segmentation
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
0 likes•100 views
The document discusses memory management techniques including paging and segmentation. Paging divides programs into fixed-size pages which are loaded into main memory frames on demand. Segmentation divides programs into logical segments that can grow independently. Virtual memory uses the hard disk to simulate additional RAM by paging segments between disk and main memory. The operating system manages virtual memory using policies for when pages are fetched from disk to memory and replaced in memory.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Sources of data
This document discusses static and dynamic data structures. Static data structures have a fixed size that is determined at compile time, while dynamic data structures can grow and shrink as needed. Some key advantages of static data structures are that they are easy to program and check for overflow, while a disadvantage is that space may be wasted. Dynamic data structures make more efficient use of memory but are harder to program as their size must be tracked. Both types of data structures have their appropriate uses depending on whether the amount of data is known or variable.
Spatial Database
The document summarizes a seminar on spatial databases. It defines spatial data as data that identifies geographic locations and features on Earth. It then defines a spatial database as a database optimized to store and query geometric objects like points, lines and polygons. It lists some key advantages of spatial databases like transactions, security and concurrent users. It also lists some disadvantages as being complex to design and requiring suitable hardware. It concludes that spatial databases are valuable for applications like military planning, insurance and healthcare by allowing storage, querying and sharing of spatial data.
Db4 th
A database schema defines the structure of a database, including the entities, their attributes, and the relationships between entities. It exists at both the logical level, defining constraints on the data, and physical level, determining how data is stored in files, indices, etc. Data independence refers to the ability to change the schema at one level without affecting the other levels. A three-level database architecture separates the external, conceptual, and internal levels to abstract schema details from users, define logical design, and handle physical storage, respectively.
database management system
This document discusses database management systems and the three-level architecture for databases. It describes each level as follows:
The external view defines how different users see the data based on their needs. The conceptual view provides a unified view of the data that hides physical storage details. The internal view describes how data is actually stored on disk in records and blocks. An example university database is provided to illustrate the different levels and schemas. The document also defines logical and physical data independence as the ability to change schemas at one level without affecting higher levels.
Spatial Database and Database Management System
This document discusses spatial databases and database management systems. It defines spatial data as data related to location, such as coordinates, and non-spatial data as descriptive attributes not defined by geometry alone, such as area or name. A spatial database is optimized to store and query spatial data using spatial indexes, queries, analysis and intelligence. A database management system allows users to define, construct and manipulate databases for applications through components like storage management and query processing. Different database models - hierarchical, network, relational and object-oriented - are described based on how data and relationships are represented.
Basic data structure and data operation
The document discusses remote sensing and GIS in civil engineering. It defines data and information, explaining that data becomes information when it is relevant, reliable, timely, complete, intelligible, consistent and easy to access. It also discusses how an information system transforms data into information through conversion, organization, structuring and modeling. Finally, it explains different methods of organizing geographic data, including vector and raster models, and different database models like relational, network and hierarchical.
Database Management Systems
This document discusses database management systems (DBMS). It begins by defining a database as a collection of interrelated data used to efficiently retrieve, insert, and delete data. It then outlines the three-level architecture of DBMS, including the internal, conceptual, and external levels. The internal level describes the physical storage structure. The conceptual level describes the overall database structure and relationships without internal details. The external level contains views of the database for different user groups.
Os unit 2
This document discusses memory management techniques in operating systems including paging, segmentation, and virtual memory. It defines key concepts such as logical versus physical addresses, page tables, frames, and how memory management units map between these spaces. Advantages and disadvantages of different algorithms like FIFO, LRU and clock are presented. The goals of memory management are to allow for more efficient use of limited memory and enable running multiple processes simultaneously.
Recommended
Sources of data
This document discusses static and dynamic data structures. Static data structures have a fixed size that is determined at compile time, while dynamic data structures can grow and shrink as needed. Some key advantages of static data structures are that they are easy to program and check for overflow, while a disadvantage is that space may be wasted. Dynamic data structures make more efficient use of memory but are harder to program as their size must be tracked. Both types of data structures have their appropriate uses depending on whether the amount of data is known or variable.
Spatial Database
The document summarizes a seminar on spatial databases. It defines spatial data as data that identifies geographic locations and features on Earth. It then defines a spatial database as a database optimized to store and query geometric objects like points, lines and polygons. It lists some key advantages of spatial databases like transactions, security and concurrent users. It also lists some disadvantages as being complex to design and requiring suitable hardware. It concludes that spatial databases are valuable for applications like military planning, insurance and healthcare by allowing storage, querying and sharing of spatial data.
