This document discusses universal access and success at Ohio State University. It begins by introducing the presenters and framing universal access as benefiting all people by considering diverse needs in designing environments and technology. It then provides statistics on disability rates and discusses shifting from medical to social models of understanding disability. The document outlines efforts underway at OSU to promote inclusion and equity through accessible infrastructure, policies, and considering differences beyond disability. It envisions collaboration across divisions to create an environment enabling success for all.
Universal Design for Evaluation: Designing Evaluations to Include People with...Washington Evaluators
Washington Evaluators Brown Bag
by June Gothberg and Jennifer Sullivan-Sulewski
January 31, 2012
Evaluators are often tasked with insuring representative samples in their work. Many populations have been tagged as hard-to-reach and therefore make this task difficult in many evaluation efforts. People with disabilities and members of other vulnerable populations such as people who are homeless, chronically ill, economically disadvantaged, low literate, English language learners, elderly, and prisoners are frequently involved in or affected by evaluation efforts, regardless of the specific topic of the evaluation. Designing evaluations to include people with disabilities and other vulnerable populations is thus an essential skill for ensuring that these populations are fairly represented and included in the evaluation process. In the last two years, awareness has increased among evaluators at-large as to the importance of designing evaluation and data collection tools to include all people. Due to this, Universal Design has taken a forefront position. Out of this demand for assistance to increase capacity in this area, the idea for a Universal Design for Evaluation (UDE) checklist emerged. This session will introduce the seven principles of universal design, the UDE checklist, and their application to evaluation. Participants will add to their knowledge and skills to increase involvement for people with disabilities and other vulnerable populations in evaluation. The session will end with a discussion of next steps to increase partnerships between agencies, evaluators, and the American Evaluation Association.
June Gothberg is a researcher at Western Michigan University’s Connecting Careers Research Center where she is project technical assistance coordinator for the National Secondary Transition Technical Assistance Center focused on improving special education and transition services for students with disabilities.
Jennifer Sullivan-Sulewski is a Research Associate at the Institute for Community Inclusion, University of Massachusetts Boston. She has conducted or managed numerous research and evaluation projects, primarily related to day and employment services and supports for people with disabilities. She received her Ph.D. in Social Policy from Brandeis University in 2006.
Together they co-chair the Disabilities and Other Vulnerable Populations Topical Interest Group for the American Evaluation Association. Through this role, they co-produced the Universal Design for Evaluation model and the Universal Design for Evaluation checklist. This seminal model is fostering a paradigm to build capacity to include all individuals during the planning, implementation, analysis, and dissemination of evaluation.
Universal Design for Evaluation: Designing Evaluations to Include People with...Washington Evaluators
Washington Evaluators Brown Bag
by June Gothberg and Jennifer Sullivan-Sulewski
January 31, 2012
Evaluators are often tasked with insuring representative samples in their work. Many populations have been tagged as hard-to-reach and therefore make this task difficult in many evaluation efforts. People with disabilities and members of other vulnerable populations such as people who are homeless, chronically ill, economically disadvantaged, low literate, English language learners, elderly, and prisoners are frequently involved in or affected by evaluation efforts, regardless of the specific topic of the evaluation. Designing evaluations to include people with disabilities and other vulnerable populations is thus an essential skill for ensuring that these populations are fairly represented and included in the evaluation process. In the last two years, awareness has increased among evaluators at-large as to the importance of designing evaluation and data collection tools to include all people. Due to this, Universal Design has taken a forefront position. Out of this demand for assistance to increase capacity in this area, the idea for a Universal Design for Evaluation (UDE) checklist emerged. This session will introduce the seven principles of universal design, the UDE checklist, and their application to evaluation. Participants will add to their knowledge and skills to increase involvement for people with disabilities and other vulnerable populations in evaluation. The session will end with a discussion of next steps to increase partnerships between agencies, evaluators, and the American Evaluation Association.
June Gothberg is a researcher at Western Michigan University’s Connecting Careers Research Center where she is project technical assistance coordinator for the National Secondary Transition Technical Assistance Center focused on improving special education and transition services for students with disabilities.
