- The Triple-P procedure is a three step conservative treatment to prevent significant hemorrhage and peripartum hysterectomy involving obstetricians, anesthetists and interventional radiologists.
- A sequence of conservative measures should be attempted before resorting to hysterectomy to control uterine hemorrhage. If one measure does not succeed, the next should be swiftly instituted.
- Indecisiveness in treating hemorrhage can lead to potentially fatal excessive bleeding, while delay also increases blood loss and risks from complications like coagulopathy. Timing of hysterectomy is critical to outcome - it should be neither too early nor too late.
HOW TO DO A CESAREAN SECTION, EVIDENCE BASED by DR DELEKemi Dele-Ijagbulu
Introduction and Epidemiology, Indications and Classifications of Cesarean Section, Preoperative, Intra-operative and Postoperative Management, Complications, Concerns about Cesarean Sections, New Evidences on How To Perform a Caesarean Section, and Recommendations
HOW TO DO A CESAREAN SECTION, EVIDENCE BASED by DR DELEKemi Dele-Ijagbulu
Introduction and Epidemiology, Indications and Classifications of Cesarean Section, Preoperative, Intra-operative and Postoperative Management, Complications, Concerns about Cesarean Sections, New Evidences on How To Perform a Caesarean Section, and Recommendations
Uterine Rupture
Deepa Mishra
Assistant Professor (OBG)
Introduction
Uterine rupture is when the muscular wall of the uterus tears during pregnancy or childbirth
Symptoms while classically including increased pain, vaginal bleeding, or a change in contractions are not always present.
Disability or death of the mother or baby may result.
Definition
Uterine rupture is giving way of gravid uterus or dissolution in the continuity of uterine wall anytime after 28 weeks of gestation with or without expulsion of the fetus.
Incidence
Rates of uterine rupture during vaginal birth following one previous C-section, done by the typical technique, are estimated at 0.9%
Rates are greater among those who have had multiple prior C-sections or an atypical type of C-section.
In those who do have uterine scarring, the risk during a vaginal birth is about 1 per 12,000
Risk of death of the baby is about 6%
Etiology
Risk Factors
Previous cesarean section
Myomectomy
Dysfunctional labor
Labor augmentation by oxytocin or prostaglandins
High parity
First pregnancy- very rare
Types of uterine rupture
Complete Rupture
All the layers including peritoneum are torn and the uterine contents escape into the peritoneal cavity.
Usually results in death
Incomplete Rupture
Visceral peritoneum is intact and usually the fetus remains in the uterine cavity
Sign & Symptoms
Uterine dehiscence and abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding
Deterioration of fetal heart rate
Loss of fetal station on manual vaginal exam
Hypovolemic shock due to intrabdominal bleeding
Chest pain between the scapulae, pain during inspiration due to irritation of blood below the perineum
Cessation of uterine contractions
Palpation of fetus outside the uterus
Signs of abdominal pregnancy
Post term pregnancy
Diagnosis
Signs of obstructed labor with dehydration, exhaustion, tachycardia raised temperature tonic contraction , pathological retraction ring
Absent fetal heart sound
On PV hot, dry vagina with a large caput over the presenting part
Prevention
Early diagnosis and management of CPD mal presentation and obstructed labor
Proper selection of cases for vaginal delivery
Carefull monitoring of oxytocin infusion specially in multipara
Avoid intra uterine manipulation no version in single fetus
Instrumental delivery after cervical dilatation
Immediate CS in obstructed labor
Hospital delivery for high risk cases
ECV should be avoided during general anaesthesia
Careful manual removal of placenta
Treatment
Resuscitation with adequate hydration and blood transfusion
Laprotomy
Hysterectomy
Repair
Complication
Rupture uterus with haemorrhage, shock and sepsis
Fetal loss is high in spontaneous and traumatic rupture
Mortality is low in LSCS scar rupture
Uterine Rupture
Deepa Mishra
Assistant Professor (OBG)
Introduction
Uterine rupture is when the muscular wall of the uterus tears during pregnancy or childbirth
Symptoms while classically including increased pain, vaginal bleeding, or a change in contractions are not always present.