Db4 th
A database schema defines the structure of a database, including the entities, their attributes, and the relationships between entities. It exists at both the logical level, defining constraints on the data, and physical level, determining how data is stored in files, indices, etc. Data independence refers to the ability to change the schema at one level without affecting the other levels. A three-level database architecture separates the external, conceptual, and internal levels to abstract schema details from users, define logical design, and handle physical storage, respectively.
database management system
This document discusses database management systems and the three-level architecture for databases. It describes each level as follows:
The external view defines how different users see the data based on their needs. The conceptual view provides a unified view of the data that hides physical storage details. The internal view describes how data is actually stored on disk in records and blocks. An example university database is provided to illustrate the different levels and schemas. The document also defines logical and physical data independence as the ability to change schemas at one level without affecting higher levels.
Spatial Database and Database Management System
This document discusses spatial databases and database management systems. It defines spatial data as data related to location, such as coordinates, and non-spatial data as descriptive attributes not defined by geometry alone, such as area or name. A spatial database is optimized to store and query spatial data using spatial indexes, queries, analysis and intelligence. A database management system allows users to define, construct and manipulate databases for applications through components like storage management and query processing. Different database models - hierarchical, network, relational and object-oriented - are described based on how data and relationships are represented.
Basic data structure and data operation
The document discusses remote sensing and GIS in civil engineering. It defines data and information, explaining that data becomes information when it is relevant, reliable, timely, complete, intelligible, consistent and easy to access. It also discusses how an information system transforms data into information through conversion, organization, structuring and modeling. Finally, it explains different methods of organizing geographic data, including vector and raster models, and different database models like relational, network and hierarchical.
Database Management Systems
This document discusses database management systems (DBMS). It begins by defining a database as a collection of interrelated data used to efficiently retrieve, insert, and delete data. It then outlines the three-level architecture of DBMS, including the internal, conceptual, and external levels. The internal level describes the physical storage structure. The conceptual level describes the overall database structure and relationships without internal details. The external level contains views of the database for different user groups.
Os unit 2
This document discusses memory management techniques in operating systems including paging, segmentation, and virtual memory. It defines key concepts such as logical versus physical addresses, page tables, frames, and how memory management units map between these spaces. Advantages and disadvantages of different algorithms like FIFO, LRU and clock are presented. The goals of memory management are to allow for more efficient use of limited memory and enable running multiple processes simultaneously.
Paging +Algorithem+Segmentation+memory management
The document discusses memory management techniques used in computer systems, including memory partitioning, paging, segmentation, and virtual memory. It provides details on:
1) How memory is divided between the operating system and currently running program.
2) The use of fixed and variable size partitions and their tradeoffs.
3) How paging divides programs and memory into pages to more efficiently allocate memory.
4) How segmentation further subdivides memory to simplify programming and enable access controls.
5) How virtual memory uses paging, disk storage, and demand paging to make programs appear larger than physical memory.
unit5_os (1).pptx
The document discusses various memory management techniques used in operating systems including swapping, paging, and segmentation. Swapping allows processes to be moved between main memory and disk to increase multiprogramming. Paging divides memory into fixed-size pages which are mapped to frames, allowing processes to be partially loaded from disk. Segmentation divides processes into variable-sized segments that can be non-contiguous in memory.
virtual memory.ppt
Virtual memory allows programs to access memory addresses that map to locations in secondary storage rather than physical RAM, enlarging the effective memory available to programs. When programs access virtual addresses, the memory management unit translates them to physical addresses. If the requested page is not in RAM, a page fault occurs and the operating system moves pages between RAM and secondary storage transparently. Segmentation divides memory into variable sized segments while paging uses fixed sized pages, but both aim to make memory allocation more flexible. Common paging replacement algorithms are FIFO, LRU, and LFU. Virtual memory provides benefits like running programs partially in memory and increasing parallelism.
NOV11 virtual memory.ppt
Virtual memory allows programs to access memory addresses that map to both physical RAM and secondary storage. It uses paging to divide memory into fixed pages that are swapped between RAM and storage as needed. This enables programs to have a larger address space than the available physical memory, improving performance by reducing I/O and allowing more programs to run simultaneously.
Paging-R.D.Sivakumar
Paging is a memory management technique that retrieves data from secondary storage in same-sized blocks called pages. It allows the physical address space of a process to be noncontiguous. When a program needs data from secondary storage, the operating system loads the required page into main memory. This summary provides a high-level overview of the key aspects and advantages of paging discussed in the document.
Paging-R.D.Sivakumar
Paging is a memory management technique that retrieves data from secondary storage in same-sized blocks called pages. It allows the physical address space of a process to be noncontiguous. When a program needs data from secondary storage, a page fault occurs and the operating system loads the required page into memory. Common page replacement algorithms are page stealing and pre-cleaning. Address translation architecture divides the address generated by the CPU into a page number and page offset.
