Selective cesarean myomectomy can be performed safely in selected patients to remove fibroids, according to their location and size. It is recommended to only remove accessible subserosal, pedunculated, or lower uterine segment fibroids. Techniques like uterine artery ligation and high dose oxytocin help decrease blood loss. Studies have shown no increase in complications like hemorrhage, infection, or longer hospital stay when performed by an experienced surgeon in a well-equipped hospital with blood available. Myomectomy during C-section may eliminate the need for future surgery and allow for vaginal deliveries. However, it should not be performed routinely and careful patient selection is important.
Uterus Transplantation Utx (obstetric and gynecology) D.A.B.M
Is the surgical procedure whereby a healthy uterus is transplanted into an organism of which the uterus is absent or diseased.
As part of normal mammalian sexual reproduction, a diseased or absent uterus does not allow normal embryonic implantation, effectively rendering the female infertile.
This phenomenon is known as Absolute Uterine Factor Infertility (AUFI).
Uterine transplant is a potential treatment for this form of infertility.
Uterus is a dynamic, complex organ. It is hugely blood-flow dependent.
More than 116,000 Number of men, women and children on the national transplant waiting list as of August 2017.
33,611 transplants were performed in 2016.
20 people die each day waiting for a transplant.
every 10 minutes another person is added to the waiting list.
THIS WAS PRESENTED AT SAFOG MOGS "SMART CONFERENCE "IN MUMBAI
PREPARED WITH HELP OF DR SUCHITRA PANDIT,DR CN PURANDARE AND DR ALPESH GANDHI.....VIDEOS CAN BE SEEN AT U TUBE
interest in stem cells is raising in different field of medicine. The question is : is it successful in Gynecology or it is still too early to say that. The present talk may help to explore this .
Hysteroscopic procedures are getting refined and with the advent of miniature scopes , doing these procedures in he office is getting better and more comfortable.
Uterus Transplantation Utx (obstetric and gynecology) D.A.B.M
Is the surgical procedure whereby a healthy uterus is transplanted into an organism of which the uterus is absent or diseased.
As part of normal mammalian sexual reproduction, a diseased or absent uterus does not allow normal embryonic implantation, effectively rendering the female infertile.
This phenomenon is known as Absolute Uterine Factor Infertility (AUFI).
Uterine transplant is a potential treatment for this form of infertility.
Uterus is a dynamic, complex organ. It is hugely blood-flow dependent.
More than 116,000 Number of men, women and children on the national transplant waiting list as of August 2017.
33,611 transplants were performed in 2016.
20 people die each day waiting for a transplant.
every 10 minutes another person is added to the waiting list.
THIS WAS PRESENTED AT SAFOG MOGS "SMART CONFERENCE "IN MUMBAI
PREPARED WITH HELP OF DR SUCHITRA PANDIT,DR CN PURANDARE AND DR ALPESH GANDHI.....VIDEOS CAN BE SEEN AT U TUBE
interest in stem cells is raising in different field of medicine. The question is : is it successful in Gynecology or it is still too early to say that. The present talk may help to explore this .
Hysteroscopic procedures are getting refined and with the advent of miniature scopes , doing these procedures in he office is getting better and more comfortable.
Embryo implantation in the region of a previous caesarean section scar is a rare but potentially catastrophic complication of a previous cesarean birth.
Invited Lecture delivered by Dr Sujoy Dasgupta in a CME, sponsored by Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd in the Convocation Ceremony of Interns at Sagor Dutta Medical College
LSCS is the most common obstetric procedure but it can be very difficult to manage in cases of previous LSCS, low lying placenta, and PPH. please check out the youtube links to the videos embedded in this PPT.
ADHESIOLYSIS DURING LSCS https://youtu.be/2Hv80v3yu20
BLADDER DISSECTION https://youtu.be/6qsaTJ1yRUY
RECTUS SHEATH ADHESIOLYSIS https://youtu.be/SryJHjuGsME
VECTIS IN FLOATING HEAD DURING LSCS https://youtu.be/3PECperU8Cw
BREECH DELIVERY https://youtu.be/i-LcmTNNVvU
TRANSVERSE LIE WITH IUFD https://youtu.be/hG28uqpkdpU
CONJOINT TWINS https://youtu.be/KLR7D6wkf38
LSCS IN PLACENTA PREVIA https://youtu.be/dNKQwt4KhVY
SYSTEMATIC PELVIC DEVASCULARISATION https://youtu.be/UwSH6V6GBVw
Hysterectomy vs levonorgestrel inter-uterine device
Hysterectomy was the most cost-effective treatment
Progesterone receptor modulators for the treatment of uterine fibroids
Progesterone receptor modulators (ulipristal acetate or mifepristone) were also identified as a potential new treatment by members of the Guideline Development group (GDG)
Pre-surgical medical treatment of uterine fibroids (progesterone receptor modulaters and gonadotrophin releasing hormone analogues)
The new evidence may favour ulipristal acetate over gonadotrophin releasing hormone analogue for some, but not all outcomes as a pre-treatment for uterine fibroids before myomectomy
Embryo implantation in the region of a previous caesarean section scar is a rare but potentially catastrophic complication of a previous cesarean birth.
