This document provides an overview of disability concepts and issues. It discusses the definition of disability according to the WHO and various classification systems. Approximately 15% of the global population lives with some form of disability. In India, the 2011 census found over 26 million persons with disabilities, around 2.21% of the population. Disabilities can be physical, sensory, intellectual, or mental and are caused by disease, trauma, or other health conditions. Evaluation of disability is important for service provision and policymaking. Barriers to healthcare and increased vulnerability affect those with disabilities. The document outlines concepts, statistics, and policy frameworks related to understanding disability worldwide and in India.
disability laws,acts and policies in india ParthP6
all the laws, acts and policies for disabled persons which is implemented by government of India are attached in this file and hyperlink also provided of details of these acts.
disability laws,acts and policies in india ParthP6
all the laws, acts and policies for disabled persons which is implemented by government of India are attached in this file and hyperlink also provided of details of these acts.
All hospitals should be disability friendly, to ensure easy movement of disable patients. The presentation arrives at a solution to the all above disability issues to serve as a guide line.
Rights to Persons with Disabilities Act 2016 New Law for PwDs in IndiaRajnish Kumar Arya
The salient features of the Bill are:
i. Disability has been defined based on an evolving and dynamic concept.
ii. The types of disabilities have been increased from existing 7 to 21 and the Central Government will have the power to add more types of disabilities. The 21 disabilities are given below:-
1. Blindness
2. Low-vision
3. Leprosy Cured persons
4. Hearing Impairment (deaf and hard of hearing)
5. Locomotor Disability
6. Dwarfism
7. Intellectual Disability
8. Mental Illness
9. Autism Spectrum Disorder
10. Cerebral Palsy
11. Muscular Dystrophy
12. Chronic Neurological conditions
13. Specific Learning Disabilities
14. Multiple Sclerosis
15. Speech and Language disability
16. Thalassemia
17. Hemophilia
18. Sickle Cell disease
19. Multiple Disabilities including deafblindness
20. Acid Attack victim
21. Parkinson's disease
CBR is a strategy within general community development for the rehabilitation, equalization of opportunities, poverty reduction and social inclusion of people with disabilities
Unit-VII WELFARE FACILITIES FOR REHABILITATION IN DISABLED PERSON.pptxanjalatchi
some of the benefits for disabled people?
Scholarship schemes for students with disabilities. ...
Concession in Railway and Air fare. ...
Rebate in income tax. ...
Reservation in government jobs. ...
Free travel in state transport buses. ...
Loan for starting own business.
disability, impairment, rehabilitation, rehabilitation council of india, prosthsis, orthosis, vocational , occupational rehabilitation, causes, definition,
RPWD Act 2016 addresses some of the long standing demands of the Indian persons with disabilities. Inclusion of more conditions in disability list, free education for disabled children, framework for supporting institutional and social infrastructure, making accessible environment and provisions of punishment for violation of RPWD Act are very important.
The main focus of prevention in health care is to stop health conditions from occurring (primary prevention). However, prevention also involves early detection and treatment to stop the progression of a health condition (secondary prevention) and management to reduce the consequences of an existing health condition (tertiary prevention).Prevention interventions can be at one of three levels.Primary prevention – the phrase “prevention is better than cure” is one that many people are familiar with and is the focus of primary prevention. Primary prevention is directed at avoidance and uses interventions that prevent health conditions from occurring. These interventions are mainly aimed at people (e.g. changing health behaviours, immunisation, nutrition) and the environments in which they live (safe water supplies, sanitation, good living and working conditions). Secondary prevention is the early detection and early treatment of health conditions, with the aim of curing or lessening their impacts. Tertiary prevention aims to limit or reverse the impact of already existing health conditions and impairments; it includes rehabilitation services and interventions that aim to prevent activity limitations and to promote independence, participation and inclusion.
UNIT-VII model and methods of rehabilitation.pptxanjalatchi
Results: Six conceptual rehabilitation models were identified in the literature: the Biomedical Model, the Social Model, the Bio-Psycho-Social Model (BPS), the International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps Model (ICIDH), the Community Based Rehabilitation Model (CBR), and the Health-Related ..
the term vocational rehabilitation means that part of the continuous and co-ordinated process of rehabilitation which involves the provision of those vocational services, e. g. vocational guidance, vocational training and selective placement, designed to enable a disabled person to secure and retain suitable ...
Electric Vehicle is trending Concept in India. Go GreenBOV is product Based company come out with the initiative to Reduce Carbon Footprint in India . Go Greenbov produce electric bikes which in one complete charge gives mileage of 60 Km/h - 100 Km/h .
All hospitals should be disability friendly, to ensure easy movement of disable patients. The presentation arrives at a solution to the all above disability issues to serve as a guide line.