An Efficient Virtual Memory using Graceful Code
Memory is hardware that is used by computer to load the operating system and run programs. It is buildup of RAM chip that has different memory modules. The amount of main memory in a computer is limited to the amount of RAM that has installed. Generally memory sizes are 256 MB, 512 MB, and 1 GB, because of computer has limited amount of RAM. When too many programs are simultaneously it is possible to run a program out of memory. This is the concept where virtual memory comes. Virtual memory enhance the available memory of a computer has by enlarging the address space or place in memory where data can be stored. Hard disk is used for additional memory allocation .However, since secondary storage is much slower than the RAM, program which is in Virtual Memory must be mapped back to virtual memory in order to be used. The process of mapping data and forth between the hard disc and RAM takes longer than accessing it directly from the memory. It means virtual memory is increased, the more it will slow your computer down. While virtual memory enables your computer to run more than one program it could, otherwise it is the best way to having as main memory as possible. Divya YA ""An Efficient Virtual Memory using Graceful Code"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23878.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/23878/an-efficient-virtual-memory-using-graceful-code/divya-ya
Memory management Assignment Help
Globalwebtutors.com is an online tutoring platform that provides homework help, dissertation editing, assignment help, and question help. Users can send requirements to Support@globalwebtutors.com or connect via live chat. The document then discusses various aspects of memory management techniques used in operating systems like paging, segmentation, and virtual memory management. It describes processes like swapping, different address types, internal and external fragmentation, and more. More information is available at the provided link.
Chapter 09 - Virtual Memory.ppt
Virtual memory allows programs to access memory addresses that do not physically exist, expanding the available address space. When a program accesses a virtual address, the memory management unit translates it to a real physical address. If the requested page is not in memory, it is swapped in from secondary storage. This allows programs to behave as if they have more memory than is physically installed, improving efficiency and allowing more programs to run simultaneously.
NOV11 virtual memory.ppt
Virtual memory allows programs to access memory addresses that do not physically exist, expanding the available address space. It works by dividing memory into pages that are stored on disk until needed, then copied into RAM. When a program accesses a non-present page, a page fault occurs and the operating system handles copying the correct page into memory transparently to the program. This allows more programs to run than would otherwise fit in physical memory.
virtual memory
Virtual memory is a memory management technique that allows programs to access memory addresses beyond their actual physical RAM size. It maps virtual addresses to physical addresses stored in RAM or on a hard disk using page tables and a translation process. When a program requests a page not in RAM, a page fault occurs and the OS moves a page from disk to RAM, suspending the program until the page is loaded. Page replacement algorithms like LRU then select pages to remove from RAM and write to disk when RAM is full to make space for new pages. This allows for larger memory sizes, more efficient memory usage, and multitasking.
Bab 4
The document discusses different memory management techniques used in operating systems:
1. Programs go through several steps before execution - compilation, loading, and execution where address binding can occur.
2. Memory management schemes separate logical and physical addresses using techniques like paging and segmentation to map virtual to physical addresses.
3. Swapping allows processes to be temporarily moved out of memory to disk to improve memory utilization at the cost of performance.
Operating system
This document discusses memory management in operating systems. It covers topics like how memory management keeps track of allocated and free memory, provides protection using base and limit registers, and different address binding schemes. It also discusses dynamic loading, dynamic linking, logical versus physical addresses, swapping, memory allocation techniques like single allocation and multiple partitions, and issues like fragmentation. Paging and segmentation techniques for managing memory are also summarized.
os mod1 notes
This document provides an overview of the Operating Systems course code 17CS64 at Canara Engineering College. The course is taught in the 6th semester and has 10 hours of content. Module 1 covers introductions to operating systems, including what they do, computer system organization and architecture, OS structure and operations, processes, memory management, storage management, security, distributed systems, and computing environments. It also discusses OS structures, services, interfaces, system calls, programs, design, and boot processes. Process management concepts like processes, scheduling, and inter-process communication are also introduced. Web resources for further reading on operating systems are provided.
Memory Hierarchy
This document provides an overview of various components of computer memory hierarchy, including main memory, auxiliary memory, associative memory, cache memory, virtual memory, and memory management hardware. Main memory uses RAM and ROM chips as primary storage during runtime. Auxiliary memory includes magnetic disks and tapes for long-term secondary storage. Associative memory allows for fast parallel searches. Cache memory acts as a buffer between the CPU and main memory for frequently accessed data. Virtual memory allows programs to access secondary storage as if it were main memory. Memory management hardware in operating systems allocates and manages memory usage between processes.
Operating system Memory management
The document discusses various memory management techniques used by operating systems including memory allocation, paging, segmentation, virtual memory and page replacement algorithms. It provides details on how operating systems manage processes in memory using techniques like memory mapping, context switching, swapping and fragmentation handling. Various address translation mechanisms like logical, physical and virtual addresses are also summarized along with common page replacement algorithms like FIFO, LRU, OPT and their working.
