Stem Cell Therapy – ocular diseases, diabetes
Using animal cells as research tools and models for disease research
Cancer Research in Small Animals: A Review of Recent Publications Using High ...Scintica Instrumentation
This webinar hosted by Scintica Instrumentation will discuss the benefits of ultrasound imaging in cancer research. Ms. Tonya Coulthard will be the presenter of this webinar, she will touch on several topics throughout the presentation as they pertain to cancer biology and preclinical imaging. First off a brief overview of the different types of tumor models, followed by a look at the differences between optical and ultrasound imaging in cancer research, and finally a brief thought on image guided injections for placement of tumor cells in various models.
During the last half of the webinar Tonya will walk participants through some of the recent publications using high frequency ultrasound imaging to monitor tumor growth, study therapeutic effect on progression, as well as some publications using a variety of contrast agents. The work will highlight researchers using the Prospect T1 system manufactured by S-Sharp.
Ultrasound imaging is a non-invasive imaging technique using sound waves to produce images of a variety of internal structures, including tumors. Ultrasound is used clinically, as well as preclinically to detect and assess tumor location and size, as well as therapeutic response. Many tumor models use mice and/or rats, necessitating high frequency ultrasound with image resolution down to 30µm.
Topics discussed in this webinar will include:
Different types of tumor models
Ultrasound vs. optical imaging in cancer research
Image guided injections of cancer cells
Publication overview
Our fifth webinar in the MDC Connects Series 2021 | A Guide to Complex Medicines.
This slide deck takes a closer look at physicochemical characterisation new and novel approaches to understand the pharmacokinetics of complex drugs.
Juliana Maynard (MDC)
Liquid Biopsy Overview, Challenges and New Solutions: Liquid Biopsy Series Pa...QIAGEN
A liquid biopsy is often described as a sensitive and specific blood test to detect circulating tumor cells (CTCs). CTCs, shed by both the primary and metastasized tumors, carry specific information about their origins and markers that will enable us to discover new diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic targets. This slidedeck gives an overview of the recent progress in exploring the predictive potential of circulating biomarkers, including circulating tumor cells, circulating tumor DNA, microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and exosomes. Addressing both biological and technical aspects, we detail the isolation and characterization of circulating biomarkers. Challenges and solutions are also featured.
Accelerating the Delivery of New Treatments for Children with Neuroblastoma 2...Scintica Instrumentation
Neuroblastoma is a tumour arising from anomalies in the development of the sympathic nervous system and still accounts for 13% of all cancer-related death in children due to resistant, relapsing and metastatic diseases. There is an urgent need for the development of new treatment against high-risk relapsed neuroblastoma.
Overview:
Here we will discuss the ICR Paediatric Mouse Hospital approach which integrates more advanced mouse modelling, such as the use of genetically-engineered mouse (GEM) models and patient-derived xenografts to accelerate the discovery and evaluation of novel therapeutic strategies and help shape the clinical trial pipeline priorities for children with high-risk relapsing/refractory neuroblastoma.
We will also highlight the pivotal role of MRI within the Mouse Hospital which includes:
Enhancing and accelerating preclinical trials
Quantitatively inform on tumour phenotype and tumour response to treatment to:
Develop in vivo models that emulate the clinical treatment resistant phenotype using chemotherapy-dose escalation protocol
Characterize tumour spatial heterogeneity and evolution over treatment and guide the pathological and molecular characterization of the resistant phenotype
Finally we will also discuss how the compact, cryogen-free and user-friendly Aspect Imaging M-Series has transformed our way of working within the mouse hospital by providing a shared and easily accessible resource for tumour screening (with minimal onboarding) .
Dr. Richard Cote of Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center presented "New Technologies That Will Have an Impact on Cancer" at the 2011 WellBeingWell Conference in Miami.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journey
seminar on new technologies of cell and molecular biology
1. Seminar on
New technologies of cell
and molecular biology
Moderator
Dr. D Singha
Asso prof.
Deptt of surgery
SMCH
Presenter
Biswajit Deka
3rd yr PGT
Deptt of surgery
SMCH
2. Introduction
• Molecular biology : The study of structure and functions of an organ/ tissue at
the molecular level to understand the molecular basis of hereditary & genetic
variation, expression patterns of genes and different physiologically active
molecules & their effects in pathophysiology of diseases ; using these
molecular & cell biology pattern in diagnostic & therapeutic modalities.
• This branch study the flow of information from DNA to RNA to protein
and overlaps with other areas, particularly genetics and biochemistry.
3. History
• The term molecular biology was first used in 1945 by
WILLIAM ASTBURY study of the chemical and physical
structure of biological macromolecules.
