Scientific Methodology

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Inception Project

there is major difference between search and Re-search !! let us know the main steps to do it in a right way.

Presentations & Public Speaking

1.
What is the difference
between search
and research ?

Types Of Research
Basic
Applied
Literature
Review

Ask Question
Do Background
Research
Construct
Hypothesis
Test with an
Experiment
Analyze Results
Draw Conclusion
Hypothesis is False or
Partially True
Think !
Try again
Hypothesis is True
Report Results

5.
Analyze the
Result &
Draw a
Conclusion

Bias in Scientific Research
Mostly from persons

Types Of Bias:
Selection Bias
Information Bias

References:
http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-search-and-vs-research
https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/1953/annualreports/ar_1953_sec6.pdf
https://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/science-fair/steps-of-the-scientific-
method

Through the course of your research, right until you get your your paper published, there will be several individuals who have contributed to your research project in different ways. However, not all of these individuals can be considered as authors of your paper. So who qualifies as an author on your manuscript? This slide deck will clarify who is an author, who does not qualify as an author of your paper and also three unethical authorship-related practices that you must avoid.

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Publication bias refers to a phenomenon in scientific reporting whereby authors are more likely to submit and journal editors are more likely to publish studies with “positive” results (i.e. results showing a significant finding) than studies with “negative” (i.e. supporting the null hypothesis) or unsupportive results. Due to such a bias, important—albeit negative—results (e.g., a study showing that a new treatment is ineffective) may never reach the larger scientific community.

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In the race to publish more papers, some researchers indulge in unethical practices, one of which is salami slicing. Salami slicing means fragmenting one study and publishing it in multiple papers. This practice is considered improper and can affect your career, besides being damaging to science. This SlideShare explains in detail what salami slicing is and why it is considered unethical. It also includes opinions of journal editors on the issue.

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What is salami slicing? It refers to the practice of partitioning a large study that could have been reported in a single research article into smaller published articles. In other words, it means breaking up a single research paper into their “least publishable units,” with each paper reporting different findings from the same study. A set of papers are referred to as salami publications when more than one paper covers the same population, methods, and research question.

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ACTIVITY 1 Chosen Research Design: Qualitative Why do you think this design is appropriate to your research interest? Based on my understanding of qualitative research, I believe it can be appropriate for certain types of research questions. In my view, qualitative research is particularly useful for exploring complex phenomena, gaining insights into people's experiences and perspectives, and developing theory. I also recognize that it can be valuable in applied settings, such as healthcare or social work, where understanding people's experiences is crucial for improving practice. Guide Questions 1. Did you remember the research design listed in the table? YES, I have remembered all the research design listed in the table. 2. What other research designs did you recall which is/ are not listed in the table? Longitudinal Study Cross-sectional Study Survey Research Action Research Participatory Action Research Grounded Theory Ethnographic Research 3. Was it easy or hard to determine the research design to be used in your selected topic or interest? For me, it is easy because in the first place I already have an idea where to start. I believe when you select a topic, you already considered what design you will use. 4. What are the factors that you consider in selecting a research design for your study? As a researcher, I must consider various factors when selecting a qualitative research design for my study. These include the research question, the purpose of the study, the nature of the phenomenon being studied, and the available resources and time frame. Additionally, I must reflect on my own philosophical and theoretical perspectives to ensure that the chosen design aligns with my worldview and research goals. Reflection How does research design make your study colorful/ interesting? As a researcher, I have come to appreciate how qualitative research design can add color and interest to a study. By using methods such as open-ended interviews, observations, and document analysis, I can capture the rich and complex experiences, perspectives, and contexts of the participants. This type of research allows me to delve deeper into the phenomenon being studied and gain a more nuanced understanding of it. One of the benefits of using qualitative research is the ability to create vivid descriptions, quotes, and narratives that add depth and meaning to the study. It's fascinating to see how the data can come to life and offer a unique perspective on the topic. Additionally, I've found that unexpected findings often emerge during qualitative research, which can add to the intrigue and interest of the study. Overall, I believe that qualitative research design offers a powerful way to explore the intricacies and nuances of human experience. It enables me to create a study that is more compelling and engaging, as well as provides insights that cannot be obtained through other research methods. ACTIVITY 2: TELL ME THE QUANTITY Directions: Read the qu

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Google scholar Advantages of using Google scholar for research · It gives an option of seeing an article related to one another which is not available in the online library. This makes search easier and simpler, you can easily get an article that interest you search your research topic · Google scholar gives an easier option of citing the work and at the same time give a link of the articles and books held in ECU libraries · It is easier to use · It is free so u can access it anytime anywhere so long as you have internet connection Disadvantages of using Google scholar for a research topic · Google Scholar's scope is far reaching yet not exhaustive. It can be an exploration source, yet ought not to be the main source you utilize. · Google Scholar does not give the criteria to what makes its outcomes "insightful". Results are frequently fluctuating in quality and it is up to the scientist to figure out which of the outcomes are appropriate for their motivations. · Google Scholar does not enable clients to restrict results to either peer inspected or full content materials or by teaching. · Google Scholar does not give notice of when its materials are refreshed. · Google Scholar's reference tracker can be hard to utilize and mistaken. WHERE TO START CHP. 2 LEARNING OBJECTIVES · Discuss how a hypothesis differs from a prediction. · Describe the different sources of ideas for research, including common sense, observation, theories, past research, and practical problems. · Identify the two functions of a theory. · Summarize the fundamentals of conducting library research in psychology, including the use of PsycINFO. · Summarize the information included in the abstract, introduction, method, results, and discussion sections of research articles. Page 21THE MOTIVATION TO CONDUCT SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH DERIVES FROM A NATURAL CURIOSITY ABOUT THE WORLD. Most people have their first experience with research when their curiosity leads them to ask, “I wonder what would happen if …” or “I wonder why …,” followed by an attempt to answer the question. What are the sources of inspiration for such questions? How do you find out about other people's ideas and past research? In this chapter, we will explore some sources of scientific ideas. We will also consider the nature of research reports published in professional journals. RESEARCH QUESTIONS, HYPOTHESES, AND PREDICTIONS The result of curiosity is a question. Researchers use research questions to identify and describe the broad topic that they are investigating, and then conduct research in order to answer their research questions. A good research question identifies the topic of inquiry specifically enough so that hypotheses and predictions can be made. A hypothesis is also a question; it makes a statement about something that may be true. Hypotheses are more specific versions of research questions; they are directly testable whereas a research question may not be. Thus, a hypothesis is a tentative idea ...

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