STORAGE MANAGEMENT AND PAGING ALGORITHMS.pptx
The document discusses various concepts related to memory management in operating systems including logical vs physical addresses, memory allocation techniques like paging, segmentation, and virtual memory. It provides details on key concepts like logical address space, memory management unit (MMU), page table, frame, segmentation using segment table with base and limit. It also covers memory allocation methods like fixed partition, variable partition and page replacement algorithms like FIFO, LRU, OPT.
Virtual Memory
Virtual memory allows programs to use virtual addresses rather than real memory addresses. When a program is executed, the virtual addresses are translated to real addresses. Virtual memory was developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s to overcome memory limitations and allow timesharing of limited main memory among multiple programs. It provides the illusion of a much larger memory space than what is physically available.
Co question 2006
This document contains the exam questions and answers for the Computer Architecture and Organization course at Gandhi Institute for Education & Technology. It includes 9 multiple choice questions covering topics such as logical vs physical addresses, memory types like ROM and RAM, cache mapping schemes, and the differences between various memory technologies. It also includes the register organization of the 8085 microprocessor and explanations of microprogrammed control and the Wilkes model.
Opetating System Memory management
Memory management handles allocation of memory to processes and tracks used and free memory. It uses techniques like paging, segmentation, and dynamic allocation from a heap. Paging maps logical addresses to physical pages, avoiding external fragmentation. Segmentation divides memory into logical segments of varying sizes. Dynamic allocation fulfills requests from the heap, managing free blocks and avoiding fragmentation and memory leaks.
NETWORK DEVICE SECURITY NETWORK HARDENING
The document discusses networking concepts like routers, switches, and protocols. It explains that routers operate at the network layer and use layer 3 addresses to transmit data between networks, while switches operate at layer 2 and use MAC addresses. It describes common routing protocols like RIP, OSPF, and BGP and how they calculate paths between networks. The document also provides configuration steps that can be taken to secure routers and switches, such as applying vendor patches and disabling unnecessary routing updates.
DIGITAL VIDEO DATA SIZING AND OBJECT BASED ANIMATION
This document discusses digital video data sizing and object based animation. It explains that digital video requires a large amount of storage, with a one minute video at 640x480 resolution and 24-bit color requiring over 1.6 GB of storage. The size of a digital video stream can be calculated based on frame size, frame rate, color depth, and time. To reduce file sizes, these characteristics like frame rate and size can be decreased. The document also describes how digital video is captured and played back using hardware and software, and how object based animation works by manipulating 2D or 3D objects over time to create the illusion of motion.
More Related Content
Similar to segmentation
Paging +Algorithem+Segmentation+memory management
The document discusses memory management techniques used in computer systems, including memory partitioning, paging, segmentation, and virtual memory. It provides details on:
1) How memory is divided between the operating system and currently running program.
2) The use of fixed and variable size partitions and their tradeoffs.
3) How paging divides programs and memory into pages to more efficiently allocate memory.
4) How segmentation further subdivides memory to simplify programming and enable access controls.
5) How virtual memory uses paging, disk storage, and demand paging to make programs appear larger than physical memory.
unit5_os (1).pptx
The document discusses various memory management techniques used in operating systems including swapping, paging, and segmentation. Swapping allows processes to be moved between main memory and disk to increase multiprogramming. Paging divides memory into fixed-size pages which are mapped to frames, allowing processes to be partially loaded from disk. Segmentation divides processes into variable-sized segments that can be non-contiguous in memory.
virtual memory.ppt
Virtual memory allows programs to access memory addresses that map to locations in secondary storage rather than physical RAM, enlarging the effective memory available to programs. When programs access virtual addresses, the memory management unit translates them to physical addresses. If the requested page is not in RAM, a page fault occurs and the operating system moves pages between RAM and secondary storage transparently. Segmentation divides memory into variable sized segments while paging uses fixed sized pages, but both aim to make memory allocation more flexible. Common paging replacement algorithms are FIFO, LRU, and LFU. Virtual memory provides benefits like running programs partially in memory and increasing parallelism.
NOV11 virtual memory.ppt
Virtual memory allows programs to access memory addresses that map to both physical RAM and secondary storage. It uses paging to divide memory into fixed pages that are swapped between RAM and storage as needed. This enables programs to have a larger address space than the available physical memory, improving performance by reducing I/O and allowing more programs to run simultaneously.
Paging-R.D.Sivakumar
Paging is a memory management technique that retrieves data from secondary storage in same-sized blocks called pages. It allows the physical address space of a process to be noncontiguous. When a program needs data from secondary storage, the operating system loads the required page into main memory. This summary provides a high-level overview of the key aspects and advantages of paging discussed in the document.