Invited Lecture delivered by Dr Sujoy Dasgupta in a CME, sponsored by Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd in the Convocation Ceremony of Interns at Sagor Dutta Medical College
LSCS is the most common obstetric procedure but it can be very difficult to manage in cases of previous LSCS, low lying placenta, and PPH. please check out the youtube links to the videos embedded in this PPT.
ADHESIOLYSIS DURING LSCS https://youtu.be/2Hv80v3yu20
BLADDER DISSECTION https://youtu.be/6qsaTJ1yRUY
RECTUS SHEATH ADHESIOLYSIS https://youtu.be/SryJHjuGsME
VECTIS IN FLOATING HEAD DURING LSCS https://youtu.be/3PECperU8Cw
BREECH DELIVERY https://youtu.be/i-LcmTNNVvU
TRANSVERSE LIE WITH IUFD https://youtu.be/hG28uqpkdpU
CONJOINT TWINS https://youtu.be/KLR7D6wkf38
LSCS IN PLACENTA PREVIA https://youtu.be/dNKQwt4KhVY
SYSTEMATIC PELVIC DEVASCULARISATION https://youtu.be/UwSH6V6GBVw
Hysterectomy vs levonorgestrel inter-uterine device
Hysterectomy was the most cost-effective treatment
Progesterone receptor modulators for the treatment of uterine fibroids
Progesterone receptor modulators (ulipristal acetate or mifepristone) were also identified as a potential new treatment by members of the Guideline Development group (GDG)
Pre-surgical medical treatment of uterine fibroids (progesterone receptor modulaters and gonadotrophin releasing hormone analogues)
The new evidence may favour ulipristal acetate over gonadotrophin releasing hormone analogue for some, but not all outcomes as a pre-treatment for uterine fibroids before myomectomy
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
2. Uterine leiomyomata = benign smooth muscle
tumors of the uterus
• Described based on location in the
uterus:
– Intramural: develop from within
uterine wall, do not distort uterine
cavity, <50% protruding into serosal
surface
– Submucosal: develop from
myometrial cells just below
endometrium, often protrude into and
distort uterine cavity
– Subserosal: originate from serosal
surface of uterus, >50% protrudes out
of serosal surface
– Cervical: located in the cervix, rather
than uterine corpus
3. PREVALENCE
• The prevalence of uterine fibroids in
pregnancy varies between 1.6 and 10.7
percent depending upon the trimester of
assessment and the size threshold
4. Uterine myomas are observed in
pregnancy more frequently now
than in the past
Because many women are delaying
child bearing till their late thirties,
which is the time for greatest risk
of myoma growth.
Also the use of ultrasonography has
improved the diagnostic capability
of detecting small myomas and
has increased our knowledge of
myomas in pregnancy.
5. CHANGE IN SIZE DURING
PREGNANCY
• The growth of fibroids during pregnancy using ultrasonography
have refuted the commonly held belief that fibroids increase in
size throughout gestation
• Indeed, the majority of uterine fibroids (49 to 60 percent) have
negligible (defined as <10 percent) change in volume across
gestation,
• while 22 to 32 percent increase in growth, and
• 8 to 27 percent decrease in size
• In those fibroids that do increase in size, most of the growth
occurs in the first trimester, with little if any further increase in
size during the second and third trimesters
• Larger fibroids (>5 cm in diameter) are more likely to grow,
whereas smaller fibroids are more likely to remain stable in size
• The mean increase in fibroid volume during pregnancy is 12
percent, and very few fibroids increase by more than 25 percent
6. Time Of Diagnosis
• = Simultaneous surgical removal of a previously
diagnosed myoma during cesarean section
• = Simultaneous surgical removal of a accidentally
diagnosed myoma during cesarean section
-Unavoidable caesarean myomectomy with a huge
uterine fibroid located in the lower segment
- Avoidable caesarean myomectomy
7. Indications For Myomectomy At
Cesarean Section
7 Opinions()
• 1 -Leave it
• 2 -Leave it with UAL
• 3 - Remove pedunculated fibroids only
• 4 - Remove pedunculated , anterior subserous
or lower uterine segment fibroids
• 5 - Remove all anterior uterine fibroids
• 6 - Remove all fibroids
• 7 - Selective removal of fibroids
8. Leave It
• Caesarean myomectomy was practically
absent from the obstetric literature until
the last decade.