Disability or death of the mother or baby may result.
Definition
Uterine rupture is giving way of gravid uterus or dissolution in the continuity of uterine wall anytime after 28 weeks of gestation with or without expulsion of the fetus.
Incidence
Rates of uterine rupture during vaginal birth following one previous C-section, done by the typical technique, are estimated at 0.9%
Rates are greater among those who have had multiple prior C-sections or an atypical type of C-section.
In those who do have uterine scarring, the risk during a vaginal birth is about 1 per 12,000
Risk of death of the baby is about 6%
Etiology
Risk Factors
Previous cesarean section
Myomectomy
Dysfunctional labor
Labor augmentation by oxytocin or prostaglandins
High parity
First pregnancy- very rare
Types of uterine rupture
Complete Rupture
All the layers including peritoneum are torn and the uterine contents escape into the peritoneal cavity.
Usually results in death
Incomplete Rupture
Visceral peritoneum is intact and usually the fetus remains in the uterine cavity
Sign & Symptoms
Uterine dehiscence and abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding
Deterioration of fetal heart rate
Loss of fetal station on manual vaginal exam
Hypovolemic shock due to intrabdominal bleeding
Chest pain between the scapulae, pain during inspiration due to irritation of blood below the perineum
Cessation of uterine contractions
Palpation of fetus outside the uterus
Signs of abdominal pregnancy
Post term pregnancy
Diagnosis
Signs of obstructed labor with dehydration, exhaustion, tachycardia raised temperature tonic contraction , pathological retraction ring
Absent fetal heart sound
On PV hot, dry vagina with a large caput over the presenting part
Prevention
Early diagnosis and management of CPD mal presentation and obstructed labor
Proper selection of cases for vaginal delivery
Carefull monitoring of oxytocin infusion specially in multipara
Avoid intra uterine manipulation no version in single fetus
Instrumental delivery after cervical dilatation
Immediate CS in obstructed labor
Hospital delivery for high risk cases
ECV should be avoided during general anaesthesia
Careful manual removal of placenta
Treatment
Resuscitation with adequate hydration and blood transfusion
Laprotomy
Hysterectomy
Repair
Complication
Rupture uterus with haemorrhage, shock and sepsis
Fetal loss is high in spontaneous and traumatic rupture
Mortality is low in LSCS scar rupture
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
3. Definition
Any woman giving birth and undergoing a hysterectomy in the
same clinical episode or within six weeks postpartum when the
indication for hysterectomy is related to the birth
4. History
• Peripartum hysterectomy was proposed in 1768 by
Joseph Cavallini in animal experiments.
• The first documented caesarean hysterectomy was
performed by Horatio Storer in 1869.
• In 1876, Eduardo Porro performed the first
caesarean hysterectomy in which both the mother
and baby survived.
12. UTERINERUPTURE
• One of the most common indication in developing
countries
• Causes : unattended deliveries
: grand multipara
: obstructed labor
: rupture of previous cesarean
13. ABNORMAL PLACENTATION
mmon indication
e due to increased rate of C-Sections
e placenta accreta, inc eta or percreta
• Most co
• Incidenc
Could b
• With two or more prior cesarean deliveries and an existing
placenta previa, the risk for cesarean hysterectomy ranges
from 30 to 50 percent
Prev CS percentage
1 3
2 11
3 40
4 61
5 or more r67
14. The Triple-P procedure
• Perioperative location of the placenta and delivery of
the fetus by an incision above the upper border of
the placenta.
• Pelvic devascularisation by inflating radio logically
pre-placed occlusion balloons in both internal iliac
arteries.
• Placental non-separation with myometrial excision
and reconstruction of the uterine wall.