Paging-R.D.Sivakumar
Paging is a memory management technique that retrieves data from secondary storage in same-sized blocks called pages. It allows the physical address space of a process to be noncontiguous. When a program needs data from secondary storage, a page fault occurs and the operating system loads the required page into memory. Common page replacement algorithms are page stealing and pre-cleaning. Address translation architecture divides the address generated by the CPU into a page number and page offset.
An Efficient Virtual Memory using Graceful Code
Memory is hardware that is used by computer to load the operating system and run programs. It is buildup of RAM chip that has different memory modules. The amount of main memory in a computer is limited to the amount of RAM that has installed. Generally memory sizes are 256 MB, 512 MB, and 1 GB, because of computer has limited amount of RAM. When too many programs are simultaneously it is possible to run a program out of memory. This is the concept where virtual memory comes. Virtual memory enhance the available memory of a computer has by enlarging the address space or place in memory where data can be stored. Hard disk is used for additional memory allocation .However, since secondary storage is much slower than the RAM, program which is in Virtual Memory must be mapped back to virtual memory in order to be used. The process of mapping data and forth between the hard disc and RAM takes longer than accessing it directly from the memory. It means virtual memory is increased, the more it will slow your computer down. While virtual memory enables your computer to run more than one program it could, otherwise it is the best way to having as main memory as possible. Divya YA ""An Efficient Virtual Memory using Graceful Code"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23878.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/23878/an-efficient-virtual-memory-using-graceful-code/divya-ya
Memory management Assignment Help
Globalwebtutors.com is an online tutoring platform that provides homework help, dissertation editing, assignment help, and question help. Users can send requirements to Support@globalwebtutors.com or connect via live chat. The document then discusses various aspects of memory management techniques used in operating systems like paging, segmentation, and virtual memory management. It describes processes like swapping, different address types, internal and external fragmentation, and more. More information is available at the provided link.
Chapter 09 - Virtual Memory.ppt
Virtual memory allows programs to access memory addresses that do not physically exist, expanding the available address space. When a program accesses a virtual address, the memory management unit translates it to a real physical address. If the requested page is not in memory, it is swapped in from secondary storage. This allows programs to behave as if they have more memory than is physically installed, improving efficiency and allowing more programs to run simultaneously.
NOV11 virtual memory.ppt
Virtual memory allows programs to access memory addresses that do not physically exist, expanding the available address space. It works by dividing memory into pages that are stored on disk until needed, then copied into RAM. When a program accesses a non-present page, a page fault occurs and the operating system handles copying the correct page into memory transparently to the program. This allows more programs to run than would otherwise fit in physical memory.
virtual memory
Virtual memory is a memory management technique that allows programs to access memory addresses beyond their actual physical RAM size. It maps virtual addresses to physical addresses stored in RAM or on a hard disk using page tables and a translation process. When a program requests a page not in RAM, a page fault occurs and the OS moves a page from disk to RAM, suspending the program until the page is loaded. Page replacement algorithms like LRU then select pages to remove from RAM and write to disk when RAM is full to make space for new pages. This allows for larger memory sizes, more efficient memory usage, and multitasking.
Bab 4
The document discusses different memory management techniques used in operating systems:
1. Programs go through several steps before execution - compilation, loading, and execution where address binding can occur.
2. Memory management schemes separate logical and physical addresses using techniques like paging and segmentation to map virtual to physical addresses.
3. Swapping allows processes to be temporarily moved out of memory to disk to improve memory utilization at the cost of performance.
Operating system
This document discusses memory management in operating systems. It covers topics like how memory management keeps track of allocated and free memory, provides protection using base and limit registers, and different address binding schemes. It also discusses dynamic loading, dynamic linking, logical versus physical addresses, swapping, memory allocation techniques like single allocation and multiple partitions, and issues like fragmentation. Paging and segmentation techniques for managing memory are also summarized.
os mod1 notes
This document provides an overview of the Operating Systems course code 17CS64 at Canara Engineering College. The course is taught in the 6th semester and has 10 hours of content. Module 1 covers introductions to operating systems, including what they do, computer system organization and architecture, OS structure and operations, processes, memory management, storage management, security, distributed systems, and computing environments. It also discusses OS structures, services, interfaces, system calls, programs, design, and boot processes. Process management concepts like processes, scheduling, and inter-process communication are also introduced. Web resources for further reading on operating systems are provided.
Memory Hierarchy
This document provides an overview of various components of computer memory hierarchy, including main memory, auxiliary memory, associative memory, cache memory, virtual memory, and memory management hardware. Main memory uses RAM and ROM chips as primary storage during runtime. Auxiliary memory includes magnetic disks and tapes for long-term secondary storage. Associative memory allows for fast parallel searches. Cache memory acts as a buffer between the CPU and main memory for frequently accessed data. Virtual memory allows programs to access secondary storage as if it were main memory. Memory management hardware in operating systems allocates and manages memory usage between processes.
