This presentation highlights the integration of people having disability into the core process of disaster risk reduction and management.

1. Mainstreaming Disability or PwDs
into Disaster Risk Reduction
Presentation by:
Islam Bahadar
Master Trainer,
Disaster Preparedness & Capacity Building Project
Community Appraisal & Motivation Programme
(CAMP)
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2.  Definition & types of disability.
 Mainstreaming & the inclusion of disability into DRR.
 Why to include disability into DRR.
 Principals of inclusion.
 Disability model.
 Approach to mainstreaming disability into DRR.
 Steps to successful mainstreaming.
 At which level can disability be mainstreamed.
 Disability inclusive DRR model.
 Monitoring the quality of disability inclusive DRR process.
 Related example.
 Conclusion.
Presentation includes
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3.  In the medical context, “individuals with certain physical,
intellectual, psychological and mental conditions (impairment)
are regarded as pathologic or abnormal; it is simply the
abnormality conditions themselves that are the cause of all
restrictions of activities”.
According to the medical model definition , disability lies in the
individual, as it is associated with those restrictions which limited
the individual ability to a specific activity or function.
1- Definition & types of Disability or
Person with Disability (PwDs)
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4.  In the social context “the disability may be defined as the
ability or inability of individual to carry out basic actions at the
level of whole person (i.e. walking, climbing stairs, lifting
packages, seeing a friend across the room etc.)”.
According to the social model definition, disability does not lie in
individuals, but in the interactions between individuals and society.
Note: In common parlance, different terms such as disabled,
handicapped, crippled, physically challenged, are used inter-
changeably to denote disability.
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5. Types of Disabilities
 Based on the social consequences, three types.
1) Mental disabilities 2) Physical disabilities 3) Learning disabilities
1) Mental Disabilities:
It is further classified into two types.
a- Intellectual disabilities: Mental retardation can be present
immediately during the mental development of the child or occur
following a secondary deterioration (severe epilepsy, mental illness..).
b- Psychiatric disabilities: These disorders concern mainly social
relationships, communication and behavior such as autism and
childhood psychosis.
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2) Physical Disabilities:
These are also classified into two sub-types
a- Motor disabilities: These disordered are associated with various
movement of body organs like, the spinal cord injuries cause
according to their location paralysis of lower limbs (paraplegia) or all
four limbs (quadriplegia).
b- Sensory disabilities: These disabilities are very common (the
visually impaired and hearing impaired). Hearing impairment is less
visible but very heavy to deal with.
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3) Learning Disabilities:
Learning disabilities are specific cognitive function without being
associated with mental disability. They are very different like,
 Language disorders: dysphasia
 Spelling disorder: dysorthographia
 Memory disorder
 Reading disorder: dyslexia
 Disorder of visual perception
 Movement disorder
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8.  Mainstreaming:
A process of bringing the marginalized groups/issues into the core
activity or action. After being mainstreamed, the marginalized
groups / issues should be able to participate on an equal basis in the
core activity or action.
 Mainstreaming in the context of Disability into DRR:
An approach to include a specific issue (disability into DRM) in the
different aspects (social, legal, political, economic) of an organisation
system (community, country, NGOs).
2- Mainstreaming and the inclusion
of Disability into DRR
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9.  Inclusion Of Disability into DRR:
The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
(CRPD), in its articles 11 and 322, requires that persons with
disabilities benefit from and participate in disaster relief, emergency
response and disaster risk reduction strategies.
 Bewako Millennium Framework (2002) Strategy 23:
Disability inclusive disaster management should be promoted.
Disability perspective should be included in the policies and practices
in the area, including HFA.
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10. 1) Discrimination and barriers: Nature does not dictate that
persons with disabilities should be first to die during disaster.
Gender based discrimination and social and environmental
barriers their vulnerabilities.
2) Disability and poverty: Poverty is both cause and
consequences of disability and vice - versa. Persons with
disabilities and women, being poor, live in the area which is
exposed to hazards in poor quality shelters, have less capacities
to cope with disasters.
3- Why to Include Disability into DRR?
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11. 3) Disability and disasters: Persons with disabilities are more
vulnerable in disasters due to their impairment, existing barriers
and their socio-economic situation.
4) Disasters create new impairments / disability.
5) Persons with disabilities tend to be invisible in disasters.