Rights to Persons with Disabilities Act 2016 New Law for PwDs in IndiaRajnish Kumar Arya
The salient features of the Bill are:
i. Disability has been defined based on an evolving and dynamic concept.
ii. The types of disabilities have been increased from existing 7 to 21 and the Central Government will have the power to add more types of disabilities. The 21 disabilities are given below:-
1. Blindness
2. Low-vision
3. Leprosy Cured persons
4. Hearing Impairment (deaf and hard of hearing)
5. Locomotor Disability
6. Dwarfism
7. Intellectual Disability
8. Mental Illness
9. Autism Spectrum Disorder
10. Cerebral Palsy
11. Muscular Dystrophy
12. Chronic Neurological conditions
13. Specific Learning Disabilities
14. Multiple Sclerosis
15. Speech and Language disability
16. Thalassemia
17. Hemophilia
18. Sickle Cell disease
19. Multiple Disabilities including deafblindness
20. Acid Attack victim
21. Parkinson's disease
CBR is a strategy within general community development for the rehabilitation, equalization of opportunities, poverty reduction and social inclusion of people with disabilities
Unit-VII WELFARE FACILITIES FOR REHABILITATION IN DISABLED PERSON.pptxanjalatchi
some of the benefits for disabled people?
Scholarship schemes for students with disabilities. ...
Concession in Railway and Air fare. ...
Rebate in income tax. ...
Reservation in government jobs. ...
Free travel in state transport buses. ...
Loan for starting own business.
disability, impairment, rehabilitation, rehabilitation council of india, prosthsis, orthosis, vocational , occupational rehabilitation, causes, definition,
RPWD Act 2016 addresses some of the long standing demands of the Indian persons with disabilities. Inclusion of more conditions in disability list, free education for disabled children, framework for supporting institutional and social infrastructure, making accessible environment and provisions of punishment for violation of RPWD Act are very important.
The main focus of prevention in health care is to stop health conditions from occurring (primary prevention). However, prevention also involves early detection and treatment to stop the progression of a health condition (secondary prevention) and management to reduce the consequences of an existing health condition (tertiary prevention).Prevention interventions can be at one of three levels.Primary prevention – the phrase “prevention is better than cure” is one that many people are familiar with and is the focus of primary prevention. Primary prevention is directed at avoidance and uses interventions that prevent health conditions from occurring. These interventions are mainly aimed at people (e.g. changing health behaviours, immunisation, nutrition) and the environments in which they live (safe water supplies, sanitation, good living and working conditions). Secondary prevention is the early detection and early treatment of health conditions, with the aim of curing or lessening their impacts. Tertiary prevention aims to limit or reverse the impact of already existing health conditions and impairments; it includes rehabilitation services and interventions that aim to prevent activity limitations and to promote independence, participation and inclusion.
UNIT-VII model and methods of rehabilitation.pptxanjalatchi
Results: Six conceptual rehabilitation models were identified in the literature: the Biomedical Model, the Social Model, the Bio-Psycho-Social Model (BPS), the International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps Model (ICIDH), the Community Based Rehabilitation Model (CBR), and the Health-Related ..
the term vocational rehabilitation means that part of the continuous and co-ordinated process of rehabilitation which involves the provision of those vocational services, e. g. vocational guidance, vocational training and selective placement, designed to enable a disabled person to secure and retain suitable ...
Electric Vehicle is trending Concept in India. Go GreenBOV is product Based company come out with the initiative to Reduce Carbon Footprint in India . Go Greenbov produce electric bikes which in one complete charge gives mileage of 60 Km/h - 100 Km/h .
These slides,describes the general and possible causes of mental disorders.
These slides can be used by Psychiatric students,mental health nurses,Doctors and clinical officer students including whoever interested in mental disorders etiology.
Peter Crampton on public health in New Zealandmhjbnz
Prof Peter Crampton (Dean and Head of Campus, University of Otago Wellington)
specialist in public health medicine, argues that public health is a social, political, economic and justice issue, not a medical one. After charting the course of change to our health system since the 30’s, he urges every citizen to articulate in all their relationships (personal, professional, civil), their commitment to public health as a right of citizenship. He also agues that the goal of the public health system is to reduce inequalities and produce just outcomes for all New Zealanders.
http://dosomething.org.nz
Lessons from Our History - Disability and the HolocaustCitizen Network
Building on my latest book The Unmaking of Man, this talk was the opening keynote presentation for the 2013 new Zealand Disability Support Network Conference in Wellington. Although there is some awareness that disabled people suffered during the Holocaust too few know how central were disabled people to the horror of the Holocaust. Nor are we sufficiently aware that many of the forces that preceded the Holocaust are still very real today. We need to think deeper about how to protect each other in all our diversity.
Presentation by human rights activist Myra Kovary on the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Presented on Nov. 11, 2009 for the US Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry.
Disability in India & Model of DisabilityTalwar Upmesh
This presentation is comprised with Disability in India which comprised with the Model of Disability, causes, Demographic profile of Disabled in India.
Seminar on the topic - Policies for care of elderly in India includes provisions, rights, legal protection and services available for elderly people in INDIA.
Access to information and library services for the users with disability a s...NIRANJAN MOHAPATRA
This paper was Presented by Niranjan Mohapatra, Librarian,
Nabakrushna Choudhury Centre for Development Studies (NCDS), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India at the international Conference ICMBL 2018 held at KIIT University Bhubaneswar
Mental Health and Mental Illness and Human Rights in Indiaijtsrd
Human rights violations among the people with mental disease werent an uncommon occurrence. the current study was aimed to match persons with psychiatric illness and their caregivers’ perceptions regarding the human rights status of individuals with mental disease within the community. 80 of the population suffering with mental disease lives in low and middle income LAMI countries WHO 2009, WHO 2016 estimated that globally over 450 million people 7 10 of the globe population plagued by mental disorders. Nearly one third of the worldwide burden of mental disease and habit disorders is borne by India and China combined. consistent with the estimates DALYs loss because of mental disorders are expected to represent 15 of the world burden of diseases by 2020In India the burden of mental and behavioral disorders ranged from 9.5 to 102 per 1000 population NIMHANS 2010. By 2025 disturbance cases in India will go up by 23 . Miss Anushika Singh | Mrs. Ekjot Kaur "Mental Health and Mental Illness and Human Rights in India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50146.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/50146/mental-health-and-mental-illness-and-human-rights-in-india/miss-anushika-singh
Purpose: According to the World Health Organisation, 10% to 15% of the population of every developing country lives with disability. This amounts to about 2.4 - 3.6 million Ghanaians with disability. Since their contribution is
important for the development of the country, this study aimed to assess the financial access to healthcare among persons with disabilities in the Kumasi Metropolis of Ghana.