• Myomectomy during cesarean section is
strongly discouraged in all the leading
textbooks despite the lack of any direct
evidence supporting the approach
• This was due to the high risk of
haemorrhage associated with this
procedure and difficulty in securing
hemostasis and the need for blood
transfusion or hysterectomy and
increased post operative morbidity
• Leaving them is not entirely without
complications
9. leave It With UAL
• Uterine artery ligation appears to be a promising method
for treating pregnant women with uterine leiomyomas,
who are undergoing cesarean section,
• Because it is able to reduce postpartum blood loss and
minimize the necessity of future surgery.
• Fertility is apparently not compromised by this
treatment, which offers obstetricians with another choice
between observation and myomectomy for pregnant
women with leiomyomas who are undergoing cesarean
section
10. Remove Pedunculated Fibroids Only
• Some authors are of the opinion that small
pedunculated uterine fibroids should be
routinely removed
• Suturing and excision of the pedicle may be
done easily
11. Remove Pedunculated , Anterior Subserous
OR Lower Uterine Segment Fibroids
Caesarean myomectomy when done is usually for
pedunculated fibroids, anterior subserous fibroids
and most especially fibroids in the lower uterine
segment;
Myomectomy in both instances allowed delivery
of the fetus through the lower segment, making
vaginal delivery in subsequent pregnancies
possible.
12. Remove All Anterior Uterine Fibroids
• Some authors are of the opinion that all
anterior uterine fibroids should be routinely
removed
13. Removal Of All Fibroids
• Some authors are of the opinion that all
uterine fibroids should be routinely
removed
• As they believe myomectomy during
caesarean delivery does not increase the
risk of hemorrhage, post operative fever or
prolong hospital stay
14. Selective Removal Of Fibroids
Myomectomy during caesarean delivery can be safely
effective procedure in safe hands. The main principles of myomectomy
during pregnancy are;
1. It should be done by an experience person.
2. It should be done in in a well equipped tertiary institution
3. With the advent of better anesthesia and availability of blood
4. It should be done with full consent of the patient.
5. It should be done in selected patients according to site and size of myoma
6. It should be done with techniques that decrease blood loss( UAL ,UAE ,
High Oxytocin )
7 - It is however important that baby must be delivered prior to attempting
myomectomy
Selection of patients for caesarean myomectomy reduces blood loss, anaemia
and other complications.
15. How?
• After completion of the CS,
• An interlocked suture was temporarily placed on
the uterine incision without closing it. This
allowed working from within or from the outer
part of the uterus without having any significant
bleeding from the incision.
• Myomectomy was performed using sharp
dissection.
• Oxytocin drip was given during and after the
enucleating the fibroid..
16. • Enucleation of the fibroid is technically easier in the
gravid uterus owing to the greater ‘looseness’ of the
capsule
• Retraction of the uterine muscle enhanced by
syntocinon will help arrest haemorrhage
• Also a uterus in the immediate postpartum phase is
better adapted physiologically to control hemorrhage
than in any other stage in a women’s life
17. • A three-layer closure of the
incision is advocated in view of a
larger surface area for closure.
• After the first continuous locking
suture to obliterate the
endometrial surface,
• A number of interrupted sutures
were employed in both cases to
obliterate the dead space.
• The surface stitch was carried
out continuously with an
atraumatic needle
18. To Minimizing Blood loss
• Tourniquet
• UAL
• Electrocautery
• High dose Oxytocin
19. Tourniquet
• It decreases intra-operative blood loss in
cesarean myomectomy cases,
• But Tourniquet method is not effective in
the post-operative period since the
tourniquet is taken out at the end of the
operation.
20. Bilateral Ascending Uterine Artery
Ligation
• It decreases intra-operative blood loss in cesarean
myomectomy cases,
• And continues in decreasing blood loss in the post-
operative period owing to its permanence quality.
21. Electrocautery
• Avoid the extensive use of electrocautery
with unipolar electrocoagulation
• Because it is associated with an increased
risk of uterine dehiscence and rupture in
next pregnancy
22. High dose Oxytocin
• A high dose oxytocin infusion to contract
the uterus
• Start infusion at rate of 20 mU/min
achieved (maximum rate )
• Intra-operatively after delivery of the baby
and post-operatively continued for 12-24
hours thereafter
23. Time Of Removal Of Fibroids
-Myomectomy was done after delivering the baby.