European society of radiology
15. UTERINE ATONY
• Atonic postpartum hemorrhage is a constant
bugbear of the obstetricians
• Failure of the sequence of all conservative
measures
• There is a relationship between the blood
loss and duration of time that passes prior to
decision for hysterectomy and the possibility
of the hysterectomy getting complicated
16. UTERINE ATONY
• incidence reduced due to the liberal use of
pharmacologic treatment
• Fetal macrosomia, twins, induction, prolonged labor
and augmentation, pre-eclampsia : risk factors for
atony
18. • A sequence of conservative measures should be
attempted before resorting to more radical surgical
procedure
• Indecisiveness delays therapy and results in fatal
hemorrhage
• Increased duration of time increases the likelihood
that the hysterectomy will be seriously complicated
by coagulopathy, severe hypovolemia, tissue
hypoxia, hypothermia and acidosis, which further
compromise the patient’s status
19. • ACOG recommends that if hysterectomy is
performed for uterine atony, there should be
documentation of first attempting other therapies .
• In most cases of suspected placenta accreta,
however, hysterectomy should be the primary
management, especially when the woman does not
desire future fertility.
21. PREPLANNING
• Proper consent and explain the possibility in high risk patients
• Adequate blood arrangement
• Prophylactic antibiotics
• Arrange for general anesthesia
• Multidisciplinary team consisting of obstetricians, obstetric
anesthesiologists, urologists, vascular surgeons, and interventional
radiologists.
• Appropriate instrumentation should be available.
23. care bundle
• consultant obstetrician planned and directly supervising
delivery
• consultant anesthetist planned and directly supervising
anesthetic at delivery
• blood and blood products available
• multidisciplinary involvement in pre-op planning
• discussion and consent includes possible interventions
(such as hysterectomy, leaving the placenta in place, cell
salvage and intervention radiology)
• local availability of a critical care bed.
24. TAKE HELP
• Urologist – in cases of placenta percreta involving
posterior bladder wall - partial cystectomy may be
required
• Interventional radiology – in cases of suspected
accreta. Preop placement of hypogastric artery
balloons bilaterally to decrease the blood loss,
avoiding the need for embolisation
25. POINTS TO CONSIDER….
• The normal pelvic anatomy might be distorted
• Vascular pedicles are thicker and more oedematous
than in the non-pregnant state
• The vascular pedicles should be doubly clamped
to avoid slippage of ligatures.
• Small pedicles should be secured and knots tied when
they are in the correct anatomical plane, without
torsion or twisting of the pedicle
26. • Bladder might be adherent to the lower segment,
especially in previous cesarean section
• Presence of uterine tears or extensions of the uterine
angles might increase the risks of ureteric injuries,
during placement of sutures.
• Unintended oophorectomy due to shortening of
ovarian pedicles.
27. Cont.…
• There may be a difficulty in identifying the cervix,
especially if hysterectomy follows a caesarean
section done at full dilatation.
• The tissues might be very friable and this can pose
added difficulties
28. PROCEDURE
• Incision-midline vertical/ Pfannensteil
• Vertical midline is preferred in emergency situations and if hypogastric
artery ligation is anticipated
• Enter by the earliest method
• Delivery is best accomplished by a classical low vertical inscision, which
can be made hemostatic using towel clip or single running layer of suture.
29. Contd…
• Exposure is best obtained with cephalad traction on
the uterus, along with hand held retractors such as
Deaver, doyens’
• Steps are similar to abdominal hysterectomy with
some precautions
34. IF THE CERVIX IS FULLY
EFFACED
• Palpating the upper vagina, pinching to palpate the
cervix
• Hooking the finger between the cervical rim and the
vaginal wall through the caesarean incision
35.
36.
37. VAULT REPAIR
• Each of the lateral vaginal fornix is secured to the cardinal
and uterosacral ligaments
• Achieve hemostasis by running lock stitch of vicryl 1-0 placed
through the mucosa and the endopelvic fascia
• Some prefer to close the vagina using figure of eight chromic
catgut.