Methods: A cross-sectional study, involving administration of a semi structured questionnaire, was conducted among persons with all kinds of disabilities (physically challenged, hearing and visually impaired) in the Kumasi
Metropolis. Multi-stage sampling was used to randomly select 255 persons with disabilities from 5 clusters of communities - Oforikrom, Subin, Asewase,
Tafo and Asokwa. Data analysis involved descriptive and analytical statistics at 95% CI using SPSS software version 20.
Results: There were more male than female participants, nearly one-third of them had no formal education and 28.6% were unemployed. The average monthly expenditure on healthcare was GHC 21.46 (USD 6.0) which constituted 9.8% of the respondents’ income. Factors such as age, gender, disability type, education, employment, and whether or not they stayed with family members had significant bearing on the average monthly expenses on healthcare (p<0.05).><0.05). Although about 63.5% of the respondents used the National Health Insurance Scheme as the regular source of payment for healthcare, 94.1% reported that sources of payment did not cover all their expenses and equipment.
Conclusion: Financial access to healthcare remains a major challenge for persons with disabilities. Measures to finance all healthcare expenses of persons with disabilities are urgently needed to improve their acc ess to healthcare.
Electric scooter for handicapped in india side wheel attachment attachment electric scooter 3 wheel handicapped balancing wheel attachment kit retro fitment kit mobility products handicap bike and scooter arai approved attachment for suzuki swish honda cb shine activa5g activa jupiter side wheel bajaj discover 100 cc senior citizen foldable wheelchair trending india
Electric scooter for handicapped in india side wheel attachment attachment electric scooter 3 wheel handicapped balancing wheel attachment kit retro fitment kit mobility products handicap bike and scooter arai approved attachment for suzuki swish honda cb shine activa5g activa jupiter side wheel bajaj discover 100 cc senior citizen foldable wheelchair trending india
Research on the Future of Assistive Technology for People with Locomotive Dis...rikaseorika
International Journal of Engineering and Science Research.The International journal of engineering & science research serves all practitioners, professionals and clients in the engineering, design and technology sectors.
Research on the Future of Assistive Technology for People with Locomotive Dis...SaiReddy794166
International Journal of Engineering and Science Research is an international journal published . This is to publish to review research and articles fastly and with out no delay in devolop field of engineering and science Research
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...
Seminar on disability By Dr.Santosh Kadle
1. Disability: Introduction & Concepts
PG Student: Dr. Santosh Kadle
Grant Medical College,Mumbai
GrantGovermentMedicalCollege,Mumbai
1
2. Contents of seminar:
Introduction
Concept of disability
Problem statement of disability-
--Worldwide , India , Maharashtra
Data sources for disability
Various types of disability, causes of disability
Certification of disability
GrantGovermentMedicalCollege,Mumbai
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4. “Disabled people are not only the most
deprived human beings in the
developing world, they also the most
neglected.”
----Amartya Sen
GrantGovermentMedicalCollege,Mumbai
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5. Disability is the best example of the iceberg phenomenon of disease
GrantGovermentMedicalCollege,Mumbai
5[Source: S. Ganesh Kumar et al, Disability and Rehabilitation Services in India: Issues and Challenges, J Family Med Prim Care. 2012 Jan-Jun]
Self
reported
cases
Non reporting
Improper definition
disability condition
Less knowledge& skills
in health provider
Not accessed to services
Less frequency for
Data collection
6. Need of disability evaluation :
Disability evaluation is useful for health care
and policy decisions, in terms of:
identifying needs
matching treatments and intervention
measuring outcomes and effectiveness
setting priorities
allocating resources
GrantGovermentMedicalCollege,Mumbai
6
Source: http://www.who.int/topics/disabilities/en/
7. Barriers faced by Persons with disabilities :
People with disabilities encounter a range of barriers when
they attempt to access health care including the following:
Prohibitive costs
Limited availability of services
Physical barriers
Inadequate skills and knowledge of health workers
GrantGovermentMedicalCollege,Mumbai
7
[Source: http://www.who.int/topics/disabilities/en/]
8. Vulnerability of people with disabilities :
• People with disabilities are particularly vulnerable to
deficiencies in health care services.
• Depending on the group and setting, persons with disabilities
may experience greater vulnerability to
1] secondary conditions,
2] co-morbid conditions,
3] age-related conditions,
4] engaging in health risk behaviors and
5] higher rates of premature death.
