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Scientific Revolution
The document discusses the Scientific Revolution and the degree to which it transformed views of science and religion in the West. Before the Revolution, the West was largely dominated by superstition, but the Revolution brought a rational, scientific view that challenged religious orthodoxy. However, key figures like Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and Newton still followed pursuits like astrology and alchemy. The Revolution was also a long process over a century, involving both Protestant and Catholic responses as core beliefs changed, such as the Earth moving from the center of the universe to orbiting the Sun.
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Scientific Revolution
- 1. How Scientific andto what Degree a Revolution?
- 2. Before Scientific Revolutionthe west was steeped in superstition—science hadn’t existed since a brief showing under the ancient Greeks Once Scientific Revolution took place, superstition and religion (seen largely as the same thing) were out and the west became rational and orderly
- 3. SCIENCE BEFORE THE REVOLUTION Always making advances— since Mesopotamia and Egypt Mechanical advances in the Middle Ages • Black Death scientific exploration of the human body Religious reformationsnew questions about nature of God and the world and the relationship between the two
- 4. RELIGIOUS IDEAS AND CONNECTIONS PERSIST, EVEN AMONG BIG NAMES OF SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION UNSCIENTIFIC PURSUITS FOLLOWED BY KEY FIGURES Copernicus’ lectures heard with interest by Pope Clement VII and he dedicated De revolutionibus orbium coelestium to Pope Paul III Pope Urban VIII a patron to Galileo until 1633 Pascal a Jansenist Newton interested in alchemy Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and Newton all followed Hermeticism and astrology and alchemy
- 5. 1536 John Calvinpublishes The Institutes of the Christian Religion 1543 Copernicus publishes On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres 1545 Start of Council of Trent 1555 Peace of Augsburg ends religious wars in Germany 1588 Defeat of Spanish Armada 1598 end of French Wars of Religion with Edict of Nantes 1603 death of Elizabeth I 1610 Galileo publishes Starry Messenger 1637 Descartes’ Discourse on Method 1686 Newton finishes Principia
- 6. PROTESTANT RESPONSE CATHOLICRESPONSE Martin Luther one of first to speak out against Copernicus—defied his literal interpretation of the Bible Catholic court, the Inquisition, tried Galileo for heresy for teaching Copernican ideas as more than a hypothesis
- 7. Popes patrons ofscientists, such as Copernicus and Galileo Royal Societies in England and France endorsed by their respective monarchs, who were religious leaders
- 8. Together with endof religious wars and spread of official religious toleration, intellectual world questions religious assumptions • Does not mean religious feeling ends
- 9. Long span oftime— over a century • Small increments of change Women go from being seen as created by God to serve men (Genesis) to being seen as biologically inferior to men (anatomy and physiology) Center of the world changes from earth at the center of the universe to sun at the center Intellectuals go from seeking proof of God’s existence (St. Anselm’s ontological argument) to proof of man’s own existence (Descartes’ cogito ergo sum)
- 10. Change from geocentricto heliocentric theory of the universe
- 11. His observations withthe telescope moved the Copernican system beyond hypothesis
- 12. Universal law ofgravity Idea of world machine
- 13. More accurate viewof human anatomy
- 14. The circulatory systemconfirmed by Harvey • His teacher, Realdo Columbo, discovered the clitoris
- 15. Questioned over relianceon reason
- 16. Cartesian dualism—mind andbody separate Reason the key—I think, therefore I am Queen Christina of • Sweden and Descartes Deductive reason
- 17. Famous wager Attemptto reconcile faith and reason Abandoned math @age • 23 after mystical experience
- 18. Urged a scientificmethod built on inductive principles (begin with specific observations, then make generalizations)
- 19. Bacon’s inductive reasoning(start w/observations) Descartes’ deductive reasoning (start w/principles) Newton’s Scientific Method Specific observations Generalizations Tested by experiments
- 20. At “end” ofScientific Revolution still largely an intellectual, elite conversation taking place at meetings of the Royal Societies or among highly educated and literate peoples