Operating system Memory management
The document discusses various memory management techniques used by operating systems including memory allocation, paging, segmentation, virtual memory and page replacement algorithms. It provides details on how operating systems manage processes in memory using techniques like memory mapping, context switching, swapping and fragmentation handling. Various address translation mechanisms like logical, physical and virtual addresses are also summarized along with common page replacement algorithms like FIFO, LRU, OPT and their working.
STORAGE MANAGEMENT AND PAGING ALGORITHMS.pptx
The document discusses various concepts related to memory management in operating systems including logical vs physical addresses, memory allocation techniques like paging, segmentation, and virtual memory. It provides details on key concepts like logical address space, memory management unit (MMU), page table, frame, segmentation using segment table with base and limit. It also covers memory allocation methods like fixed partition, variable partition and page replacement algorithms like FIFO, LRU, OPT.
Virtual Memory
Virtual memory allows programs to use virtual addresses rather than real memory addresses. When a program is executed, the virtual addresses are translated to real addresses. Virtual memory was developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s to overcome memory limitations and allow timesharing of limited main memory among multiple programs. It provides the illusion of a much larger memory space than what is physically available.
Co question 2006
This document contains the exam questions and answers for the Computer Architecture and Organization course at Gandhi Institute for Education & Technology. It includes 9 multiple choice questions covering topics such as logical vs physical addresses, memory types like ROM and RAM, cache mapping schemes, and the differences between various memory technologies. It also includes the register organization of the 8085 microprocessor and explanations of microprogrammed control and the Wilkes model.
Opetating System Memory management
Memory management handles allocation of memory to processes and tracks used and free memory. It uses techniques like paging, segmentation, and dynamic allocation from a heap. Paging maps logical addresses to physical pages, avoiding external fragmentation. Segmentation divides memory into logical segments of varying sizes. Dynamic allocation fulfills requests from the heap, managing free blocks and avoiding fragmentation and memory leaks.
Similar to segmentation (20)
More from ramya marichamy
NETWORK DEVICE SECURITY NETWORK HARDENING
The document discusses networking concepts like routers, switches, and protocols. It explains that routers operate at the network layer and use layer 3 addresses to transmit data between networks, while switches operate at layer 2 and use MAC addresses. It describes common routing protocols like RIP, OSPF, and BGP and how they calculate paths between networks. The document also provides configuration steps that can be taken to secure routers and switches, such as applying vendor patches and disabling unnecessary routing updates.
DIGITAL VIDEO DATA SIZING AND OBJECT BASED ANIMATION
This document discusses digital video data sizing and object based animation. It explains that digital video requires a large amount of storage, with a one minute video at 640x480 resolution and 24-bit color requiring over 1.6 GB of storage. The size of a digital video stream can be calculated based on frame size, frame rate, color depth, and time. To reduce file sizes, these characteristics like frame rate and size can be decreased. The document also describes how digital video is captured and played back using hardware and software, and how object based animation works by manipulating 2D or 3D objects over time to create the illusion of motion.
Image processing
1. Image compression reduces storage requirements by compressing images to reduce file sizes while retaining essential information.
2. Common image file formats include TIFF (uncompressed), JPEG (lossy compression), GIF (lossless compression suitable for web but limited colors), PNG (lossless compression for web that allows more colors than GIF), and RAW (unprocessed camera files).
3. Standards like JPEG, MPEG, and H.261 were developed to compress images and video for efficient storage and transmission by applying techniques like the discrete cosine transform, quantization, and entropy encoding.
Classical encryption techniques
This document provides an overview of classical encryption techniques. It begins with definitions of key terms like plaintext, ciphertext, encryption, and decryption. It then describes the symmetric cipher model and simplifies it. The document outlines areas of cryptography and cryptanalysis. It explains techniques like substitution ciphers, the Caesar cipher, monoalphabetic ciphers, the Playfair cipher, the Hill cipher, polyalphabetic ciphers, and the one-time pad cipher. For each technique, it provides a brief description and encryption algorithm.
Servlets api overview
This document provides an overview of servlets. It discusses that servlets are used to create dynamic web applications and reside on the server-side to generate dynamic web pages. Servlets improve performance over CGI and execute within the web server's address space. The document outlines the servlet lifecycle and architecture, including the javax.servlet and javax.servlet.http packages that provide interfaces and classes for building servlets. It also provides examples of how to write simple servlets that can handle HTML form data submitted from a client.