GrantGovermentMedicalCollege,Mumbai
8[Source: http://www.who.int/topics/disabilities/en/]
9. According to the International Classification of Impairments,
Disabilities, and Handicap [ICIDH]---
Impairment is concerned with physical aspects of health,
Disability has to do with the loss of functional capacity
resulting from impaired organ,
Handicap is a measure of the social and cultural
consequences of an impairment or disability.
GrantGovermentMedicalCollege,Mumbai
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Source: http://www.who.int/topics/disabilities/en/
Concept of Disability:
10. Concept of Disability:
Disease is a pathological process and its manifestations which
indicate a departure from the state of perfect health.
Impairment is the actual loss or damage of a part of body anatomy
or an aberration of the physiological functions that occurs
consequent to a disease.
Disability is defined as “the inability to carry out certain functions
or activities which are otherwise expected for that age/sex, as a
result of the impairment.”
Handicap is the final disadvantage in life which occurs consequent
to an impairment or disability, which limits the fulfilment of the
role a person is required to play in life.
GrantGovermentMedicalCollege,Mumbai
10
11. Concept of Disability:
According to the International Classification of functioning,
Disability, and Health [ICF], 2001
Disabilities is an umbrella term, covering impairments, activity
limitations, and participation restrictions.
An impairment is a problem in body function or structure
An activity limitation is a difficulty encountered by an individual
in executing a task or action
A participation restriction is a problem experienced by an
individual in involvement in life situations
GrantGovermentMedicalCollege,Mumbai
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[Source: http://www.who.int/topics/disabilities/en/]
12. Concept of Disability:
The Convention of Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPWD:United
Nation, 2006 w.e.f. 8 May2008)
Shift from a medical social model of disability
In Medical model—
Individuals with certain physical , intellectual, psychological
and mental conditions (impairment) are regarded as pathologic
or abnormal
It is simply the abnormality conditions themselves that are the
cause of all restrictions of activities
Disability lies in the individuals
Feel pressured to work on ‘their’ restrictions adjusting to their
environment through cures, treatment or rehabilitation.
GrantGovermentMedicalCollege,Mumbai
12
13. Concept of Disability:
The Convention of Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPWD:United
Nation, 2006 w.e.f. 8 May2008)
Shift from a medical social model of disability
• In Social model- undue restrictions on behaviour of persons with
impairment are seen to be imposed by: a) dominant social, political,
and economics ideologies; b)cultural and religious perceptions
regarding persons with disabilities; c) paternalism in social welfare
systems; d) discriminations by society; e) the inaccessibility of the
environment and information; and f) the lack of appropriate
institutional and social arrangements
Disability does not lie in individuals, but in the interactions
between individuals and society.
Persons with disabilities are right holders, and are entitled to
advocate for the removal of barriers.
GrantGovermentMedicalCollege,Mumbai
13
14. Concept of Disability:
• In India different definitions of disability conditions have
been introduced for various purposes, essentially following
the medical model and, as such, they have been based on
various criteria of ascertaining abnormality or pathologic
conditions of persons.
• In absence of a conceptual framework based on the social
model in the Indian context, no standardisation for evaluating
disability across methods has been achieved.
• In common parlance, different terms such as disabled,
handicapped, crippled, physically challenged, are used inter-
changeably, indicating noticeably the emphasis on pathologic
conditions .
GrantGovermentMedicalCollege,Mumbai
14
15. Concept of Disability:
According to The Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities,
Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995
"Person with disability" means a person suffering from not less
than 40 % of any disability as certified by a medical authority (any
hospital or institution, specified for the purposes of this Act by
notification by the appropriate Government).
As per the act "Disability" means -
(i) Blindness; (ii) Low vision; (iii) Leprosy-cured;
(iv) Hearing impairment; (v) Loco motor disability;
(vi) Mental retardation; (vii) Mental illness
GrantGovermentMedicalCollege,Mumbai
15[Source: http://www.socialjistice.nic.in]
16. Problem statement :
About 15% of the world's population lives with disability
2-4% experience significant difficulties in functioning.
The global disability prevalence is higher than previous
WHO estimates, which suggested a figure of around 10%.
This global estimate for disability is on the rise due to
-population ageing
-rapid spread of chronic diseases,
-improvements in the methods to measure disability.
GrantGovermentMedicalCollege,Mumbai
16[Source: http://www.who.int/disabilities/facts]
18. Three objectives:
To remove barriers and improve
access to health services
To strengthen and extend
rehabilitation services.
To strengthen data collection and
support research on disability and
related services.
GrantGovermentMedicalCollege,Mumbai
18
Better health for all people with disability
[Source: http://www.who.int/disabilities/actionplan/en/]
19. Problem statement of disability in India :
• Census 2001 are 2.19 crore and are 2.13 percent of the total
population of the Country. These include persons with visual,
hearing, speech, locomotor and mental disabilities.
• According to the 58th round of National Sample Survey(NSS)of
2002, there were 208 lakh persons with disabilities in 2002 .
• As per Census 2011 are 2.68 crore and are 2.21 percent of the total
population of the Country. These include persons with visual,
hearing, speech, locomotor, mental retardation, mental illness , any
other and multiple disability .
• The Census and the NSS have different sampling design. In both
sources, disability was self-reported.
GrantGovermentMedicalCollege,Mumbai
19[Source: http://www.censusindia.gov.in/disabilitydata]
Sr.No. Year Data source Disabled
population
%
1 2001 Census 2001 2.19 crore 2.13 %
2 2002 NSSO 2002 2.08 crore 2.01 %
3 2011 Census 2011 2.68 crore 2.21 %
The Census and the NSS have different sampling design.