• Indwelling bladder drain and suction drain if required
40. STABLE PATIENTS
• Keep pedicles small and ensure that they are carefully
and doubly ligated
• Engorged and edematous tissues that exist following
delivery can cause vessels tied within large pedicles to
slip and retract
UNSTABLE PATIENTS
• Quick clamping and cutting until bleeding is
controlled/uterus is removed
• Pedicles are tied off after ensuring hemostasis
41. SUBTOTAL/TOTAL???
• Total hysterectomy is the operation of choice in cases of
central placenta praevia .
• Subtotal hysterectomy
- unstable patient
- when removal of cervix is not essential for hemostasis
- bleeding is due to uterine atony
42. Advantages of Sub-total Hysterectomy
• Less operation time
• Reduced hospitalization
• Reduced risk of bladder and ureteral injury
Disadvantages
• Potential risk of malignancy in the cervical stump
• Need for regular cytology
• Bleeding or discharge associated with the residual cervical
stump.
43. POST OPERATIVE
• Record the indication for the surgery
• Have a discussion with the patient when she recovers,
especially in primiparous woman
• Tackle postnatal symptoms that require counseling
• Bladder drainage for 7-10 days in case of bladder injury
45. Incidental Bladder Injury
Gush of clear fluid in the operating field,
Repair at primary surgery preferred, lowers risk of postop
vesicovaginal fistula.
After confirmation of ureteral patency, bladder closure done by 2
or 3 layered running closure
Continuous bladder drainage in post-op period
46. Oophorectomy
• Due to inadvertent clamping of ovarian ligament
• At times to stop bleeding from infundibulo-pelvic vessels
• 5% of peripartum hysterectomies, one adnexa was removed to
stop bleeding.
47. CHANGINGTRENDS….
• Increasing CS rate(risk of placenta accreta): becoming
commoner
• Hemorrhage/atony has decreased: due to increased
success of treatment with uterotonic agents, PGs,
embolization, uterine catheters and surgical procedures
• Reduction in elective procedures
• Downward trend in the incidence of uterine rupture with
modern obstetrics and reduced parity
48. Role of UAE
• No randomized clinical trials to prove its efficacy
• In situations where stabilization can occur and an inter-
ventional radiology suite is nearby, UAE is an important
consideration before proceeding with peripartum
hysterectomy.
• UAE is a safe, minimally invasive procedure with a reported
success rate of more than 90% in the treatment of postpartum
hemorrhage.
49. To Summarize….
• A dilemma, where decision regarding emergency
hysterectomy, as a last resort to save the life of the mother, the
fetus being already lost and the mother still young, often a
primigravida or of low parity with no living child.
• Can be made rarer by -good antenatal care
- active management of labor
-early recognition of complications
-timely performance of c -section
52. • The Triple-P procedure is a three step conservative
treatment involving obstetricians, anesthetists and
interventional radiologists to prevent significant
hemorrhage and peri- partum hysterectomy. The three
steps are:
• Perioperative location of the placenta and delivery of the
fetus by an incision above the upper border of the
placenta.
• Pelvic devascularisation by inflating radio logically pre-
placed occlusion balloons in both internal iliac arteries.
• Placental non-separation with myometrial excision and
reconstruction of the uterine wall.
53. • A sequence of conservative measures to control uterine
hemorrhage should be attempted before resorting to more
radical surgical procedureIf an intervention does not
succeed, the next treatment in the sequence should be
swiftly instituted.
• Indecisiveness delays therapy and results in possibly fatal
excessive hemorrhage. Moreover, there is increased
blood loss with increased duration of time before
performance of hysterectomy. This, in turn, increases the
likelihood that the hysterectomy will be seriously
complicated by coagulopathy, severe hypovolemia, tissue
hypoxia, hypothermia, and acidosis, which further
compromise the patient's status. Timing is critical to an
optimal outcome: hysterectomy should not be performed
too early or too late.