Jennifer Sullivan-Sulewski is a Research Associate at the Institute for Community Inclusion, University of Massachusetts Boston. She has conducted or managed numerous research and evaluation projects, primarily related to day and employment services and supports for people with disabilities. She received her Ph.D. in Social Policy from Brandeis University in 2006.
Together they co-chair the Disabilities and Other Vulnerable Populations Topical Interest Group for the American Evaluation Association. Through this role, they co-produced the Universal Design for Evaluation model and the Universal Design for Evaluation checklist. This seminal model is fostering a paradigm to build capacity to include all individuals during the planning, implementation, analysis, and dissemination of evaluation.
Presentation by human rights activist Myra Kovary on the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Presented on Nov. 11, 2009 for the US Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry.
Peter Crampton on public health in New Zealandmhjbnz
Prof Peter Crampton (Dean and Head of Campus, University of Otago Wellington)
specialist in public health medicine, argues that public health is a social, political, economic and justice issue, not a medical one. After charting the course of change to our health system since the 30’s, he urges every citizen to articulate in all their relationships (personal, professional, civil), their commitment to public health as a right of citizenship. He also agues that the goal of the public health system is to reduce inequalities and produce just outcomes for all New Zealanders.
http://dosomething.org.nz
Lessons from Our History - Disability and the HolocaustCitizen Network
Building on my latest book The Unmaking of Man, this talk was the opening keynote presentation for the 2013 new Zealand Disability Support Network Conference in Wellington. Although there is some awareness that disabled people suffered during the Holocaust too few know how central were disabled people to the horror of the Holocaust. Nor are we sufficiently aware that many of the forces that preceded the Holocaust are still very real today. We need to think deeper about how to protect each other in all our diversity.
Dr David Beaumont
Chair of Policy and Advocacy, Australian Faculty of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
(Invited, Wednesday 26, Ilott Room, 8.40)
Austin Journal of Drug Abuse and Addiction is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles in all areas of drug abuse and addiction treatment.
The renowned team of guest editors ensures a balanced, expert assessment of the articles published, with an aim to provide a forum for physicians, researchers and other healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in the areas of addiction treatment.
How the learning space can become an inclusive learning space – Lessons from ...Karel Van Isacker
How the learning space can become an inclusive learning space – Lessons from Europe... USA and Latin America
Presented at CAVA2018, 21-24 August 2018 in Medellin, Colombia.
Dive headfirst into a world where being different is celebrated. Everybody is welcome here because we want everyone to feel the liberation that comes from living in a Barrier Free Environment. There are boundless opportunities and connections waiting for you at every turn when equality and accessibility are in place.
Presentation by human rights activist Myra Kovary on the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Presented on Nov. 11, 2009 for the US Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry.
Peter Crampton on public health in New Zealandmhjbnz
Prof Peter Crampton (Dean and Head of Campus, University of Otago Wellington)
specialist in public health medicine, argues that public health is a social, political, economic and justice issue, not a medical one. After charting the course of change to our health system since the 30’s, he urges every citizen to articulate in all their relationships (personal, professional, civil), their commitment to public health as a right of citizenship. He also agues that the goal of the public health system is to reduce inequalities and produce just outcomes for all New Zealanders.
http://dosomething.org.nz
Lessons from Our History - Disability and the HolocaustCitizen Network
Building on my latest book The Unmaking of Man, this talk was the opening keynote presentation for the 2013 new Zealand Disability Support Network Conference in Wellington. Although there is some awareness that disabled people suffered during the Holocaust too few know how central were disabled people to the horror of the Holocaust. Nor are we sufficiently aware that many of the forces that preceded the Holocaust are still very real today. We need to think deeper about how to protect each other in all our diversity.
Dr David Beaumont
Chair of Policy and Advocacy, Australian Faculty of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
(Invited, Wednesday 26, Ilott Room, 8.40)
Austin Journal of Drug Abuse and Addiction is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles in all areas of drug abuse and addiction treatment.
The renowned team of guest editors ensures a balanced, expert assessment of the articles published, with an aim to provide a forum for physicians, researchers and other healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in the areas of addiction treatment.