In both sources, disability was self-reported.
20. NUMBER OF DISABLED POPULATION AND TYPE OF DISABILITY
Population Percentage (%)
Total population 1,028,610,328 100.0
Total disabled population 21,906,769 2.13
Disability rate
( per lakh population)
2,130 --
Type of Disability
(a) In seeing 10,634,881 1.0
(b) In speech 1,640,868 0.2
(c) In hearing 1,261,722 0.1
(d) In movement 6,105,477 0.6
(e) Mental 2,263,821 0.2
[Source: http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2001census/C-series/c-20.html ]
GrantGovermentMedicalCollege,Mumbai
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21. NUMBER OF DISABLED POPULATION AND TYPE OF DISABILITY
….. Population Percentage (%)
Total population 1,210,569,573
Total disabled population
26,810,557
2.21
Disability rate
( per lakh population)
2,210
Types of disability…………………………………………y
(a) In seeing 5,032,463
(b) In speech 5,071,007
(c) In hearing 1,998,535
(d) In movement 5,436,604
(e) Mental Retardation 1,505,624
(f) Mental illness 722,826
(g) Any other 4,927,011
(h) Multiple disability 2,116,487
[Source: http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2001census/C-series/c-20.html]
GrantGovermentMedicalCollege,Mumbai
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26. [Source: http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-series/c-20.html]
Disabled Population by Type of Disability
India : 2011
Type of Disability Persons Males Females
Total 26,810,557 14,986,202 11,824,355
1] In Seeing 5,032,463 2,638,516 2,393,947
2] In Hearing 5,071,007 2,677,544 2,393,463
3] In Speech 1,998,535 1,122,896 875,639
4] In Movement 5,436,604 3,370,374 2,066,230
5] Mental Retardation 1,505,624 870,708 634,916
6] Mental Illness 722,826 415,732 307,094
7] Any Other 4,927,011 2,727,828 2,199,183
8] Multiple Disability 2,116,487 1,162,604 953,883
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27. Disabled Population by Type of Disability (%) India: 2011
[Source: http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-series]
In Seeing
18.8 %
In Hearing
18.9 %
In Speech
7.5 %
In Movement
20.3 %
Mental
Retardation
5.6 %
Mental Illness
2.7 %
Any Other
18.4 %
Multiple
Disability
7.9 %
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28. Source: http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-series/c-20.html
Proportion of Disabled Population
by Type of Disability
India : 2011
Type of Disability Persons Males Females
1.In Seeing 18.8 17.6 20.2
2.In Hearing 18.9 17.9 20.2
3.In Speech 7.5 7.5 7.4
4.In Movement 20.3 22.5 17.5
5.Mental Retardation 5.6 5.8 5.4
6.Mental Illness 2.7 2.8 2.6
7.Any Other 18.4 18.2 18.6
8.Multiple Disability 7.9 7.8 8.1
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29. [Source: C-Series, Table C-20, Census of India 2011]
( % )
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
18.8 18.2
7.0
21.7
5.5
2.7
17.7
8.5
18.7
20.5
8.5
17.1
5.9
2.8
20.0
6.5
AxisTitle
Axis Title
Disability by Type and Residence, India, 2011
Rural Urban
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30. Problem statement of disability in Maharashtra :
.
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Sr.No. Year Data source Disabled
population
%
1 2001 Census 2001 1.6 million 1.97 %
2 2002 NSSO 2002 12.37 lakhs 2.89 %
3 2011 Census 2011 29.63 lakhs 2.69 %
31. [Source: http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-series/c-20.html]
Disabled Population by Type of Disability
Maharashtra : 2011
Type of Disability Persons Males Females
Total 2963392 1692285 1271107
1] In Seeing 574052 311835 262217
2] In Hearing 473271 264956 208315
3] In Speech 473610 260792 212818
4] In Movement 548418 357348 191070
5] Mental Retardation 160209 90408 69801
6] Mental Illness 58753 32907 25846
7] Any Other 510736 279048 231688
8] Multiple Disability 164343 94991 69352
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32. Source: http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-series/c-20.html
Proportion of Disabled Population
by Type of Disability
Maharashtra : 2011
Type of Disability Persons Males Females
1.In Seeing 19.4 18.4 20.6
2.In Hearing 16.0 15.7 16.4
3.In Speech 16.0 15.4 16.7
4.In Movement 18.5 21.1 15.0
5.Mental Retardation 5.4 5.3 5.5
6.Mental Illness 2.0 1.9 2.0
7.Any Other 17.2 16.5 18.2
8.Multiple Disability 5.5 5.6 5.5
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33. [Source: http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-series/c-20.html]
Disabled Population by Type of Disability
Mumbai : 2011
Type of Disability Persons Males Females
Total 242343 138652 103691
1] In Seeing 61269 34558 26711
2] In Hearing 57586 32253 25333
3] In Speech 34992 19808 15184
4] In Movement 23117 14731 8386
5] Mental Retardation 10460 6200 4260
6] Mental Illness 3741 2102 1639
7] Any Other 42271 23796 18475
8] Multiple Disability 8907 5204 3703
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34. [Source: http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-series/c-20.html]
Proportion of Disabled Population
by Type of Disability
Mumbai : 2011
Type of Disability Persons Males Females
1.In Seeing 25.3 24.9 25.8
2.In Hearing 23.8 23.3 24.4
3.In Speech 14.4 14.3 14.6
4.In Movement 9.5 10.6 8.1
5.Mental Retardation 4.3 4.5 4.1
6.Mental Illness 1.5 1.5 1.6
7.Any Other 17.4 17.2 17.8
8.Multiple Disability 3.7 3.8 3.6
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36. 1] Visual disability:
Definition – as per PWD act1995,
"Blindness" refers to a condition where a person suffers from any of
the following conditions,
Total absence of sight.