Divide and conquer
Divide and conquer is a general algorithm design paradigm where a problem is divided into subproblems, the subproblems are solved independently, and the results are combined to solve the original problem. Binary search is a divide and conquer algorithm that searches for a target value in a sorted array by repeatedly dividing the search interval in half. It compares the target to the middle element of the array, and then searches either the upper or lower half depending on whether the target is greater or less than the middle element. Finding the maximum and minimum elements in an array can also be solved using divide and conquer by recursively finding the max and min of halves of the array and combining the results.
Region based segmentation
This document discusses region-based image segmentation techniques. It introduces region growing, which groups similar pixels into larger regions starting from seed points. Region splitting and merging are also covered, where splitting starts with the whole image as one region and splits non-homogeneous regions, while merging combines similar adjacent regions. The advantages of these methods are that they can correctly separate regions with the same properties and provide clear edge segmentation, while the disadvantages include being computationally expensive and sensitive to noise.
Design notation
This document discusses various design notations that can be used at different levels of software design, including:
- Data flow diagrams, structure charts, HIPO diagrams, pseudo code, and structured flowcharts, which can be used for external, architectural, and detailed design specifications.
- Data flow diagrams use nodes and arcs to represent processing activities and data flow. Structure charts show hierarchical structure and interconnections. HIPO diagrams use a tree structure.
- Other notations discussed include procedure templates for interface specifications, pseudo code for algorithms and logic, and decision tables for complex decision logic.
Mining single dimensional boolean association rules from transactional
The document discusses mining frequent itemsets and generating association rules from transactional databases. It introduces the Apriori algorithm, which uses a candidate generation-and-test approach to iteratively find frequent itemsets. Several improvements to Apriori's efficiency are also presented, such as hashing techniques, transaction reduction, and approaches that avoid candidate generation like FP-trees. The document concludes by discussing how Apriori can be applied to answer iceberg queries, a common operation in market basket analysis.
Architecture of data mining system
This document discusses data mining and the architecture of data mining systems. It describes data mining as extracting knowledge from large amounts of data. The architecture of a data mining system is important, with a good system facilitating efficient and timely data mining tasks. Different levels of coupling between data mining systems and database/data warehouse systems are described, including no coupling, loose coupling, semi-tight coupling, and tight coupling. Tight coupling provides the most integrated and optimized system but is also the most complex to implement.
File Management
File management systems allow for organization and access of files on a computer system. They display details of files like owners and creation dates. Files can contain different types of data like text, images, or other formats. A file management system provides services for storing, accessing, and performing operations on files through standardized interfaces. It aims to guarantee data validity, optimize performance, and prevent data loss through features like backups and recovery.
Arithmetic & Logic Unit
An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs basic arithmetic and logical operations and is a core component of CPUs, GPUs, and other digital circuits. An ALU supports addition, subtraction, logical operations like AND and OR, and bitwise shifts. Instructions specify operations using opcodes and can reference operands in registers or memory using addressing modes like register indirect or immediate addressing. The control unit executes instructions in three phases: fetch, decode, execute.
SHADOW PAGING and BUFFER MANAGEMENT
This document discusses shadow paging and buffer management techniques for transaction processing systems. Shadow paging maintains two page tables, a current and shadow table, to allow copying pages before updating for crash recovery. It has advantages over log-based recovery but also drawbacks like commit overhead and data fragmentation. Buffer management deals with requesting pages from disk and writing dirty pages back. Log records are buffered to disk in blocks to improve efficiency over single record output. The write-ahead logging rule requires all log records for a transaction are on stable storage before marking it committed.
B+ tree
B+ tree is a data structure used to store (key, value) pairs in a tree-like structure for fast retrieval. It has a root node, intermediary nodes that point to leaf nodes but do not store data, and leaf nodes that store the actual records. Leaf nodes must contain a minimum and maximum number of values, and non-leaf nodes a minimum and maximum number of child nodes. B+ trees allow fast traversal and search via balanced structure and sorted nodes. Records are inserted and deleted by searching the tree to the appropriate leaf node and updating pointers and values.
pointer, virtual function and polymorphism
This document discusses pointers, virtual functions, and polymorphism in C++. It begins by defining pointers and how they can refer to and manipulate objects and memory addresses. It then explains virtual functions, which allow dynamic binding at runtime, and polymorphism. There are two types of polymorphism: compile-time polymorphism which includes function overloading, and runtime polymorphism using virtual functions. Virtual functions allow derived classes to override base class functions. The document also covers pure virtual functions, virtual constructors and destructors, and provides examples of how pointers and virtual functions enable polymorphism.
Managing console i/o operation,working with files
This document discusses C++ stream classes and file input/output. It covers the key stream classes like istream, ostream and iostream. It describes how to use stream manipulators and member functions to format console I/O. It also covers file streams like ifstream, ofstream and fstream for reading from and writing to files. Functions like open(), get(), put(), read(), write() are described for file I/O operations. Common file I/O tasks like displaying, modifying and deleting file contents are mentioned.