6) Exclusion of persons with disabilities in DRR interventions is
putting new barriers for them and not letting them participate in
development processes.
7) Human rights are universal, indivisible and equal for all. Persons
with disabilities have the same human rights as anyone else.
Continue…
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12. REPRESENTATION & PARTICIPATION for an inclusive
DECISION-MAKING:
 In First Preparedness Meeting Participation
 In District Disaster Relief Committee
 In VDC level Flood Response Committees
 Disabled concern groups
 Women’s associations
 HIV/AIDS support groups
 Youth clubs
 Specific social groups associations
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4- Principal of Inclusion,
1st Principal of Inclusion
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13. DISAGGREGATED DATA BY SEX, AGE AND SPECIFIC
CONDITION:
 In district reports
 In district demographic information
 In community mapping, etc.
2nd Principle of inclusion
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14. INFORMATION TO ALL:
Public Information Campaign: if we want to reach ALL the
public, messages may need to be passed in more than a single
way to reach children, persons with hearing, visual or intellectual
impairments, using diverse channels by representative civil
society groups: HIV/AIDS support groups,
Disabled Concern Groups, Women’s
Associations etc.
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3rd Principle of inclusion
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15. IDENTIFICATION AND ADDRESS OF SPECIFIC NEEDS:
 In identification of shelter/assistive devices
 In the study of needs assessment and analysis
 In preparedness, response mechanism
4th Principle of inclusion
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5- Disability Model
Charity
Model
Medical
Model
Social
Model
Right Based
Model
Early-20th
Century
Mid-20th Century Late- 20th Century 21st Century
PwDs seen as
suffering people
to be cared for.
Disability seen as direct
result of personal
impairment problem of
the individual directly
caused by the disease,
trauma or other health
conditions.
Disability seen as the
result of limitation
imposed by the
environmental barriers.
The problem is place
on discrimination and
exclusion coming
from the society.
Disability seen as
denial of human
rights. Unequal
opportunity to
participate in the
society and unequal
access to service.
Whatever is
done for PwDs
is done out by
charity.
Solutions are designed
by the medical experts
on the basis of medical
diagnosis.
Removal of barriers
linked to physical,
attitudinal, information’s
and communication.
Empowered of PwDs
and to guarantee
their rights to equal &
active participation in
socio-economic,
cultural & political
activities and equal
access to services.
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Model Charity
Model
Medical
Model
Social
Model
Right based
Model
Dignity Low High
Dependency High Low
Sustainability Low
High
Inclusion Low High
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18. 6- Approach to Mainstreaming
Disability into DRR
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19. Effective Approach to Mainstream
Disabilities
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20. 2
7- Steps to Successful
Mainstreaming
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21. 2
8- At which level can Disability
be Mainstreamed
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22. 9- Disability Inclusive
DRR Model
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23. 10- Monitoring the Quality of
Disability Inclusive DRR Process
Parameters Indicators
Access Accessibility of physical structures, equal access to service, to
resources, to information.
Communication Two way communications, opportunity to communicate their
needs / feelings, alternative forms of key information, modified
communication tools, extra time.
Attitudes Recognizing equal rights, changed attitudes to welcome,
focus on the abilities and capacities, respectful language,
success stories to empower them.
Participations Hold at least 10 % decision making position, they are consulted,
informed, asked, and valued.
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24. 11- Example: DRR Inclusive
services in Pakistan
 During the rescue and rehabilitation phases following the 2010
Pakistan floods, STEP (a Disabled People’s Organisation in
Pakistan) knew that marginalized groups, such as persons with
disabilities and elderly, would beat greater risk of neglect.
 In response to this, STEP established the Information Resource
Center on Disability as a point for information sharing and
dissemination for the two districts of Nowshera and Charsaddah.
 The Information Resource Center on Disability comprises a
computerised database on persons with disabilities, which is
connected to STEP’s online web portal and linked with the central
crisis centre of the Red Crescent Society of Pakistan.
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 The database includes their national identity card number and
can also provide a detailed profile, including the nature of their
disability and their location.
 The use of this database has proved very helpful & successful
for identification of persons with disabilities and in providing a
coordinated service for disseminating information to these
people and their families regarding food distribution
systems, medical outreach services, distribution of cash
and food grants, cash-for-work programmes suitable for
persons with disabilities and so on.
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26. 12- Conclusion
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