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The Scientific Revolution represented a major change in approaches to science that began in the 16th and 17th centuries. Key aspects included increasing use of observation and experimentation rather than just speculation; applying mathematics and the scientific method; and a shift away from reliance on religious authority and tradition. Major figures like Copernicus, Galileo, Harvey, Vesalius, and Newton helped establish new theories and methods that rejected older views and fundamentally changed how science was done. Their work laid the foundation for modern science.
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Scientific Revolution Notes
The Scientific Revolution of the 1500s and 1600s changed how Europeans viewed the world by encouraging conclusions based on experimentation rather than tradition. Copernicus published a theory that the Earth revolved around the sun, contradicting Ptolemy's geocentric model, while Galileo and Kepler provided evidence supporting Copernicus through observations with early telescopes and mathematical calculations. Newton later built on this work by formulating laws of motion and gravity and proving the existence and properties of light through experimentation and the new scientific method. These advances established modern science.
9 Scientific Revolution
The document provides background on the Scientific Revolution between the 16th and 17th centuries. It summarizes key figures like Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Descartes, and Newton and their contributions in challenging the geocentric model and authority of the church. Through careful observation and use of the scientific method, they established a new science-based understanding of the universe governed by natural laws rather than divine miracles.
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- 4. What is the “Scientific Revolution?” • Increasing number of discoveries and inventions • A shift in traditional ways of thinking about the world • Shaped the way we do science today
- 5. What is “Science?” What characteristics distinguish science from what is not science? What kinds of things would it make you think of if you heard someone say: “What an unscientific view” or “That was the scientific way to approach it”?
- 6. Medieval Science: Natural Philosophy • Relied on speculation and theorizing rather than observation • Dominated by common sense, myth and folklore • Included alchemy and magic
- 8. Case Study: The Black Death • Data/Observations: – Nasty black lumps were forming on people – People were becoming sick – People were dying – The world was falling into disorder and chaos
- 9. Q: What is happening? Why is this happening? A: The witches are to blame
- 10. Q: What is happening? Why is this happening? A: The Jews are to blame
- 11. Q: What is happening? Why is this happening? A: It is the apocalypse, the world is ending
- 12. Q: What is happening? Why is this happening? A: We are to blame, God is punishing us
- 13. Case Study: The Black Death • Sources of Knowledge – Common Sense – The Bible – Folklore – Superstition and Magic
- 14. Medieval Science: One with the Church • Time of miracles and supernatural • Nature seemed irregular and inconsistent • Studied science to learn more about God • Bible, not human observation, was ultimate truth
- 15. Medieval Science: One with the Church • Church - dominant authority on what is true and not true • Most schools - religious institutions • Church decided official curriculum • Most scholars - members of clergy
- 16. But then things changed . . . WHY?
- 17. Causes of the Scientific Revolution • Recovery of ancient texts during the Renaissance • Need to solve navigational problems in sea voyages • Rise of non-religious universities • Better instruments
- 18. Scientific Method • A logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas • Use consistency, observation, reason and repeatability • New way to form knowledge and authority
- 19. Nicolaus Copernicus • Argued that the sun was at the center of the universe, not the Earth • Used mathematics to support this idea
- 20. Geocentric Theory Heliocentric Theory
- 21. Galileo Galilei • Used telescope to make reliable observations • Confirmed Copernicus’ heliocentric theory • Wrote his theories in Italian • Church put him on trial before the Inquisition
- 22. William Harvey • Discovered that blood is recycled through the heart, rather than converted from food • His research is the starting point of physiology - how the body functions
- 23. Andreas Vesalius • Dissected human bodies, not just animals • Made detailed sketches of the dissected bodies • His research is the starting point of modern anatomy
- 26. Isaac Newton • Used mathematics to demonstrate that two objects pull towards one another • Applied this theory to argue that force keeps the planets in orbit around the sun, rather than spirits and divinities • His research is the starting point for astronomy, engineering and physics
- 27. What made this a “Revolution?” Inventions and discoveries were not new to the world, they had been done by many cultures since ancient times . . .
- 28. Impacts of the Scientific Revolution • An international community of scholars was created • The Scientific Method helped scientists understand the world • Led to a shift in the way people thought about everything: The Enlightenment
- 29. Is Science ultimately more beneficial or harmful?