How the learning space can become an inclusive learning space – Lessons from ...Karel Van Isacker
How the learning space can become an inclusive learning space – Lessons from Europe... USA and Latin America
Presented at CAVA2018, 21-24 August 2018 in Medellin, Colombia.
Dive headfirst into a world where being different is celebrated. Everybody is welcome here because we want everyone to feel the liberation that comes from living in a Barrier Free Environment. There are boundless opportunities and connections waiting for you at every turn when equality and accessibility are in place.
Barrier Free Environment | Accessibility For DisabledTheUnitedIndian
A Barrier-Free Environment ensures inclusivity by eliminating physical, architectural, and social barriers, ensuring access and participation for everyone regardless of ability, fostering equity and inclusiveness.
Step into a realm of infinite accessibility. Everyone has a seamless experience and is encouraged to be inclusive in our region. The Barrier Free Environment ensures that everyone can develop and take part completely by inviting exploration in every nook.
http://www.ccsprojects.com/– CCS Presentation Systems partner SMART Technologiesuses Smart Board Technology to improve student learning outcomes and streamline lesson planning with Smart Boards. CCS also teaches users (teachers, administration etc) how to use the smart board.
Stefano Del Furia - Inclusive Design - Codemotion Rome 2019Codemotion
An inclusive type of approach creates better solutions, because it aims to benefit all users, therefore also those who must cope with disabilities. Thinking in terms of accessibility throughout the entire process, enables the creation of solutions for mobile applications and websites that are actually evolved and not merely alternative. When designing for human diversity, we make possible a global kind of partecipation, with a higher impact on positivity exchange and emotional benefits than we would have when addressing just the disabilities.
A short presentation about how to think about accessibility as usability for more people. By thinking about how to create a "curb cut effect" (where features designed for disability end up helping many people) and asking different questions, we can make it easier for more people to vote.
Access to intellectual resources without barriers means to give everyone the opportunity to partecipate in every type of environment (phisycal and learning)
La cura parte dalla tua comunità
A global community working together to make open, collaborative health and social care solutions
opencare:
The project
The concept
The partners
What have we done so far?
http://opencare.cc/
Transforming LTransforming Lives: The Evolution and Impact of Assistive Techn...greendigital
Introduction
Assistive technology has emerged as a beacon of hope for individuals with disabilities. opening doors to a world of possibilities and opportunities. As technology advances, so does the range. and effectiveness of assistive tools designed to enhance the lives of those facing physical. cognitive, or sensory challenges. This comprehensive article explores assistive technology's evolution, current state, and future potential. shedding light on its transformative impact on individuals and society at large.
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1. Historical Overview of Assistive Technology
To appreciate the significance of modern assistive technology. it's essential to delve into its historical roots. The journey begins with rudimentary aids like eyeglasses and hearing aids. tracing the progression through the development of braille, typewriters. and the advent of electronic devices. In the 20th century, we saw a surge in innovation with the introduction of computers and communication devices. laying the foundation for today's sophisticated technologies.
2. Categories of Assistive Technology
Assistive technology encompasses a broad spectrum of devices. and solutions tailored to address specific needs across various disabilities. This section will explore critical categories, including:
1. Mobility Aids: Wheelchairs, walkers, and exoskeletons.
2. Communication Devices: Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) tools.
3. Vision Enhancement: Screen readers, magnifiers, and braille displays.
4. Hearing Help: Hearing aids, cochlear implants, and sound amplifiers.
5. Cognitive Support: Apps and devices aiding memory, attention, and organization.
3. The Role of Robotics in Assistive Technology
The integration of robotics has revolutionized the field of it. offering innovative solutions for mobility, rehabilitation, and everyday tasks. Examine the impact of robotic exoskeletons, robotic prosthetics. and robotic help in activities of daily living (ADLs). showcasing how these technologies empower individuals with disabilities.
4. Advancements in Artificial Intelligence for Assistive Technology
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has ushered in a new era of personalized and adaptive solutions. Explore how machine learning algorithms. and AI-driven applications enhance the functionality of assistive devices. providing real-time help and learning from user interactions to tailor experiences for individual needs.