• The roost of this branch were established in 1953 by an
Englishman Francis crick and a young American James Watson
working at medical Research council unit.
4. Current use of molecular biology
• Understanding pathophysiology of diseases
• Diagnosis
• Transplantation / Therapeutic
• Paternity & Forensic analysis
• Gene therapy
• Drug Design
5. What is genome ?
• A genome is an organism’s complete set of DNA, including all
of its genes. Each genome contains all of the information needed
to build and maintain that organism.
• In humans, a copy of the entire genome—more than 3 billion
DNA base pairs—is contained in all nucleated cells.
• The diploid genome of the typical human cells contains
approx.7x10⁹ base pairs that are divided into 23 chromosomes.
6. The genome database
Organized in six major organism groups:
• Eukaryotes
• Bacteria
• Archaea ( organism consisting of single, nucleus free cells )
• Viruses
• Plasmids
7. Molecular imaging
• Non invasive imaging to characterize and quantitively measure in vivo the
key biomolecules and molecularly based events.
• It has ability to characterize diseased tissue without invasive biopsies or
surgical procedure.
• They are : PET-CT
SPECT
MRI
US
Optical imaging
8. • In last decade – extensive study of genetically determined
production of biomolecules by cancer cells.
• Molecular imaging probes target and highlight these specific
molecules that are expressed by individual cancer cells or
surrounding extracellular matrix and cells – T cells, macrophages,
dendritic cells, fibroblasts or endothelial cells
10. Positron Emission Tomography
• Image biological process in vivo but low spatial resolution , use of ionizing
radiation & high cost
• Uses a molecular imaging probe & a radio-pharmaceutical that targets
specific physiology –glycolysis, apoptosis, cell proliferation or receptor
expression
• radio-pharmaceutical- targeting component ( Ab, small molecule ,
peptide) and a signaling component (C-11,N-13, O-15,F-18)
13. Measuring metabolic processes with PET
• DNA synthesis with nucleoside PET (labeled thymidine)
• Membrane Biosynthesis (1-[11C]-acetate or 18F-fluorocholine )
• Quantify the degree of hypoxia with 18F- Fluoromisonidazole PET
• Oxygen metabolism and blood flow (Radiolabeled [15O], H2O, CO )
• Receptor binding (DOTA-TOC in NET & Galium 68 PMSA in
prostate ca )
15. Molecular advances in CT imaging
• Poor soft tissue delineation without contrast
• Contrast (iodinated) large amount toxicity
• Nanomaterials : eg bismuth sulfide
• CT: additional anatomical resolution for PET imaging ( PET-CT)
16. Molecular advances in USG imaging
• Based on detection of reflected sound pulses
• High spatial & temporal resolution, real time imaging, lack of radiation
• Development of molecularly targeted probe
• Microbubbles : contrast agents give high echogenic response – high
contrast to tissue background ratio.
Large size – do not leave the vasculature
So , main indication is to image angiogenic processes by targeting specific markers
on tumor vascular endothelial cells
Microbubbles targeting VEGFR-2 : tested in prostate ca
17. • Non microbubbles molecular probes
• Liquid or solid colloids , 10-10,000 nanometer range
• Leave the vasculature
• so, leave leaky vasculature but non normal vessels
This augmented permeability of tumour vasculature compared
to healthy tissue is k/a Enhanced Permeability and Retention
(EPR) effect.
18. Molecular imaging applications for MRI
Powerful molecular imaging modality with rapidly developing novel tech.
like..
• Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
• Chemical shift imaging
• Diffusion-weighted (DW) imaging
• T1 rho weighted imaging
• Chemical exchange saturation transfer
• Targeted contrast agents
19. • MRI: high spatial resolution and offers excellent anatomical detail without
any ionizing radiation
• High b-value DW-MRI better detect prostate ca ( than T2 weighted MRI)
• Whole body DW-MRI : comparable with PET-CT for detection of lung ca
mets.
• DW-MRI: used to determine the aggressiveness of certain cancers
20. • T2 weighted contrast agents: iron oxide nanoparticles
• Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPIO) can be
conjugated with specific targeting ligands and serve as molecular
imaging probe.
• They have been used to see angiogenic activity in melanoma
bearing mice and to detect LN mets in prostate ca.
• Recently Gd-based molecular MRI probes activatable by
enzymatic cleavage have been developed.
21. • In genetically susceptible individual – whole body MRI scan using Gd
loaded ACPPD ( activatable cell-penetrating peptides dendrimers ) may
be done at regular interval due to its sensitivity in detection of small
tumors.
• MMP have been used as enzymatic targets ( MMP 2 & 9 ) : expressed by
multiple tumor cells and correlate with invasiveness of ca cells
23. Identification / visualization of tumor extent
Two approach – to differentiate diseased tissue from normal intra-op
1. Endogenous contrast or autofluorescence : of certain malignancies
enable the extent of lesion to be views by optical microscopic imaging
system.