Visual acuity not exceeding 6/60 or 20/200 (Snellen) in the better
eye with correcting lenses;
Limitation of the field of vision subtending an angle of 20 degree
or worse;
"Person with low vision" means a person with impairment of visual
functioning even after treatment or standard refractive correction
but who uses or is potentially capable of using vision for the
planning or execution of a task with appropriate assistive device;
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37. 1] Visual disability:
• As per Census 2001.
Seeing disability: A person who cannot see at all (has no perception of light) or
has blurred vision even with the help of spectacles. A person with proper vision
only in one eye was also treated as visually disabled.
A person may have blurred vision and had no occasion to test whether her/his
eyesight would improve by using spectacles - such persons were treated as
visually disabled.
• As per NSSO 2002-
For the survey, visually disabled included (a) those who did not have any light
perception - both eyes taken together and (b) those who had light perception but
could not correctly count fingers of hand (with spectacles/ contact lenses if he/ she
used spectacles/ contact lenses) from a distance of 3 metres (or 10 feet) in good
day light with both eyes open.
Night blindness was not considered as visual
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39. 2] Hearing disability:
As per PWD act 1995,
"Hearing impairment" means loss of sixty decibels or more in the
better ear in the conversational range of' frequencies.
As per Census 2001,
“A person who cannot hear at all (deaf), or can hear only loud
sounds was considered to have hearing disability. If a person cannot
hear through one ear but her/his other ear is functioning normally ,
she/ he was still considered to have hearing disability.
A person who is able to hear using hearing aid, was not considered
as disabled under this category.
As per Census 2011,
Persons using hearing aid have been treated as disabled .
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40. Hearing disability:
Causes- old age , occupational, post infections- csom , injury ,
congenital
Severity of hearing disability-
profound- could not hear at all or could only hear loud sounds
severe - could hear only shouted words or could hear only if the
speaker was sitting in the front.
moderate - disability was neither profound nor severe. usually ask
to repeat the words spoken by the speaker or would like to see the
face of the speaker while he/she spoke or would feel difficulty in
conducting conversations.
mild - has difficulty in hearing but it does not interfere in day
today conversation
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41. 3] Speech disability:
As per Census 2001,
“ A person who is dumb or whose speech is not understood by a
listener of normal comprehension and hearing, was considered to
have speech disability.”
Persons who stammer but whose speech is comprehensible were
not classified as disabled by speech.
As per Census 2011 ,
“persons who speak in single words and are not able to speak in
sentences” was specifically mentioned to be treated as speech
disabled.
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42. 4] Locomotor disability:
Loco motor disability" means disability of the bones, joints muscles
leading to substantial restriction of the movement of the limbs or
any form of cerebral palsy.
• As per Census 2001,
Movement Disability: A person, who lacks limbs or is unable to use
the limbs normally, was considered to have movement disability.
-If any part of the body is deformed
-A person, who cannot move herself/himself without the aid of
another person or without the aid of stick,
- A person who is unable to move or lift or pick up any small
article placed near her/him .
- A person who may not be able to move normally because of
problems of joints like arthritis and has to invariably limp while
moving.
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43. 4] Locomotor disability:
Specific mention of the following was made in the definition for
Census 2011:
1. Paralytic persons
2. Those who crawl
3. Those who are able to walk with the help of aid
4. Have acute and permanent problems of joints/muscles
5. Have stiffness or tightness in movement or have loose, involuntary
movements or tremors of the body or have fragile bones
6. Have difficulty balancing and coordinating body movement
7. Have loss of sensation in body due to paralysis, Leprosy etc.
8. Have deformity of body like hunch back or are dwarf.
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44. 5] & 6] Mental Disability
• As per Census 2001,
Mental disability: A person who lacks comprehension
appropriate to her/his age was categorised as mentally disabled.
Mentally retarded and insane persons were treated as mentally
disabled.
• As per NSSO 2002-
• Mental disability: Persons who had difficulty in understanding
routine instructions, who could not carry out their activities
like others of similar age or exhibited behaviours like talking to
self, laughing/ crying, staring, violence, fear and suspicion
without reason were considered as mentally disabled for the
purpose of survey.
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45. 5]Mental Retardation
• New category introduced at Census 2011.
• Mental retardation" means a condition of arrested or
incomplete development of mind of a person which is
specially characterized by sub normality of intelligence.
• % of disability in MR [As per GOI,13 June 2001]
• ]
• ]
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Sr.No Type of mental retardation % of disability
1 Mild Mental Retardation 50 %
2 Moderate Mental Retardation 75%
3 Severe Mental Retardation 90%
4 Profound Mental Retardation 100%
46. 6] Mental illness
New category introduced at Census 2011.