5. Accessibility in the Digital Age
As our world becomes digital, the importance of accessible technology cannot overstated. This section will delve into the significance of web accessibility. the development of accessible software and apps. and the role of universal design in creating inclusive digital environments.
6. Success Stories: Realizing Potential Through Assistive Technology
Highlighting inspirational stories of individuals. who have overcome barriers with the help of it provides a human perspective on its impact. These success
Educational Media & Technology in 2013: What’s Next? NYC Media Lab
Professor Chris Hoadley is a faculty member at NYU Steinhardt and director of dolcelab, the Laboratory for Design Of Learning, Collaboration & Experience. Hear his predictions for the future of educational technology.
Crowdsourced Learning: the power of the synergy that is achieved through the billions of interactions among the millions of experts in the world, freely helping each other to learn from the best each other is.
Wellbeing in Galway City - Presentation for the GCCN teamChris Noone
A description of the work of Dr. Michael Hogan, Dr. Benjamin Broome and their facilitation team using collective intelligence to facilitate the development of a shared vision of wellbeing in Galway for the Galway City Community Network and planning strategic objectives based on this shared vision.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. Universal Access: Universal Success Curb cuts in sidewalks provide universal access by benefiting all of us. Similar concepts apply to technology as well, the original concept for computers (and the company IBM) was developed by a man with a learning disability.
3. Universal Access: Universal Success Once someone is a member of the OSU community, how do we ensure they have an equal opportunity to succeed? How can we reframe difference, by rethinking the topic of inclusion, and move towards a university environment that works for the widest possible audience?
4. Universal Access: Universal Success As OSU moves toward a greater level of access across campus, please engage with us in learning about the role of Equity & Inclusion, where we’re heading, what we can all do, and how we can construct environments that strive for access and success for everyone.
6. Introductions and Reason for Session Angelo Gomez – Interim Executive Director of Equity & Inclusion Jennifer Gossett – Disability Access Services Gabriel Merrell – Disability Access Services and Equity & Inclusion Rethinking disability and difference. A vision for an equitable and inclusive community. September 22, 2011 5 Universal Access: Universal Success
14. Video Clip Music Within – Set Up September 22, 2011 7 Universal Access: Universal Success
15. Video Clip What does this clip show? How we construct(ed) environments While the true story is from a few decades ago, times have changed, and progress has happened, but experiences like these are still relatable for a large portion of society September 22, 2011 8 Universal Access: Universal Success
16. Almost 55 million individuals in the U.S. have a disability (19%) Compared to the general pop: 6.4% (14.7 million) have a visual, hearing, or speech impairment 11.9% (27.4 million) have a mobility impairment 7% (16.1 million) have a cognitive and/or mental difficulty Brault, Matthew, Americans With Disabilities: 2005, Current Population Reports, P70-117, U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC, 2008. Defining Disability - Stats 9 Universal Access: Universal Success September 22, 2011 A little over 2 million college students have a disability (11%) Compared to all college students: 1% (194,000) have a visual, hearing, or speech impairment 1.6% (300,000) have a mobility impairment 5.4% (1,040,000) have a cognitive and/or mental difficulty U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Postsecondary Student Aid Study: 2008.
17. Total Self-Reported DAS Enrollment 10 Universal Access: Universal Success September 22, 2011
18. Ratio of DAS to OSU Enrollment 11 Universal Access: Universal Success *Enrollment numbers taken from OSU Factbook through 1998, then from Common Data Set **Prior to Fall Term 2000, headcount based on Fall End of Term Data September 22, 2011
19. Disability Access as a Civil Right Disability Rights Movement : 1960s-Present Some of the major gains in the movement through legislation: The Architectural Barriers Act (1968) The Rehabilitation Act (1973) Education for All Handicapped Children Act of (1975) Later renamed in 1990 to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)The Americans With Disabilities Act (1990)Standards & Regulations Updated Sept. 15, 2010Section 508 of the Rehab Act (1998)Revision currently in Final DraftAmericans with Disabilities Amendments Act (2008) DOJ ANPRM for Accessibility of Web Info & Services Comment period closed Jan. 2011 12 Universal Access: Universal Success September 22, 2011
20. Medical Model of Disability September 22, 2011 13 Universal Access: Universal Success
21. Social Model of Disability September 22, 2011 14 Universal Access: Universal Success
22. Video Clip EDF Commercial – Set Up September 22, 2011 15 Universal Access: Universal Success
23.