Operator overloading
Operator overloading allows operators like + and - to be used with user-defined types in C++. Certain operators like = and [] must be overloaded as member functions, while others like friends and non-members can also be overloaded. Unary operators operate on a single operand, while binary operators require two operands. Overloaded operators are implemented via member functions, non-member functions, or friend functions depending on whether the left operand is of the class type. Strings can also be manipulated using overloaded operators by defining a string class with a character pointer and length.
microcomputer architecture - Arithmetic instruction
The 8086 microprocessor can perform various arithmetic operations in binary, packed BCD, and unpacked BCD formats. It supports addition, subtraction, negation, multiplication, and comparison instructions. For multi-precision arithmetic, it can perform operations on one or two word operands. It also has instructions to convert between binary and BCD formats.
High speed lan
The document discusses high-speed local area networks (LANs). It notes that the computing power of personal computers has increased, making LANs an essential computing platform. Traditional networks like 10 Mbps Ethernet and 16 Mbps token ring are no longer fast enough to handle the frequent transfers of large volumes of data needed in modern, transaction-oriented environments. The document then outlines some examples of uses for high-speed LANs, such as centralized server farms and powerful workgroups. It also discusses technologies that have been developed to increase LAN transmission speeds, such as Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, and FDDI.
More from ramya marichamy (19)
DIGITAL VIDEO DATA SIZING AND OBJECT BASED ANIMATION
DIGITAL VIDEO DATA SIZING AND OBJECT BASED ANIMATION
Mining single dimensional boolean association rules from transactional
Mining single dimensional boolean association rules from transactional
microcomputer architecture - Arithmetic instruction
microcomputer architecture - Arithmetic instruction
Recently uploaded
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama UniversityAkanksha trivedi rama nursing college kanpur.
Natural birth techniques are various type such as/ water birth , alexender method, hypnosis, bradley method, lamaze method etcAzure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
DRUGS AND ITS classification slide share
Any substance (other than food) that is used to prevent, diagnose, treat, or relieve symptoms of a
disease or abnormal condition
A Survey of Techniques for Maximizing LLM Performance.pptx
A Survey of Techniques for Maximizing LLM Performance
ANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS OF HIP JOINT.pdf
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective UpskillingExcellence Foundation for South Sudan
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.Thesis Statement for students diagnonsed withADHD.ppt
Presentation required for the master in Education.
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...National Information Standards Organization (NISO)
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.Digital Artifact 1 - 10VCD Environments Unit
Digital Artifact 1 - 10VCD Environments Unit - NGV Pavilion Concept Design
Top five deadliest dog breeds in America
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Advanced Java[Extra Concepts, Not Difficult].docx
This is part 2 of my Java Learning Journey. This contains Hashing, ArrayList, LinkedList, Date and Time Classes, Calendar Class and more.
clinical examination of hip joint (1).pdf
described clinical examination all orthopeadic conditions .
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)Academy of Science of South Africa
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.Recently uploaded (20)
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
A Survey of Techniques for Maximizing LLM Performance.pptx
A Survey of Techniques for Maximizing LLM Performance.pptx
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Thesis Statement for students diagnonsed withADHD.ppt
Thesis Statement for students diagnonsed withADHD.ppt
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
segmentation
- 1. PRESENTED BY S.NANDHINI I- M.sc(CS&IT) NADAR SARASWATHI COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCE. VADAPUDUPATTI , THENI.
- 2. Memory management scheme that supports user view of memory. A program is a collection of segments. A segment is a logical unit such as Main program,procedure,function. Local variable,global variable.
- 4. Paging is transparent to the programmer. Paging eliminates external fragmentation. Segmentation is visible to the programmer. Segmentation allows for growing data structures,modularity,and support for sharing and protection. Each segment is broken into fixed –size pages. The segment entry points to a page table for that segment.
- 7. o A method of using hard disk space to provide extra memory. o It simulates additional RAM. o An address used by a programmer will be called a virtual address ,and set such addresses the address space. o An address in main memory is called a location or physical address and the set of such address is called memory space.
- 9. An operating system or os is a software program that enables the computer hardware. To communicate and operate with the computer software without a computer operating system. A computer and software programs would be useless.
- 10. When to fetch the page from auxiliary memory to main memory. 2 Approaches: Demand paging only brings pages into main memory when a reference is made to a location on the page. Prepaging brings in pages whose use is anticipated.
- 11. Not all pages in main memory can be selected for replacement. Some frames are locked(cannot be paged out)
- 12. Resident set:. Set of a process pages which are in main memory. Os must manage the size and allocation policies which effect the resident set.