Mental Illness was covered under the category of
Mental disability at Census 2001
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47. 7] Any other disability:
New category introduced at Census 2011 to ensure
complete coverage.
This option enabled respondents to report those
disabilities which are not listed in the question.
In such cases, where informant was not sure about the
type of disability this option of reporting disability as ‘Any
Other’ was available to her/him.
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48. 8] Multiple disability:
New category introduced at Census 2011.
The question has been designed to record as many
as three types of disabilities from which the
individual was reported to be suffering.
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49. Data sources for disability:
Census Data-1872-1931,1981,2001,2011
NSSO Rounds-1981,1991,2002
Hospital Data
Special Survey by NGO, Govt.
Literature
Research studies
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50. Historical Perspective of disability in Census :
In Census 2011, information on eight types of disability has been collected
In Census 2001, information on five types of disability was collected
The question was dropped in Census 1991
In Census 1981, information on three types of disability was collected
The question on disability was not canvassed in the Censuses from 1941 to 1971
The question on disability was canvassed in all the Censuses since 1872 to 1931
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51. National sample survey [NSSO]:
Sr.N
o
National
sample
survey
Round of NSS Time of survey Disability Included
Prior to 1981, NSS surveys were restricted to only the physically handicapped
persons.
1 First 36 th round July-Dec 1981 visual , communication
(i.e. hearing and/ or
speech) and loco-motor.
2 Second 47 th round July-Dec 1991 visual , communication
(i.e. hearing and/ or
speech) and loco-motor.
3 Third 58 th round July-Dec 2002 visual , hearing, speech
, loco-motor & mental
disability
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52. Present Dataset –Census 2011
The present set of results pertains to data collected in the
Census 2011 on disability.
Information on disability of individuals was collected during
the Population Enumeration phase of Census 2011 through
‘Household Schedule’ . Similar information was collected
during 2001 census also.
Information for individuals residing in ‘Normal’, ‘Institutional’
and ‘Houseless’ households was collected.
The table C-20- ‘Disabled by age-group and type of disability’
has been generated on the basis of processing 100% Census
Schedules.
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53. Features of Disability Question, 2011
Has a filter question to ascertain disability status.
Attempts to collect information on eight types of disabilities as
against five in Census 2001.
Designed to cover most of the disabilities listed in the “Persons
with Disabilities Act, 1995” and “The National Trust Act, 1999”.
The placement of the question on disability in the Census
Schedule was changed. The question was brought forward at Q-9
at Census 2011. This was the question No. 15 at the Census
2001.
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55. Disability certificate guidelines:
As per the persons with Disabilities Act, 1995, seven disabilities
are applicable :
(1) Blindness
(2) Low vision
(3) Leprosy-cured
(4) Hearing impairment
(5) Loco motor disability
(6) Mental retardation
(7) Mental illness
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56. Disability certificate guidelines:
• A Medical Board of three doctors including one
specialist from Medical Department examines the
disabled person and issues the disability certificate in
case of 40% or more percentage disability.
• The Medical Board after due examination give a
permanent disability certificate in cases of such
permanent disabilities where there are no chances of
variation in the degree of disability.
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57. Challenges In Issuing Certificate:
Duplications
Identification of real persons with Disabilities
Difficult for the authorities to reach the beneficiaries
Lack of awareness among the Medical professionals
Element of subjectivity
Pressure from politically motivated groups
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58. In Maharashtra:
• In SADM- (Software for Assessment of Disability-
Maharashtra) online issuance of disability certificates,-mainly
five (i) Visual impairment (ii) Hearing impairment (iii)
Physical/Locomotor (iv) Mental retardation (v) Mental illness
• In Maharashtra, the issuance of Disability certificates is the
responsibility of PHD (Public Health Department) and DMER
(Department of Medical Education and Research).
• For this the three departments-PHD,DMER& SJSAD(Social
Justice and Special Assistance Department) came together and
helped the IT department in developing this software.
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[Source: http://sadm.maharashtra.gov.in/sadm ]
64. Benefits of SADM
Element of subjectivity and discretion is minimal
Unique ID
Duplication check
Centralized database of all Disabled
Centralized database of Doctors/Specialists in the state
Linkage to Aadhaar (UID Number of the application)
Transparency and Tracking
Real Time Reports Govt. & NGO’s can avail the data
Public Domain
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65. Governments positive initiative:
Special department –Department of empowerment of persons
with disability from 2012.
Accessible India Campaign- “Sugamya Bharat Abhiyan” 2015
“To make India-Differently Abled-Friendly”
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66. Sugamya Bharat Abhiyan
• The Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment on 24
sept 2015 launched Accessible India campaign
• To make public buildings, public transportation, signage
accessible to Persons with Disabilities.
• The Centre will identify more than 50 buildings in 50 major
cities
• Four cities from Maharashtra including Mumbai, Pune,
Nagpur, and Nashik will figure in the list of cities for the
Accessible India campaign
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67. International year for disability: 1981
International day for disability: 3, December
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68. Way forward :
Scope to improve in defining the concepts of disability
Positive signs from government with good initiatives
Scope in research studies on disability and use for policy
making.
Change should be “Benefits Approach” to “Right's Approach”
Universal accessibility to health care services.
Disability friendly environment creation like transport and
other public facilities.
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69. “The problem is not
how to wipe out the
differences but how
to unite with the
differences intact”.
