The document describes four models of school supervision: 1. The Classical Supervision Model features a hierarchical structure with central, regional, and district levels providing control over schools. It is comprehensive but costly and bureaucratic. 2. The Central Control Model stresses inspections of each school every few years by a centralized inspection body. It has clear roles but provides little support and too much stress on schools. 3. The Close-to-School Support Model focuses support on needy schools through district officers while regional and central levels have lighter control roles. It is flexible but may not cover all schools. 4. The School-Site Supervision Model eliminates external inspection and places full responsibility on school boards and staff

1. Divina Gracia D. Dizon

2. I. Classical Supervision Model
 offer support and exercise control over all schools
 deconcentrated
Central Level Central supervision service Responsible for the elaboration of
supervision policies, global planning,
training and system control.
Regional Level Regional supervision office Responsible for supervision in
secondary schools, control of the
development of education in the
region.
District inspectors Responsible for supervision in
District Level primary schools, control of education
development at the district level.
Advisors and resource centres Advise primary and secondary school
teachers.
School Level Principal or head teacher Informal supervision of teachers.

3. I. Classical Supervision Model
 plays a comprehensive role
 costly
 coordination is complex
 heavy bureaucracy
 contractual accountability

4. II. Central Control Model
 inspect each school from time to time and to publish
public report
 centralized in an autonomous unit
Central level Central inspection body In charge of full inspection of all schools every 3, 4
(autonomous) or 5 years and informing the public.
Regional level No specific officers
District level No specific officers
School School board Supervision of school management
School Head teacher Regular supervision of teachers, decides on the
need to purchase advice from private providers
Private service Private providers Offer advice to schools and teachers upon their
request

5. II. Central Control Model
clear distribution of tasks
little bureaucracy
makes schools responsible
too little support
too much stress on schools and principals
a single inspection report decides on the school’s
future
a mix of contractual and public (market)
accountability

6. III. Close-to-School Support Model
 Strong support to needy schools and light control over all
schools
 deconcentrated as possible
Central level Central supervision service Small team in charge of
development of supervision
policies
Regional level Regional supervision office Small team in charge of training
supervisory officers
District level In charge of offering intensive and
District Supervision officers development oriented supervision
to those schools most in need.
In charge of controlling in
Administrative controllers particular the finances of all
schools.
School Head teacher Informal supervision of teachers

7. III. Close-to-School Support Model
 top-light
 a flexible service: focus on needy schools
 releases supervision of administrative tasks
 does not cover all schools
 demand a strong database and a change in
supervision culture
 a mix of contractual and professional
accountability

8. IV. School-Site Supervision Model
 no external inspection
 school-site based
Central level No specific supervision officers
Regional level No specific supervision officers No external school inspection as such, reliance on
indicator systems, examination and test results.
District level No specific supervision officers
Local level School board or council In charge of supervision of the management of the
school: the role of the head teacher
School Head teacher and senior staff Regular supervision of teachers; decide on the need to
ask advice from teacher training officers
All staff Involved in school self-evaluation and development of
school improvement plans

9. IV. School-Site Supervision Model
 puts responsibility on actors, who can make the
difference
 little bureaucracy
 stress on schools
 needs a strong national evaluation system
 a mix of professional and public (partnership)
accountability

10. • The Four Models of School
Supervision are NOT EXAMPLES
to be followed but serve as SOURCES
of INSPIRATION.
MSTWEETY13 