This was followed by suturing with adequate
hemostasis
-Large myoma situated over lower segment
needing myomectomy before and for delivery of
the fetus during LSCS
24. • Sufficient grouped and matched blood must
be made available
• With prophylactic broad spectrum
antibiotics to combat infection and
• Analgesics were given in the postoperative
period
25. The Recurrence Of Uterine Fibroids
After a myomectomy is not an uncommon finding.
With the growing evidence in support of the safety of
myomectomy at caesarean section, more cases are being
reported.
Although there is no documented recurrence rate of uterine
fibroids after myomectomy at caesarean section,
It is likely to be higher than after myomectomy in the non-
pregnant state..
26. Future Of Fertility
• The future fertility and or subsequent
pregnancy outcome was unaffected by
caesarean myomectomy
(Evidence level III)
27. Studies
Several authors have published their results on myomectomy
during the course of pregnancy when conservative treatment
fails to relieve the woman of her symptoms.
Michalas et al reported 18 cases of myomectomy during pregnancy 16 of
whom delivered uneventfully at term.
Burton et al and Exacoustos and Rosati have reported similar results with a
good perinatal outcome but an increased preterm delivery rate. As far as
myomectomy at the time of cesarean is concerned, some authors have
cautioned against elective myomectomy at that time, because of reported high
morbidity especially hemorrhage.
Burton et al have reported that myomectomy at cesarean section may be safe in
carefully selected patients. In 13 cesarean myomectomies reported
by them only one was complicated by intraoperative hemorrhage.
On the other hand
Exacoustos and Rosati reported nine similar cases of whom three had severe
hemorrhage needing hysterectomy. obstructing the lower part of the uterus were
removed during cesarean section without any complication
28. .
Ehigieba et al reported 25 cases of cesarean myomectomy in 12 women
without any complications. They reported that anemia was the most common
form of morbidity.
Kwawukume reported cesarean myomectomy in 12 women, without any
complications. Their mean operative time was 62.08 minutes, which is similar
to that found in our study.
Roman and Tabsh in a retrospective study involving 111 women with
myomectomy at cesarean section and 257 women undergoing cesarean
section alone noted no significant difference in incidence of intraoperative
hemorrhage, post partum fever, operative time, and length of hospital stay
Omar et al report two cases wherein myomectomy had to be done to facilitate the
delivery of the baby during cesarean section with uneventful intraoperative
and postoperative period.
Bmrton et al also shows that cesarean myomectomy is not as dangerous as
generations of obstetricians have been trained to believe. Enucleation of the
fibroid is technically easier in gravid uterus owing to greater looseness of the
capsule Retraction of uterine muscles is enhanced by oxytocic agents to help
arrest the hemorrhage.
29. These studies indicate that in selected patients and in experienced hands
myomectomy during caesarean delivery can be safe procedure.
But in which patients? Clearly large fundal fibroids intuitively should be avoided.
Although no statistically significant difference was found
between the patients who under went intramural myomectomy or myomectomy of
fibroid > .6cm in size and the control group, this lack of difference may be
attributed to a small sample size and therefore insufficient power to detect such a
difference. Thus intramural myomectomy should be performed with
caution. But in setting of symptomatic patient with an
accessible subserosal fibroid and pedunculated fibroid or the patients with fibroid
obstructing lower uterine segment the study carried out in USA indicated that
this procedure can be safely carried out, several recent
studies have described techniques which minimize blood loss at caesarean
myomectomy, including uterine toniquet, bilateral uterine artery ligation, and
electrocautery.
There was also no increase in incidence of post operative fever, duration of
hospital stay. No patient required hysterectomy.
30. My Opinion
• The old dictum discouraging cesarean myomectomy should be reassessed.
• Selective cesarean myomectomy can be a safe, effective procedure = in
experienced hands = in a well equipped tertiary institution =With the advent
of better anesthesia = with availability of blood = in selected patients
according to site and size of myoma = with techniques that decrease blood
loss( UAL ,UAE , High Oxytocin ) = Meticulous attention to hemostasis
(enucleation using sharp dissection with scissors and adequate approximation
of the myometrium and all dead spaces to prevent hematoma formation )
• To eliminated the need for repeat laparotomy and its risk
• To allow normal vaginal delivery
• Myomectomy during CS can be performed in selected cases, but non
selected patients had significant complications like postoperative ileus and
postoperative atonic bleeding as blood transfusion greater than three packed
red blood cells and two days longer than average hospitalization