– Rabindranath Tagore
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70. References:
1] IAS Topper Ira Singhal: Success story revealed.indiatoday.in.New Delhi. July
6,2015 available on http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/ias-topper-ira-
singhal/1/449482.html
2] Blind IAS candidate Ajit fulfills his Dream. Careers 360,Educational Hub.09
May2014,available on http://www.motivation.careers360.com/node/14929
3] S. Ganesh Kumar et al, Disability and Rehabilitation Services in India: Issues
and Challenges, J Family Med Prim Care. 2012 Jan-Jun; 1(1): 69–73.
4] World Report on Disability. Geneva: WHO; 2011. World Health Organization
downloaded from http://www.who.int/disabilities/world_report /2011/en/
5] Census of India 2011. Data on disability. Office of the Registrar General and
Census Commissioner, India. Available from : http://www.censusindia.n
6] World Health Organization. International Classification of Functioning ,
Disability and Health 2001. Available from http://www.who.int/classification/icf/en
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71. References:
7]Persons with disability act,1995 from
https://sadm.Maharashtra.gov.in/sadm/GRs/PWD%20 Act.pdf downloaded on 10
sept2015
8] Disability status in India,58 th NSSO report, downloaded from
http://www.socialjustice.nic.in/aboutdivision3.php on 10 sept2015
9] The Disabled: Health and Human Rights downloaded from
http://www,cehat.org/humanrights/lenichchoudhari.pdf on 10 sept 2015
10]Information on Accessible India Campaign, Press information bureau ,Govt. of
India, available on https://pibindia.wordpress.com/2015/08/17/accessible-india-
campaign-sugamya-bharat-abhiyaan-to-make-india-disabled-friendly/
11] Public buildings in Mumbai, key Indian cities to be made disabled friendly, article
in The Hindu date 26 sept 2015 available on
http://http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/public-buildings-in-mumbai-key-
indian-cities-to-be-made-disabled-friendly/article7692547.ece
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Slight increase in disability among both the sexes over the decade
Proportion of disabled population is higher among males
Decadal Increase in proportion is higher among females
Percentage of disabled persons in India has increased both in rural and urban areas during the last decade.
Proportion of disabled population is higher in rural areas
Decadal increase in proportion is significant in urban areas
>2.51—MH,AP,ORISA,JK, SIKKIM
2.26-2.50—RJ,KERALA,ZARKHAND,CHATTISGARH
2-2.25—KARNATAKA,UP,BIHAR,WB, HARYANA
1.75-2—GUJRAT,UTTARAKHAND,ARUNA P
<1.75- TAMILNADU,ASAM,MEGHALAYA
Disability in seeing and hearing is more among females
Disability in movement is more among males
Disability in hearing and speech is more in urban areas
Disability in movement and multiple disability is more in rural areas.
Disability in seeing is more among females
Disability in movement is more among males
.
.
.
"
":
Before 1981—only physically handicapped
Census 1981—three physical disabilities-visual , communication and locomotor
Census 2001- five types of disability-visual , hearing , speech , locomotor and mental disability
Census 2011- eight types of disability- visual , hearing , speech , locomotor, mental retardation, mental illness , any other , and multiple disability
The Disability Certificate is a document that acts as a proof of disability of an individual and an important tool for availing the benefits / facilities / rights that he/she is entitled to, from the Central as well as State Government under various appropriate enabling legislations.
a lot of issues - identification of actual beneficiaries, duplication of records, negligence, corrupt practices
etc because of which the PWD’s were unable to receive the services to which they are entitled to.
A case story of student who wants admission for MBBS.. But due to different certificates …court case….
Same many more civil surgeons in Maharashtra are in trouble –due to fake/different certificates……….
So Maharashtra govt taken initiative in this ----three departments-PHD,DMER& SJSAD(Social Justice and Special Assistance Department) came together and helped the IT department in developing software--SADM
If all ineligible persons enjoying benefits are weeded out, it will become easier for the right beneficiaries to receive the help they need
Duplications. A person who was not happy with his disability percentage given in one Hospital, would go to some other Hospital and get another certificate according to his will. There was no way to track if the person has been assessed before.
Identification of real persons with Disabilities. There was no way to verify whether a person is a genuine or a bogus person.
Difficult for the authorities to reach the beneficiaries as there was no proper centralized record available at any time. The entire process was manual and the records for every Hospital were kept in the respective hospitals registers.
Lack of awareness among the Medical professionals regarding of use of GOI guidelines for calculation of disability especially for locomotor cases. Doctors would ascertain the disability of the person based on the guide lines and their discretion. There was an element of subjectivity involved.
Pressure from politically motivated groups to issue the disability certificates so that programmes offering help to such people could be arranged for creating a good image in the eyes of public
a lot of issues - identification of actual beneficiaries, duplication of records, negligence, corrupt practices
etc because of which the PWD’s were unable to receive the services to which they are entitled to.
online software called SADM (Software for assessment of Disability, Maharashtra) in order to bring in transparency and objectiveness for calculation of the Disability percentage
Statistics and Achievements
• Around 45000 applicants have been registered
• Around 35000 certificates have been given
• As on today 42 hospitals are registered
• Name, Registration no & Designation of more than 600 Doctors have been maintained
• Around 14% rejection notes (< 40% disability) have been given
This project has won Bronze medal in State e Gov Awards 2013