24. What would it be like to live in a society where environments were built for mainly one group
25. What would it be like if we constructed environments to work for the widest possible audience – to be more universally accessible?September 22, 2011 16 Universal Access: Universal Success
26. Construction of Difference Social Construction of Disability The idea that the framework of dominant norms and rules within society have subjectively defined what it means to be “disabled” September 22, 2011 17 Universal Access: Universal Success
27. Construction of Difference – Deficit Model September 22, 2011 18 Universal Access: Universal Success Similar to the medical model of disability, a deficit model of difference defines difference as the barrier to full and equal participation in society.
28. Curb Cuts Some items specifically designed for use by those with disabilities have unintentionally benefited all of us as a result curb cuts, auto doors, etc.) Electronic “Curb Cuts” Typewriters – Pellegrino Turri created for a friend who was blind Telephone – A.G. Bell created through his work to support children who were deaf Email – Vinton Cerf, hard of hearing since birth, is thought to have included email in ARPANet as a result of his creation of electronic texts as a way to talk with his wife – who was deaf. Benefits for All September 22, 2011 19 Universal Access: Universal Success
29. Benefits for All What would be the potential benefits of constructing an organization to work for the widest possible audience, thinking beyond those with disabilities, but for everyone (people from different countries, different cultures, races, genders, socioeconomic status, etc.)? What possibilities could we create? September 22, 2011 20 Universal Access: Universal Success
30. Defining Universal Access: Universal Success UA: Creating equal opportunity to join and participate US: Striving to enable success for everyone September 22, 2011 21 Universal Access: Universal Success
31. The conversations have already started within the environments specifically for those with disabilities IT Environment Focusing on Policy & Education Assessing current conditions Providing support for efforts Infrastructure & Facilities Redefining best practices Assessing current conditions Advocating for renovation Addressing future projects Completing projects Sidewalk and Path of Travel work Classroom Renovations Thinking about Difference, where else do we need to go? Efforts Underway September 22, 2011 22 Universal Access: Universal Success
32.
33. Inclusion - Working together to create an organization that enables success for everyone with whom we interface
34. Diversity - Recognizing that a diversity of people, perspectives, experiences, and thought is essential to a compelling research, scholarship, and learning environmentSeptember 22, 2011 23 Universal Access: Universal Success
35. Emerging Structure September 22, 2011 24 Universal Access: Universal Success Retention Representation Advancement All Identity Dimensions Resources Diversity Climate Inclusion Equity Products Community Environment Culture
37. Questions & Conversation Thank you for coming, we’ve planned for plenty of time for questions and conversation at the end. To further engage in conversation, please join the Office of Equity & Inclusion for a lunchtime forum on Tuesday, October 18, 2011 12:00pm-1:30pm: MU 206, Asian/Pacific-American Room September 22, 2011 26 Universal Access: Universal Success
Editor's Notes
Change and conversations are happening all over campus.We want to engage in conversation and share with the university the work that many people have been doing, what still needs to be done, and the efforts underway to increase the visibility of the needs of people with disabilities at OSU as well as the role of difference, equity and inclusion. We want to explain what all of this is about. About what kind of community we want to be.
Shows progressShows underrepresentation stillShows a growing need for how we best serve this population, and a growing need for how we address difference generally
Shows progressShows underrepresentation stillShows a growing need for how we best serve this population, and a growing need for how we address difference generally
To achieve our aspirations, this is a nice starting point, but we need to strive to go beyond – great benefits can be had by being all inclusive
Growing need to rethink how we serve the population. The old model is outmoded - individualistic
More consistent with present day, more sophisticated understanding, disability is in some regards something we create as a society. This gives a better view of reality.
Benefits of accessible environments play larger when thinking about benefits for the widest possible audience and benefits for difference
Increase learning and access for allAlready seen with captioning, speech to text, speech recognition, books on tape, scannersBenefits of accessible environments play larger when thinking about benefits for the widest possible audience and benefits for difference