2. External contrast agent ( fluorescent dye ) administration f/b real-
time intra-op visualization using special probe –
fluorescence molecular imaging ( FMI)
Identify tumour deposits , SLN, vasculature necessary for viability of flaps
reconstruction
24. Fluorescence molecular imaging ( FMI )
• Components : contrast agents and surgical navigation system
• Contrast agents:
• Indocyanine green (ICG)- mc used , SLN & hepatic micro-mets but
non specific , limited utility in margin assessment in solid tumour .
• 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) : in gliomas
• CEA ( fluorescently labeled)
• PSA
• Fluorescent optical probe targeting folate receptor– ovarian ca
• ACPP ( activatable cell-penetrating peptides) – more generic , used for
multiple tumors.
25. C) Endoscopic and laparoscopic
FMRI
A) Portable intraoperative FMI
systems:
Hand held & Real time
Eg. Photodynamic eye (PDE) or
Fluobeam
Recently , Washington university
developed a goggle system that has
Surgical navigation system on wearable
glasses
B) Functional intraoperative
FMI systems: use multiple
cameras
Eg. FLARE, SurgOptix, GXMI
navigator
They are in clinical trails
surgical navigation system
28. Intraoperative surgical instrument compatible with NIR optical imaging
Instrument Manufacturer Intended use
FL 800 Leica Open surgery
Pentero zeiss Open surgery
EVIS Excera Olympus Endoscopy
Spy Novadaq Endoscopy / Open surgery
Ellite breast Phillips Breast imaging
Artemis O2View Endoscopy / Open surgery
fluobeam fluoptics Open surgery
SurgOptix SurgOptix Open surgery
29. Photoacoustic imaging
• Hybrid of optical and USG tech. involving optically excitable
molecularly targeted contrast agents and quantitative detection
of resulting oscillatory contrast agent movement with US.
• Potential use for repeated visualization of malignancies , for
eg.,to monitor effects of anti cancer therapy
30. Tumour specific agents
• Folate receptor-alpha targeting fluorescent agent : ovarian ca
• ASY-FITC probe- detection of early stage esophageal adeno ca
• Urokinase plasminogen activator ( uPA ): has shown potential to detect
tumour margins
• Intra-op visualization of breast ca using Bevacizumab conjugated with
IRDye 800CW (fluorescent agent)– phase 1 trial
33. • Strong relationship between 18F FDG uptake and the no. of viable
cancer cells.
• Changes in the therapeutic management have been reported in 15-
40% of pts d/t findings on PET.
• Information about staging of cancer influencing nodal & distant
metastatic can be known (non-small-cellmlung ca, colorectal &
esophageal ca, breast ca, H&N ca, melanoma & lymphoma)
34. Follow up patients with PET-CT
• Post-treatment changes ( scar , alteration of normal anatomy)
limit the use of conventional cross sectional imaging ( CT,
MRI, US).
• Malignant cells may coexist with scar tissue – sampling error
on biopsy
• PET : more accurate than conventional imaging detecting
residual cancer
35. • Treatment response to bevacizumab and irinotecan, in brain
tumour has been recently performed using 18F FLT-PET
( fluorothymidine )
• EPR effect : imaging tool and treatment of solid tumors to
deliver toxic anti-cancer drugs
36. Mechanism Drugs / agents diseases
Anti EGFR Cetuximab , Panitumumab CRC, H&N ca
Anti HER 2 Trastuzumab
Anti VEGF Bevacizumab CRC
mTor inhibitor Temsirolimus Renal ca , NET
Blocks cytotoxic T cell asso. protein
4
Ipilumumab Melanoma
37. Summary
• Molecular biology involves the study of an organ/ tissue at its cellular and
molecular level to understand normal biology of cells which in turn helps
in understanding the pathophysiology of different diseases at the
molecular level and using these information in diagnostic and therapeutic
platform. It overlaps with other specialties like biochemistry and genetics.
• This branch has helped in development of different non invasive
diagnostic modalities ( CT-PET ) which are being used for screening and
follow up in different diseases, specially in cancer management.
38. • The development in the optical imaging modalities with signal emitting specific
and non-specific molecular probes have helped clinicians with their diagnosis
and surgeons in taking/ modifying their intraoperative decisions. It has also
helped in knowing the tumor free margins and flap vascularization
intraoperatively which has benefitted the pts and also aided in the ease of
surgery.
• The recent developments in the segments of monoclonal Ab,
immunohistochemistry and gene therapy has opened up the windows to
satisfactory management of different rare as well as common genetic diseases.
